This document contains a tutorial for CHE2163 with 5 questions. It provides the relevant equations, assumptions, and step-by-step working to calculate various heat transfer rates. For question 1, it calculates the heat transfer rate from a module with air flowing over it. For question 2, it finds the initial and changing temperature of a heating plate. For question 3, it determines the heat loss from an uninsulated steam pipe. For questions 4 and 5, it analyzes heat transfer from pin fins and an underwater instrument pod respectively.
Adding Uncertainty and Units to Quantity Types in Software ModelsTanja Mayerhofer
This document discusses representing uncertainty and units in software models. It proposes a type system to represent measurement uncertainty and units, as well as an algebra of operations to perform computations with uncertain data and units. Implementations are proposed for Java, OCL, and UML. The key contributions are a kernel representation for quantities that includes uncertainty, a computational kernel for operating on quantities, and domain models and examples to demonstrate representing quantities, units, and uncertainty in software models.
The Minimum Total Heating Lander By The Maximum Principle PontryaginIJERA Editor
The article will research a lander flying into the atmosphere with the flow velocity constraint, i.e. the total load
by means of minimizing the total thermal energy at the end of the landing process. The lander’s distance at the
last moment depends on the variables selected from the total thermal energy minimum. To deal with the problem
weapplyPontryagin maximum principle and scheme Dubovitskij Milutin.
Solvingboundaryusingtheparameterandthesolutionobtained inthe choiceof variables. The results of simulations
performed on Matlab.
Heat transfer area and Heat transfer cofficient (U)abdullahkhalid50
Working on the radiator of Suzuki Baleno 1999.
How to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U)?
How to calculate the heat transfer area and compare it with the experimental data being collected.
Importance sampling has been widely used to improve the efficiency of deterministic computer simulations where the simulation output is uniquely determined, given a fixed input. To represent complex system behavior more realistically, however, stochastic computer models are gaining popularity. Unlike deterministic computer simulations, stochastic simulations produce different outputs even at the same input. This extra degree of stochasticity presents a challenge for reliability assessment in engineering system designs. Our study tackles this challenge by providing a computationally efficient method to estimate a system's reliability. Specifically, we derive the optimal importance sampling density and allocation procedure that minimize the variance of a reliability estimator. The application of our method to a computationally intensive, aeroelastic wind turbine simulator demonstrates the benefits of the proposed approaches.
This document provides an overview of heat and power integration techniques for minimizing utility usage in process design. It discusses the temperature interval method, composite curve method, and linear programming method for pinch analysis to determine the minimum utility targets. It also covers constructing heat exchange networks to maximize energy recovery between hot and cold streams using the minimum number of heat exchangers while meeting the utility targets. Optimization of heat exchange network design requires balancing the tradeoff between capital costs from additional heat exchangers and operating costs from higher utility usage.
Amortized analysis allows analyzing the average performance of a sequence of operations on a data structure, even if some operations are expensive. There are three main methods for amortized analysis: aggregate analysis, accounting method, and potential method.
The accounting method assigns differing amortized costs to operations. When the amortized cost is higher than actual cost, the difference is stored as credit that can pay for later operations whose amortized cost is lower than actual cost.
The potential method associates potential energy with the data structure as a whole. The amortized cost of an operation is the actual cost plus the change in potential. If potential never decreases, the total amortized cost bounds the total actual cost
RMAWGEN is a software for generating daily multi-site weather data using an R-based vector autoregressive model (VAR). It was created to downscale climate predictions from global models to generate realistic daily time series for temperature and precipitation at multiple sites in Trentino, Italy. The VAR model uses past weather data as predictors and can include exogenous variables. RMAWGEN calibrates the VAR coefficients using least squares and performs diagnostics on the residuals to check for serial correlation and non-normality. It then uses a quantile-matching method to gaussianize the weather variables' marginal distributions.
This document contains a tutorial for CHE2163 with 5 questions. It provides the relevant equations, assumptions, and step-by-step working to calculate various heat transfer rates. For question 1, it calculates the heat transfer rate from a module with air flowing over it. For question 2, it finds the initial and changing temperature of a heating plate. For question 3, it determines the heat loss from an uninsulated steam pipe. For questions 4 and 5, it analyzes heat transfer from pin fins and an underwater instrument pod respectively.
