This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their creation and uses. The key points are: - GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The first GMO was created in 1973 by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into bacteria. - GMOs are used to produce medications, agricultural crops, and in scientific research. Common GM crops include soy, corn, and cotton. - While GM crops have increased farmer profits and crop yields, there is ongoing controversy around their effects on health and the environment as well as their regulation and labeling.

1. GENTICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
MADE BY: MOHIT TIWARI
REG. NO. – 17BCB0071

2. WHAT ARE GMO ?
• A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism
whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques.
• GMOs are used to produce many medications
and genetically modified foods and are widely used in
scientific research and the production of other goods.
• This is an organism whose genetic makeup has been
altered by the addition of genetic material from an
unrelated organism

3. HOWWERE THE GMO CREATED???
• Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically
modified organism (GMO) in 1973.
• They took a gene from a bacterium that provided resistance to
the antibiotic kanamycin, inserted it into a plasmid and then
induced another bacteria to uptake the plasmid.
• The bacteria was then able to survive in the presence of
kanamycin.[12] Boyer and Cohen expressed other genes in
bacteria.

4. USES OF GMO
• GMOs are used in biological
and medical research,
production of pharmaceutical
drugs.
• In production of experimental
medicine (e.g. gene therapy
and vaccines against the Ebola
virus), and agriculture
(e.g. golden rice).

5. GM BACTERIA
• Bacteria were the first organisms
to be modified in the laboratory,
due to the relative ease of
modifying their genetics.
• These organisms are now used
for several purposes, and are
particularly important in
producing large amounts of
pure human proteins for use in
medicine.

6. GM PLANTS
• Transgenic plants have been
engineered for scientific
research, to create new colours
in plants, and to create different
crops.
• In research, plants are
engineered to help discover the
functions of certain genes. One
way to do this is to knock out
the gene of interest and see
what phenotype develops.

7. GM PLANTS
• Another strategy is to attach the gene to a strong promoter and see what
happens when it is over expressed.
• A common technique used to find out where the gene is expressed is to
attach it to GUS or a similar reporter gene that allows visualisation of the
location.
• After thirteen years of collaborative research, an Australian company –
Florigene , and a Japanese company – Suntory, created a blue rose (actually
lavender or mauve) in 2004.
• The researchers then used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to depress all
color production by endogenous genes by blocking a crucial protein in color
production, called dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)

8. GM CROPS
• Genetically modified crops (GM
crops, or biotech crops) are
plants used in agriculture,
the DNA of which has been
modified using genetic
engineering techniques.
• In most cases the aim is to
introduce a new trait to the plant
which does not occur naturally in
the species.

9. GM CROPS EFFECTS
• Farmers have widely adopted GM technology.
• Between 1996 and 2013, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM
crops increased by a factor of 100, from 17,000 square kilometers
(4,200,000 acres) to 1,750,000 km2 (432 million acres).
• 10% of the world's croplands were planted with GM crops in 2010.
• In the US, by 2014, 94% of the planted area of soybeans, 96% of cotton
and 93% of corn were genetically modified varieties.
• In 2013 approximately 18 million farmers grew 54% of worldwide GM
crops in developing countries.

10. CONTROVERSY ON GM CROPS
• There is controversy over GMOs, especially with regard to their use in
producing food.
• The dispute involves buyers, biotechnology companies, governmental
regulators, nongovernmental organizations, and scientists.
• The key areas of controversy related to GMO food are whether GM food
should be labeled, the role of government regulators, the effect of GM
crops on health and the environment, the effect on pesticide resistance,
the impact of GM crops for farmers, and the role of GM crops in feeding
the world population.

11. REGULATION
• The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by
governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the use of genetic
engineering technology and the development and release of genetically modified
organisms (GMO), including genetically modified crops and genetically modified fish.
• Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products
of the genetic engineering.
• The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU
and approval for import and processing.
• While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of
GMOs have been approved for import and processing.
• Depending on the coexistence regulations, incentives for cultivation of GM crops
differ.