This presentation was given by Dipika Das (University of Southern Queensland), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
The ARM Annual Report 2011-12 provides an overview of ARM's activities that year. Key points include:
- ARM worked to empower women and promote health, addressing issues like child labor, trafficking, and abuse through self-help groups and a child helpline.
- The organization managed a model hospital that saw over 30,000 patients annually, including 280 maternity cases.
- Efforts were made to improve agriculture through introducing new varieties, organic farming, and increasing yields, benefiting many target groups.
- Activities focused on farmers through assessing agriculture, doubling production of crops, and forming farmers' collectives.
- Gender advancement programs included SHG promotion, training, and campaigns against
The annual report summarizes ARM's activities in 2013-2014. Key activities included adopting policies for livelihood development, food security, gender justice and disaster management. ARM worked in 562 remote villages, empowering rural poor women and children. The organization managed a primary health center that provided care to over 23,000 patients. ARM also operated a model school that provided education to 165 students and implemented various child protection programs through its child line project.
The annual report summarizes ARM's activities from 2012-2013 aimed at empowering rural communities in Odisha, India. Key activities included promoting self-help groups and women's empowerment through skills training in handicrafts and tailoring, benefiting over 100 rural women. ARM also focused on health, education, livelihoods, and agriculture, organizing training programs on financial inclusion, micro-enterprise management, and cooperative management. The report highlights ARM's collaboration with various partners to improve lives in rural Balasore district through community development initiatives.
Saheli Federations - Role of women in managing risk and pursuing opportunitiesSarbajit Sen
This presentation is a part of required coursework on the topic - Risk and Opportunity: Managing Risk for Development by World Bank and Coursera. The presentation showcases how rural women groups in remote villages in India are taking their communities towards a better and safer future.
This document summarizes a study on gender norms and agricultural innovation in Uganda. The study examines how gender roles relate to farm ownership, management, and the ability to adopt innovations. It uses a qualitative case study approach in communities to understand these relationships. Results from Kiboga, Uganda found that the use of herbicides allowed increased maize acreage and yields for men, while norms dictated weeding as women's work. In Mukono, sweet potato innovations like selling vines and using peels to feed pigs led to additional income generation. The conclusion calls for understanding gender norms and social hierarchies to design transformative approaches, and emphasizes participation of local stakeholders is needed for transformation and empowerment.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between gender norms and agricultural innovation in Uganda. The study examines how roles of men and women relate to farm ownership and management, and how gender norms shape these roles and people's ability to adopt innovations. The methodology involves qualitative case studies across communities, using tools like interviews and focus groups. Preliminary results from Kiboga, Uganda found that the use of herbicides has allowed farmers to increase maize acreage and yields, but gender norms still influence activities like weeding and control over resources. In Mukono, sweet potato innovations have generated income that women have used for things like school fees. The conclusions stress the importance of understanding gender norms and social structures to design transformative
So c19 dina najjar_how do agricultural innovations influence socio-economic h...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Dina Najjar (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
The ARM Annual Report 2011-12 provides an overview of ARM's activities that year. Key points include:
- ARM worked to empower women and promote health, addressing issues like child labor, trafficking, and abuse through self-help groups and a child helpline.
- The organization managed a model hospital that saw over 30,000 patients annually, including 280 maternity cases.
- Efforts were made to improve agriculture through introducing new varieties, organic farming, and increasing yields, benefiting many target groups.
- Activities focused on farmers through assessing agriculture, doubling production of crops, and forming farmers' collectives.
- Gender advancement programs included SHG promotion, training, and campaigns against
The annual report summarizes ARM's activities in 2013-2014. Key activities included adopting policies for livelihood development, food security, gender justice and disaster management. ARM worked in 562 remote villages, empowering rural poor women and children. The organization managed a primary health center that provided care to over 23,000 patients. ARM also operated a model school that provided education to 165 students and implemented various child protection programs through its child line project.