Adding Uncertainty and Units to Quantity Types in Software ModelsTanja Mayerhofer
This document discusses representing uncertainty and units in software models. It proposes a type system to represent measurement uncertainty and units, as well as an algebra of operations to perform computations with uncertain data and units. Implementations are proposed for Java, OCL, and UML. The key contributions are a kernel representation for quantities that includes uncertainty, a computational kernel for operating on quantities, and domain models and examples to demonstrate representing quantities, units, and uncertainty in software models.
The Minimum Total Heating Lander By The Maximum Principle PontryaginIJERA Editor
The article will research a lander flying into the atmosphere with the flow velocity constraint, i.e. the total load
by means of minimizing the total thermal energy at the end of the landing process. The lander’s distance at the
last moment depends on the variables selected from the total thermal energy minimum. To deal with the problem
weapplyPontryagin maximum principle and scheme Dubovitskij Milutin.
Solvingboundaryusingtheparameterandthesolutionobtained inthe choiceof variables. The results of simulations
performed on Matlab.
Heat transfer area and Heat transfer cofficient (U)abdullahkhalid50
Working on the radiator of Suzuki Baleno 1999.
How to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U)?
How to calculate the heat transfer area and compare it with the experimental data being collected.
Importance sampling has been widely used to improve the efficiency of deterministic computer simulations where the simulation output is uniquely determined, given a fixed input. To represent complex system behavior more realistically, however, stochastic computer models are gaining popularity. Unlike deterministic computer simulations, stochastic simulations produce different outputs even at the same input. This extra degree of stochasticity presents a challenge for reliability assessment in engineering system designs. Our study tackles this challenge by providing a computationally efficient method to estimate a system's reliability. Specifically, we derive the optimal importance sampling density and allocation procedure that minimize the variance of a reliability estimator. The application of our method to a computationally intensive, aeroelastic wind turbine simulator demonstrates the benefits of the proposed approaches.
This document provides an overview of heat and power integration techniques for minimizing utility usage in process design. It discusses the temperature interval method, composite curve method, and linear programming method for pinch analysis to determine the minimum utility targets. It also covers constructing heat exchange networks to maximize energy recovery between hot and cold streams using the minimum number of heat exchangers while meeting the utility targets. Optimization of heat exchange network design requires balancing the tradeoff between capital costs from additional heat exchangers and operating costs from higher utility usage.
Amortized analysis allows analyzing the average performance of a sequence of operations on a data structure, even if some operations are expensive. There are three main methods for amortized analysis: aggregate analysis, accounting method, and potential method.
The accounting method assigns differing amortized costs to operations. When the amortized cost is higher than actual cost, the difference is stored as credit that can pay for later operations whose amortized cost is lower than actual cost.
The potential method associates potential energy with the data structure as a whole. The amortized cost of an operation is the actual cost plus the change in potential. If potential never decreases, the total amortized cost bounds the total actual cost
RMAWGEN is a software for generating daily multi-site weather data using an R-based vector autoregressive model (VAR). It was created to downscale climate predictions from global models to generate realistic daily time series for temperature and precipitation at multiple sites in Trentino, Italy. The VAR model uses past weather data as predictors and can include exogenous variables. RMAWGEN calibrates the VAR coefficients using least squares and performs diagnostics on the residuals to check for serial correlation and non-normality. It then uses a quantile-matching method to gaussianize the weather variables' marginal distributions.
