Gendersystems
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This document outlines the key topics and concepts covered in a course on gender systems. It discusses the debate around the role of nature versus nurture in gender, examining biological and sociological research. It also explores how gender roles have changed over time and vary across cultures, as shown in the work of anthropologists like Margaret Mead. Later sections address how the traditional views of two distinct gender identities linked to biological sex have been questioned, along with the role of mass media in both reflecting and reinforcing gender norms.
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Feminist theory developed out of the feminist movement to achieve social, political, and economic equality between men and women. There are several branches of feminist theory, including liberal feminism which focuses on achieving equal rights and opportunities, Marxist feminism which views women's oppression as stemming from their roles in the family and economy under capitalism, and radical feminism which argues that patriarchy and male domination are the primary forms of oppression. Feminist theorists have developed new perspectives and methodologies to incorporate women's experiences and challenge the male bias in traditional sociological theories.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Radical feminism sees patriarchy as a system of male power that oppresses women through social, political, and family structures. Early radical feminism advocated for androgyny and unisex roles, but this view was rejected in favor of acknowledging inherent differences between men and women and the need for feminist struggle and separatism. Radical feminists have debated whether women's oppression stems from their biology or men's biology, and more recently argue that gender itself is a social construct. The movement focuses on women's experiences and aims to understand and end the fundamental oppression of women by patriarchy.
Feminist Perspective by Muhammad Saud
Muhammad Saud Kharal
PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
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- 2. Gender Roles: Difference and Change • Nature/Nurture? • Changes through time – masculinities and femininities • Intersectionality • Gender and Sexuality • Gender as pervasive, shifting, contested • Gender in North American advertising a media analysis
- 3. Biology or Sociology? • Nature or nurture? Why does this question matter? • Virginia Adams: survey of biological and sociological research • Pamela Weintraub: research on brain and brain function • Dorothy Sayers: Why does this question matter?
- 4. Science/Nature? • Emily Martin “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has constructed a romance based on stereotypical gender roles” • Cartoon: Gender stereotypes really are pervasive…
- 5. Nurture or Nature? • Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex 1949 • “One is not born, but rather one becomes, a woman.” • Existential Philosophy • “Woman” as “Other” • Subject/object • Active/passive
- 6. Anthropology and cross-cultural comparison • Margaret Mead Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935) – Sepik River, Papua New Guinea – Arapesh, both men and women were peaceful. – Mundugumor, both men and women were aggressive. – Tchambuli, men 'primped' and spent their time decorating themselves while the women worked and were the practical ones .
- 7. Questioning Gender • 1970s and 1980s increased studies devoted to these questions. Why? • Intersectionality Theory • Photo: Gloria Steinem and Dorothy Pitman Hughes
- 8. Masculinity also comes into question. • RW Connell • Masculinities • Hegemonic masculinity
- 9. 2-sex/2-gender model comes into question • Cross-cultural comparison indicates other schema exist (“Third Genders”) – Hijra – Two-Spirited People – Xanith • Science itself comes to be understood as a cultural construction. – Gender Identity Disorder; Intersex; and more.
- 10. Gender and Sexuality • 2 sex/ 2 gender model and heteronormative assumptions • Biological reproduction • Travesti (Brazil)
- 12. …
- 17. Gender in Mass Media • Gender is learned • Gender is a cultural construction • Gender roles, traits, spheres etc. vary cross-culturally • Gender reflected and reinforced in media • Documentary: Still Killing Us Softly