The annual report summarizes ARM's activities from 2012-2013 aimed at empowering rural communities in Odisha, India. Key activities included promoting self-help groups and women's empowerment through skills training in handicrafts and tailoring, benefiting over 100 rural women. ARM also focused on health, education, livelihoods, and agriculture, organizing training programs on financial inclusion, micro-enterprise management, and cooperative management. The report highlights ARM's collaboration with various partners to improve lives in rural Balasore district through community development initiatives.
Saheli Federations - Role of women in managing risk and pursuing opportunitiesSarbajit Sen
This presentation is a part of required coursework on the topic - Risk and Opportunity: Managing Risk for Development by World Bank and Coursera. The presentation showcases how rural women groups in remote villages in India are taking their communities towards a better and safer future.
This document summarizes a study on gender norms and agricultural innovation in Uganda. The study examines how gender roles relate to farm ownership, management, and the ability to adopt innovations. It uses a qualitative case study approach in communities to understand these relationships. Results from Kiboga, Uganda found that the use of herbicides allowed increased maize acreage and yields for men, while norms dictated weeding as women's work. In Mukono, sweet potato innovations like selling vines and using peels to feed pigs led to additional income generation. The conclusion calls for understanding gender norms and social hierarchies to design transformative approaches, and emphasizes participation of local stakeholders is needed for transformation and empowerment.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between gender norms and agricultural innovation in Uganda. The study examines how roles of men and women relate to farm ownership and management, and how gender norms shape these roles and people's ability to adopt innovations. The methodology involves qualitative case studies across communities, using tools like interviews and focus groups. Preliminary results from Kiboga, Uganda found that the use of herbicides has allowed farmers to increase maize acreage and yields, but gender norms still influence activities like weeding and control over resources. In Mukono, sweet potato innovations have generated income that women have used for things like school fees. The conclusions stress the importance of understanding gender norms and social structures to design transformative
So c19 dina najjar_how do agricultural innovations influence socio-economic h...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Dina Najjar (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Micro enterprise development and rural women enterpurinship by Parvani SharmaParvani Sharma
This document discusses micro enterprise development and rural women entrepreneurship as a way for economic development. It provides context on the history and status of women in India and highlights their significant yet often unrecognized contributions to agriculture and food production. Specifically, rural women constitute 48.6% of the agricultural workforce but face numerous challenges including gender inequities, lack of access to resources, and health issues due to their heavy workloads. Micro-enterprises in areas like agriculture, livestock, and household operations can help empower rural women economically by providing income generation opportunities and improving their status and decision-making power in their families and communities. Overall, the document makes the case that supporting rural women entrepreneurs through micro-enterprises is an important strategy for
1) Rice has traditionally been considered a women's crop that women care for individually or in groups, handling it in its early stages due to its delicacy.
2) Women play a very important role in global crop production, estimated to contribute 55-60% of total labor, and in India specifically constitute around 40% of the labor force in rice production.
3) However, women face numerous gender issues in rice production systems including unequal access to resources like land, credit, technology and information as well as a greater burden of physical labor and less access to education and healthcare than men.
Opportunities and constraints to women's access to, and control over, resourc...ILRI
This document summarizes a study on opportunities and constraints to women's access to and control over resources in the small ruminant value chain in Ethiopia. The study found that women's participation was mostly limited to production work around the home, with men dominating decision making. It identified some opportunities for women, such as joint ownership of assets, but also constraints like limited access to breeding stock, labor saving technologies, credit, and extension services. The study concluded that enhancing women's access to different types of capital would increase their ability to engage in and benefit from small ruminant value chains.
The document discusses the Public Financing for Agriculture (PFA) Kenya project and its success stories. The project aimed to advocate for increased government investment in agriculture, especially for smallholder women farmers, through building advocacy capacity. Two success stories are highlighted:
1) The Huruma Women's Group in Kakamega County increased their incomes by learning value addition techniques for sweet potatoes through the project, such as making mandazis and cakes. They received government grants that allowed them to expand their business.