The Melting of an hailstone: Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer EffectsAkinola Oyedele
The document presents a mathematical model for simulating the melting of a hailstone. It uses energy conservation principles and Fourier's law of heat transfer to model the heat flux and phase change during melting. A finite volume method is used to numerically solve the partial differential equations describing the transient heat transfer. The model was verified against an approximate analytical solution and showed good agreement. Results demonstrate that longer times are required to melt the center of the hailstone compared to the outer parts.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
This document describes the use of advanced educational technologies in a process simulation course. It discusses typical characteristics of process simulation courses, including the use of commercial simulators. It then outlines course objectives and new techniques used, such as an interface to retrieve physical property data and automatic conversion of equations to MATLAB programs. As an example, it presents the simulation of a semi-batch distillation process and results, comparing them to Aspen. It concludes that covering diverse course material requires enhancing students' programming and problem-solving skills and developing problems in line with new tool capabilities.
parabolic trough solar collectors power plants (designe)Eslam Zaki
The document discusses the design of a 100MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage. It describes the various configurations of parabolic trough plants, including plants with heat transfer fluids and auxiliary heaters or thermal storage tanks. The key components of the system include the solar field with parabolic trough collectors and receiver, heat transfer fluid, thermal storage system, and power block. Parameters for the plant design are provided, such as mass flow rates, temperatures, heat transfer rates, and efficiencies. The size and layout of the solar field is also summarized.
Insights from field experiments to conduct thermal response tests with heatin...Jasmin Raymond
This document summarizes research on using heating cable sections to conduct thermal response tests (TRTs) at lower costs than conventional methods. Key points:
- Heating cable sections allow measuring thermal conductivity profiles in boreholes, providing data to design efficient ground source heat pump systems.
- Tests conducted in Canada found heating section tests produced consistent thermal conductivity values compared to conventional TRTs, while reducing equipment needs, costs, and consumed energy by around 90%.
- Further research aims to use heating section profiles to identify favorable geological layers, explore deep geothermal resources, and correct temperature profiles for paleoclimate effects.
Fundamentals of thermodynamics
Definitions and terminology
Thermodynamics system
Thermodynamic cycle
steam power plant
Path Function:
Energy
Numerical
INTERNAL ENERGY
HEAT
Specific heat of gas
Ideal Gas
Properties of gas
Closed cycle
Examples
The document discusses various measurement and calculation concepts in science including units, accuracy, precision, significant figures, and dimensional analysis. It provides examples of calculating percent error and guidelines for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations. Various practice problems are included for converting between units and performing calculations while maintaining the appropriate number of significant figures.
This document summarizes research on modeling direct steam generation in parabolic trough solar collectors. The researchers developed an optical and thermal model coupling Monte Carlo ray tracing with a detailed thermal model of the receiver. Their numerical simulations examined the effects of mass flow rate, solar irradiance, collector position, and receiver thickness on temperature distribution. Results showed thermal gradients are highest in the two-phase stratified flow region and increase with higher collector inclination. The maximum temperature gradient across the receiver was 1022 K/m under low irradiance conditions.
The document discusses using a rapid compression machine (RCM) to measure ignition delay of fuels. An RCM compresses fuel-air mixtures rapidly to simulate constant volume combustion. Computational fluid dynamics models of an RCM are presented to analyze temperature and pressure profiles. While RCMs aim to achieve homogeneous conditions, simulations show non-uniformity in temperature and velocity fields. Future work with detailed chemical kinetics is needed for more accurate combustion modeling. In conclusion, while RCMs are a standard for ignition delay measurements, computational results indicate non-ideal behavior that could affect using a single reference value for fuel comparison.
This document discusses challenges with scaling up processes from lab to production scale. It argues that problems are often approached as mixing issues when they may be more fundamentally problems of heat, mass, or momentum transfer. Two key observations are made. First, maintaining similar hydrodynamics is difficult at large scale, limiting transfer, and the solution is not always just improving mixing. Second, too much money and time is spent on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models rather than doing appropriate experiments to determine practical operating parameters. Alternative approaches are proposed, such as using non-intrusive measurement techniques and extracting dynamic information from time-series data to characterize processes without relying solely on determining velocity fields.
Lecture 3-4: Exergy, Heating and Cooling, Solar Thermalcdtpv
The document discusses various topics related to energy and thermodynamics, including:
1) Different systems that can store 1 kW hr of energy and why we pay more for some forms.
2) The concept of exergy, which quantifies how useful energy is, and how it is lost as heat is converted to less useful forms.
3) Examples of heat engines and refrigerators/heat pumps, and calculations of their maximum possible efficiencies.
4) Ways of improving energy efficiency for heating, such as reducing heat loss, increasing heat pump coefficients of performance, and using combined heat and power systems.
Presented 27/09/2013 at the University of Southern Queensland,
Undergraduate Engineering Conference. Due to constraints set by other mandatory activities I was only able to secure 28 hours to prepare. After an epic all-nighter these slides and my accompanying talk received an "A" grading.
Dimensional Effect on Engineering Systems & Clean Room & ClassificationSamiran Tripathi
The Presentation is divided in two halves: the first half is dimensional effect on engineering systems and the second half deals with the basics of clean room and its classification
This document discusses the McCabe Thiele method for calculating multistage separation processes. It provides examples of how to use the method graphically to determine the number of theoretical stages, flow rates, and other parameters. Specifically, it discusses how to: 1) draw equilibrium curves and operating lines to determine minimum reflux ratio and feed location; 2) calculate flow rates, number of stages, and utilities using material balances; and 3) handle special cases like multiple feeds, enriched/stripped sections, and side product specifications. An example problem demonstrates applying these steps to design a binary distillation column with two feed streams.
The document discusses integrating mathematics into science subjects like chemistry, biology, and physics. It provides examples of how to use mathematical concepts and skills like percentages, graphs, standard forms, and unit conversions when teaching topics in these subjects. Some specific examples mentioned include using graphs to show the relationship between solubility and temperature, calculating oxygen production through photosynthesis, and assigning locations in space using mathematical coordinates. The document emphasizes that integrating mathematics enhances learning and understanding of science concepts.
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
This document summarizes work on developing thermoplastic composite materials for wind turbine blades to lower costs and improve recyclability. A team including NREL, TPI Composites, Johns Manville, Colorado School of Mines, and Arkema is developing thermoplastic resin infusion techniques and characterizing material properties. The team has commissioned new labs, collected material property data, developed chemical kinetics models, and demonstrated techniques like phase change materials to shorten curing cycles. The goal is to advance thermoplastic composites from a TRL of 3 to 4 and demonstrate their potential to increase domestic manufacturing and reduce life cycle energy usage of wind turbines.
Este documento describe los principios fundamentales de los modelos conceptuales en el desarrollo geotérmico. Explica que un modelo conceptual es una representación simplificada de la realidad que es útil en varias etapas del proceso, como determinar el tamaño potencial del recurso y la ubicación de pozos de producción e inyección. También destaca que un buen modelo conceptual incluye nueve elementos esenciales, plantea hipótesis comprobables y reconoce las incertidumbres para guiar la recopilación de más datos.
Este documento presenta una introducción a un curso sobre modelos conceptuales geotérmicos. Explica que los modelos conceptuales sintetizan información geocientífica para estimar el potencial de recursos geotérmicos, definir sitios de perforación y solicitar extensiones de concesiones. El curso cubrirá conceptos de geología, geoquímica y geofísica, así como casos prácticos donde los estudiantes trabajarán en equipos para desarrollar modelos conceptuales simples y uno integrado que servirá como base para un m
The Melting of an hailstone: Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer EffectsAkinola Oyedele
The document presents a mathematical model for simulating the melting of a hailstone. It uses energy conservation principles and Fourier's law of heat transfer to model the heat flux and phase change during melting. A finite volume method is used to numerically solve the partial differential equations describing the transient heat transfer. The model was verified against an approximate analytical solution and showed good agreement. Results demonstrate that longer times are required to melt the center of the hailstone compared to the outer parts.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
This document describes the use of advanced educational technologies in a process simulation course. It discusses typical characteristics of process simulation courses, including the use of commercial simulators. It then outlines course objectives and new techniques used, such as an interface to retrieve physical property data and automatic conversion of equations to MATLAB programs. As an example, it presents the simulation of a semi-batch distillation process and results, comparing them to Aspen. It concludes that covering diverse course material requires enhancing students' programming and problem-solving skills and developing problems in line with new tool capabilities.
parabolic trough solar collectors power plants (designe)Eslam Zaki
The document discusses the design of a 100MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage. It describes the various configurations of parabolic trough plants, including plants with heat transfer fluids and auxiliary heaters or thermal storage tanks. The key components of the system include the solar field with parabolic trough collectors and receiver, heat transfer fluid, thermal storage system, and power block. Parameters for the plant design are provided, such as mass flow rates, temperatures, heat transfer rates, and efficiencies. The size and layout of the solar field is also summarized.