2) Margret Nyokorema Ndera from Migori County learned modern farming practices through the project's agricultural extension training. This increased her maize yields. She then joined a women's beekeeping
GENNOVATE: Enabling gender equality in agricultural and environmental innovat...CGIAR
This presentation was given during a webinar hosted by CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research on July 12, 2018. Marlene Elias and Anne Rietveld of Bioversity International gave the presentation.
Find out more at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gennovate-2018/
The Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Dairy Value Chain Activities: Examples fr...ILRI
Presented by Kassahun Belay at the Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31st January–2nd February 2011
Agribusiness management a stepping stone towards a better - Vishnu Pujari & N...Vishnu Pujari
The document discusses engaging youth in agriculture in India. It notes that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy but that many youth see it as unremunerative and move away from farming. The objectives are listed as empowering youth through training to transition them from job seekers to job providers and boost rural economies. Reasons for youth migrating from agriculture include a lack of guidance, increasing costs, price fluctuations, scarce labor, and a lack of respect for farmers. Recommendations include providing agricultural education at all levels, training youth, and giving institutional support to young farmers.
Women play a vital role in agriculture but often face discrimination. Five areas need attention to reduce poverty: facilitating markets, improving productivity, investing in infrastructure, reducing vulnerability, and improving policy. Efforts are being made at international, regional, and national levels to promote gender equality and empower women through laws, organizations, and development programs. Initiatives like Women in Triticum are helping to educate women farmers, promote awareness of women's rights, and advance opportunities for women. Further progress requires continued efforts to ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination.
This document is a collection of stories about women reclaiming control over seeds in Asia. It includes stories from Vietnam, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The Vietnam story describes how women in Bac Kan Province are revitalizing traditional rice seed varieties. In India, women farmers in Uttarakhand are reviving lost wheat varieties and promoting crop diversity. In Pakistan, women are struggling for land rights, which are linked to food sovereignty. In the Philippines, a group of women organized themselves and shifted to organic farming as an alternative to corporate agriculture. Across these diverse settings, women are working to preserve traditional seeds and sustainable farming practices in the face of pressures from industrial agriculture.
Bridging gender and youth studies - Learning from rural young women and men i...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Anne Rietveld (Bioversity International), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document analyzes women's control over household income from various sources like farming, livestock, and wages in Ghana, Mozambique, and Rwanda. The analysis finds that older, more educated women who control land and livestock are more likely to control income. Control over income varies by source and country. Women generally control income from small-scale crops, livestock, and wage/non-farm work. Ensuring women are paid directly, have access to markets and banking, land rights, and interventions to promote gender equality in households and communities can help increase women's control over income from rural economic activities.
Presented by Kathleen Earl Colverson at the Africa RISING Integrating Gender into Agricultural Programming training, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18-20 August 2014
A trainer's manual" (available at http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33426)
The 'Invisible Half': Recognizing the contribution of women in agriculture ILRI
Presented by Purvi Mehta and Sapna Jarial at the Regional Conference of the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists, New Delhi, India, 12-13 October 2012
Gendered participation in the rice value chain. New insights from Kyela, Tanz...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Mesia Ilomo (UDBS), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
This document discusses the role of women in agriculture and the gender dynamics within rural economies. Some key points:
- Women make up a significant portion of the agricultural workforce globally and in developing countries, comprising 43% globally and performing many labor-intensive tasks.
- However, their contributions are often undervalued and they face numerous constraints that reduce their productivity, including less access to resources, education, and decision-making power compared to men.