Insights from field experiments to conduct thermal response tests with heatin...Jasmin Raymond
This document summarizes research on using heating cable sections to conduct thermal response tests (TRTs) at lower costs than conventional methods. Key points:
- Heating cable sections allow measuring thermal conductivity profiles in boreholes, providing data to design efficient ground source heat pump systems.
- Tests conducted in Canada found heating section tests produced consistent thermal conductivity values compared to conventional TRTs, while reducing equipment needs, costs, and consumed energy by around 90%.
- Further research aims to use heating section profiles to identify favorable geological layers, explore deep geothermal resources, and correct temperature profiles for paleoclimate effects.
Fundamentals of thermodynamics
Definitions and terminology
Thermodynamics system
Thermodynamic cycle
steam power plant
Path Function:
Energy
Numerical
INTERNAL ENERGY
HEAT
Specific heat of gas
Ideal Gas
Properties of gas
Closed cycle
Examples
The document discusses various measurement and calculation concepts in science including units, accuracy, precision, significant figures, and dimensional analysis. It provides examples of calculating percent error and guidelines for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and calculations. Various practice problems are included for converting between units and performing calculations while maintaining the appropriate number of significant figures.
This document summarizes research on modeling direct steam generation in parabolic trough solar collectors. The researchers developed an optical and thermal model coupling Monte Carlo ray tracing with a detailed thermal model of the receiver. Their numerical simulations examined the effects of mass flow rate, solar irradiance, collector position, and receiver thickness on temperature distribution. Results showed thermal gradients are highest in the two-phase stratified flow region and increase with higher collector inclination. The maximum temperature gradient across the receiver was 1022 K/m under low irradiance conditions.
The document discusses using a rapid compression machine (RCM) to measure ignition delay of fuels. An RCM compresses fuel-air mixtures rapidly to simulate constant volume combustion. Computational fluid dynamics models of an RCM are presented to analyze temperature and pressure profiles. While RCMs aim to achieve homogeneous conditions, simulations show non-uniformity in temperature and velocity fields. Future work with detailed chemical kinetics is needed for more accurate combustion modeling. In conclusion, while RCMs are a standard for ignition delay measurements, computational results indicate non-ideal behavior that could affect using a single reference value for fuel comparison.
This document discusses challenges with scaling up processes from lab to production scale. It argues that problems are often approached as mixing issues when they may be more fundamentally problems of heat, mass, or momentum transfer. Two key observations are made. First, maintaining similar hydrodynamics is difficult at large scale, limiting transfer, and the solution is not always just improving mixing. Second, too much money and time is spent on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models rather than doing appropriate experiments to determine practical operating parameters. Alternative approaches are proposed, such as using non-intrusive measurement techniques and extracting dynamic information from time-series data to characterize processes without relying solely on determining velocity fields.
Lecture 3-4: Exergy, Heating and Cooling, Solar Thermalcdtpv
The document discusses various topics related to energy and thermodynamics, including:
1) Different systems that can store 1 kW hr of energy and why we pay more for some forms.
2) The concept of exergy, which quantifies how useful energy is, and how it is lost as heat is converted to less useful forms.
3) Examples of heat engines and refrigerators/heat pumps, and calculations of their maximum possible efficiencies.
4) Ways of improving energy efficiency for heating, such as reducing heat loss, increasing heat pump coefficients of performance, and using combined heat and power systems.
Presented 27/09/2013 at the University of Southern Queensland,
Undergraduate Engineering Conference. Due to constraints set by other mandatory activities I was only able to secure 28 hours to prepare. After an epic all-nighter these slides and my accompanying talk received an "A" grading.
Dimensional Effect on Engineering Systems & Clean Room & ClassificationSamiran Tripathi
The Presentation is divided in two halves: the first half is dimensional effect on engineering systems and the second half deals with the basics of clean room and its classification
This document discusses the McCabe Thiele method for calculating multistage separation processes. It provides examples of how to use the method graphically to determine the number of theoretical stages, flow rates, and other parameters. Specifically, it discusses how to: 1) draw equilibrium curves and operating lines to determine minimum reflux ratio and feed location; 2) calculate flow rates, number of stages, and utilities using material balances; and 3) handle special cases like multiple feeds, enriched/stripped sections, and side product specifications. An example problem demonstrates applying these steps to design a binary distillation column with two feed streams.
The document discusses integrating mathematics into science subjects like chemistry, biology, and physics. It provides examples of how to use mathematical concepts and skills like percentages, graphs, standard forms, and unit conversions when teaching topics in these subjects. Some specific examples mentioned include using graphs to show the relationship between solubility and temperature, calculating oxygen production through photosynthesis, and assigning locations in space using mathematical coordinates. The document emphasizes that integrating mathematics enhances learning and understanding of science concepts.
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
This document summarizes work on developing thermoplastic composite materials for wind turbine blades to lower costs and improve recyclability. A team including NREL, TPI Composites, Johns Manville, Colorado School of Mines, and Arkema is developing thermoplastic resin infusion techniques and characterizing material properties. The team has commissioned new labs, collected material property data, developed chemical kinetics models, and demonstrated techniques like phase change materials to shorten curing cycles. The goal is to advance thermoplastic composites from a TRL of 3 to 4 and demonstrate their potential to increase domestic manufacturing and reduce life cycle energy usage of wind turbines.
Este documento describe los principios fundamentales de los modelos conceptuales en el desarrollo geotérmico. Explica que un modelo conceptual es una representación simplificada de la realidad que es útil en varias etapas del proceso, como determinar el tamaño potencial del recurso y la ubicación de pozos de producción e inyección. También destaca que un buen modelo conceptual incluye nueve elementos esenciales, plantea hipótesis comprobables y reconoce las incertidumbres para guiar la recopilación de más datos.
Este documento presenta una introducción a un curso sobre modelos conceptuales geotérmicos. Explica que los modelos conceptuales sintetizan información geocientífica para estimar el potencial de recursos geotérmicos, definir sitios de perforación y solicitar extensiones de concesiones. El curso cubrirá conceptos de geología, geoquímica y geofísica, así como casos prácticos donde los estudiantes trabajarán en equipos para desarrollar modelos conceptuales simples y uno integrado que servirá como base para un m
Este documento presenta un esquema de clasificación de recursos geotérmicos basado en tres criterios: mecanismo de transferencia de calor dominante, fuente de calor y ambiente tectónico. Incluye seis tipos de sistemas, como sistemas convectivos magmáticos. También describe modelos numéricos que reproducen características de los sistemas geotérmicos y discute que el tipo CV1 es el más común en América Central.
El documento describe los patrones típicos de alteración hidrotermal en sistemas geotérmicos volcánicos. Explica que los minerales de alteración están fuertemente controlados por la temperatura y mantienen su huella mineralógica aunque la temperatura cambie. Además, estos sistemas suelen presentar una estructura característica de minerales de alteración y un patrón común de temperaturas decrecientes a través de la capa sello. Finalmente, proporciona un ejemplo del campo geotérmico de Ber
El documento describe los conceptos clave de la hidrología isotópica y su aplicación para entender el origen y circulación del agua geotérmica en un sistema. Específicamente, discute cómo (1) el fraccionamiento isotópico y la interacción agua-roca afectan la composición isotópica del agua, (2) los isótopos pueden usarse para identificar procesos como evaporación, mezcla y elevación de recarga, y (3) los modelos de mezcla isotópica son útiles para desarrollar modelos
Este documento presenta una guía metodológica para la construcción de modelos conceptuales en geotermia. Propone integrar hallazgos clave de diferentes disciplinas en una matriz y representarlos gráficamente en secciones y planos. También recomienda identificar discrepancias entre datos e hipótesis por validar, como una forma de mejorar continuamente el modelo a la luz de nueva información.
- Las manifestaciones superficiales en un sistema geotérmico no están distribuidas de forma aleatoria y pueden dar indicios de la ubicación de la fuente de calor y las zonas de circulación. Los geotermómetros y análisis químicos de fluidos brindan información sobre la temperatura del reservorio y procesos en la zona de ascenso. Con base en los datos provistos sobre manifestaciones, alteración, geotermometría y química de fluidos, es posible elaborar un modelo conceptual simple que incluya una fuente de calor, cont
La resistividad en sistemas geotérmicos depende principalmente de los minerales de alteración y la salinidad del fluido. Los sistemas volcánicos muestran un patrón de resistividad típico con una capa conductiva somera que refleja la extensión del reservorio y una capa sello subyacente. El documento analiza datos de resistividad de un sistema geotérmico, identificando un contorno de 5 ohm-m que engloba manifestaciones y el complejo volcánico, así como una capa conductiva de 600 m
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
5. ¿What’s in this lecture for you?
• You might be part of the team that eventually has to
transform the huge volumen of data into a number
(reserves size)
• You might have to assess the work and results of a
third party, understand the reasons for her proposals
• Understand the overall goal of your work in geotermal
exploration. How will my work be used to make
decisions?, how can I facilitate effective use of
information?
• Understand uncertainty magnitude in this kind of
assessment. Error bars in results
11. The underlying concept is the specific
heat capacity
𝑐 =
∆𝑄
𝑚∆𝑇
∆𝑇 =
∆𝑄
𝑚𝑐
Scienceblogs.scom
12. The energy we use comes mainly from
the hot rock
Example
• Volume 5 km3 (5x109 m3)
• Saturated with liquid water
• Porosity 0.1
• Initial temperature 250 °C
• Final temperature 180 °C
13. The energy we use comes mainly from
the hot rock
Qw = mw cw (Tr – T0)
= Vw φ ρw cw (Tr – T0)
= (5x109 m3)(0.1)(800 kg/m3)(4.82 kJ/kg°C)(250-180 °C)
= 1.35x1014 kJ
QR = VR (1-φ) ρR cR (Tr – T0)
= (5x109 m3)(1-0.1)(2700 kg/m3)(0.9 kJ/kg°C)(250-180 °C)
= 7.65x1014 kJ
Heat from water
Heat from fock
14. The energy we use comes mainly from
the hot rock
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Heat from water Heat from rock
Storedenergy
15. A 100 MWe plant will "empty" the
reservoir 2+ times
Si h=1085 kJ/kg (liquido), Psep = 7 bar-g, xsep=0.17:
Vfluid = (5x109 m3)(0.1) = 5x108 m3
Required steam (2 kg/s-MWe)(100 MWe) = 200 kg/s
Required extraction (200 kg/s)/0.17/(800 kg/m3) = 1.47
m3/s
In 25 years operation, will be required:
Vreq = (1.47 m3/s)(25a)(365d)(24h)(3600s) = 11.6x108 m3
Vreq/Vfluid = 2.32
(Assuming reservoir remains liquid)
16. It is not technically feasible to extract
reservoir energy "to the last drop"
• Imperfect heat sweep, non-uniform, not all
the hot reservoir is permeable/accessible
• Numerical simulations in ideal conditions
(intergranular heat sweep) estimate
theoretical maximum close to 50%
• Qwh = Qr+w Rf Recovery factor
• In practice significantly lower (<20%)
17. It is not technically possible to convert
all thermal energy to electrical
• Maximum theoretical efficiency in any thermal
machine given by Carnot. Real efficiencies
significantly lower (f(h), 5~15%).
η = 1 −
𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡
1 −
40 + 273
250 + 274
= 0.4
18. La energía aprovechable se “dosed” en
un período (años) arbitrario
𝑀𝑊𝑒 =
𝑄 𝑟𝑤 𝑅𝑓 η
𝐹 𝑡
F: Capacity factor
t: time [seconds]
Effective operational
time of power plant
All geoscientific data reduced to
2 parameters!
19. Assume hypothetical reservoir and
utilization with these characteristics:
Assume Carnot efficiency
What power plant size would you
recommend?
Area A = 8 km2 Thickness h = 1
km
Tr = 280 °C
T0 = 180 °C Rho rock = 2600
kg/m3
C rock= 0.9
kJ/kg°C
Rho water= 750
kg/m3
C water = 4.8
kJ/kg°C
Rf = 0.15
Fp = 0.9 t = 30 year Tcold = 40 °C
Φ = 0.1
Formulas:
Qw = VR φ ρw cw (Tr – T0)
QR = VR (1-φ) ρR cR (Tr – T0)
Qrw = Qr + Qw
η = 1 −
𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡
𝑀𝑊𝑒 =
𝑄 𝑟𝑤
𝑅𝑓 η
1000 𝐹 𝑝
𝑡
20. Qw = (8x1x109 m3)(0.1)(750 kg/m3)(4.82 kJ/kg°C)(280-180 °C)
= 2.892 x 1014 kJ
Qr = (8x1x109 m3)(1-0.1)(2600 kg/m3)(0.9 kJ/kg°C)(280-180 °C)
= 16.85 x 1014 kJ
Qrw = 2.892 x 1014 kJ + 16.85 x 1014 kJ
= 19.74 x 1014 kJ
η = 1 −
40+273
280+273
= 0.43
𝑀𝑊𝑒 =
(19.74 𝑥 1014) (0.15) (0.43)
1000(0.9)(30)(365)(24)(3600)
= 149 MWe
21. Stored heat method assumes no heat
recharge
• Can be valid, but not always. Think of heat
extraction rate vs. natural heat recharge rate.
• Conservative assumption
23. Area: surface features, geophysical
anomalies, well temperature contours
Fumarole
Contour 5 ohm-mChloride
spring
24. Thickness: conductive layer (MT),
measured well temperatures, drilling
cost
50 °C
220-260 °C
Caprock
Reservoir
Expensive
drilling!
2500 m
25. Thickness: conductive layer (MT),
measured well temperatures, drilling cost
Reservoir
Reservoir
T < 180 °C???
T < 180 °C
26. Recovery factor is (perhaps) the most
uncertain parameter
Porosity φ
Rf Linear
Interpolation
Rf = 2.5φ
Nathenson, 1975. Numerical
simulation heat sweep.
Φ=0.2, Rf~0.5
No porosity:
No intergranular sweep
Starting point.
May be
modified at
discretion
Φ=f(depth)
28. T0: reservoir temperature, conversion
technology
NetMW
180 220 250
Temperature °C
Sanyal et al., 2007
100 160 220
Temperature °C
NetMW
0816
NetMW
059
Self-flowing (flash) Pumped (binary)
180 °C 125-140 °C
51. Sometimes, estimates can be
conservative or realistic...
Berlin
1982:
55 MWe (numérical)
150 MWe (volum.)
1993:
Proven 55~65 MWe
Probable 100 MWe
2003:
90 MWe OK
(numérical)
52. … But some challenges are difficult to
anticipate…
P90: 87 MWe
P50: 140 MWe
105 MWe
(flow tests)
Bjornsson, 2008
U1
U2
U3B
Reality:
• Scaling problems
• Reservoir cooling
Momotombo
53. … Therefore, staged development has
advantages (and disadvantages)
Steingrimsson et al., 2005
54. Other reserves estimation methods
exist, but not standard
• Heat flow method correlates reserves with natural surface heat
discharges.
• Lumped parameter model are a super-simplified version of numerical
simulation, needs production data as well, but less inputs
• Decline curves have been used mainly in vapor-dominated reservoirs
• Areal analogy method gives an interesting (realistic) reference point.
• Plane fracture method (Bodvarsson, 1974) useful in reservoirs mostly
confined to large fractures/faults
55. Summary
• 2 standard methods for reserves estimation area stored heat (with Monte Carlo)
and numerical reservoir simulation
• Stored heat is quick, simplified (over-simplified?), all exploration data reduced to 2
parameters
• Numerical simulation more detailed, more parameters, requires production data
• Other methods available, application not standard
• The base for most methods is the conceptual model
• All methods have significant uncertainties >> staged development