- Economic and social changes are transforming agriculture and increasing the demand for female labor in some areas like export crops, but women still tend to work in lower-paid, lower-status, and more insecure jobs than men. They have less land ownership and control over decisions
Developing measures of freedom of movement for gender studies of agricultural...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Jessica Heckert (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
This presentation was given by the various speakers at the panel session on gender dynamics in seed systems, as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Gendered youth transitions to adulthood in the Drylands: Implications for tar...CGIAR
This presentation was given on 19 December 2019 by Esther Njuguna-Mungai (CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals), Ms. Katindi Sivi-Njonjo (GLDC Affiliated PhD student) and Dr. Eileen Bogweh Nchanji (International Center for Tropical Agriculture / CIAT) as part of the webinar ‘Gendered youth transitions to adulthood in the Drylands: Implications for targeting'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-youth-dryland/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Power through: A new concept in the empowerment discourseCGIAR
This presentation was given by Alessandra Galiè (ILRI) and Cathy Farnworth (independent) on 27 November 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Power through: A new concept in the empowerment discourse'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-power-through/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
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This document discusses micro enterprise development and rural women entrepreneurship as a way for economic development. It provides context on the history and status of women in India and highlights their significant yet often unrecognized contributions to agriculture and food production. Specifically, rural women constitute 48.6% of the agricultural workforce but face numerous challenges including gender inequities, lack of access to resources, and health issues due to their heavy workloads. Micro-enterprises in areas like agriculture, livestock, and household operations can help empower rural women economically by providing income generation opportunities and improving their status and decision-making power in their families and communities. Overall, the document makes the case that supporting rural women entrepreneurs through micro-enterprises is an important strategy for
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The document discusses the Public Financing for Agriculture (PFA) Kenya project and its success stories. The project aimed to advocate for increased government investment in agriculture, especially for smallholder women farmers, through building advocacy capacity. Two success stories are highlighted:
1) The Huruma Women's Group in Kakamega County increased their incomes by learning value addition techniques for sweet potatoes through the project, such as making mandazis and cakes. They received government grants that allowed them to expand their business.
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This presentation was given during a webinar hosted by CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research on July 12, 2018. Marlene Elias and Anne Rietveld of Bioversity International gave the presentation.
Find out more at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gennovate-2018/
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The document discusses engaging youth in agriculture in India. It notes that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy but that many youth see it as unremunerative and move away from farming. The objectives are listed as empowering youth through training to transition them from job seekers to job providers and boost rural economies. Reasons for youth migrating from agriculture include a lack of guidance, increasing costs, price fluctuations, scarce labor, and a lack of respect for farmers. Recommendations include providing agricultural education at all levels, training youth, and giving institutional support to young farmers.
Women play a vital role in agriculture but often face discrimination. Five areas need attention to reduce poverty: facilitating markets, improving productivity, investing in infrastructure, reducing vulnerability, and improving policy. Efforts are being made at international, regional, and national levels to promote gender equality and empower women through laws, organizations, and development programs. Initiatives like Women in Triticum are helping to educate women farmers, promote awareness of women's rights, and advance opportunities for women. Further progress requires continued efforts to ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination.
This document is a collection of stories about women reclaiming control over seeds in Asia. It includes stories from Vietnam, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The Vietnam story describes how women in Bac Kan Province are revitalizing traditional rice seed varieties. In India, women farmers in Uttarakhand are reviving lost wheat varieties and promoting crop diversity. In Pakistan, women are struggling for land rights, which are linked to food sovereignty. In the Philippines, a group of women organized themselves and shifted to organic farming as an alternative to corporate agriculture. Across these diverse settings, women are working to preserve traditional seeds and sustainable farming practices in the face of pressures from industrial agriculture.
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Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
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Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-gta-2019/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
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Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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Gendered challenges of bargaining in agricultural value chain in the Eastern Gangetic Plains
1. Seeds of Change Conference 2nd – 4th April 2019
Conference Presentation
University of Canberra
Gendered challenges of bargaining in agricultural value
chain in the Eastern Gangetic Plains
Dipika Das
PhD candidate
University of Southern Queensland
2. Background: Eastern Gangetic region
Eastern Gangetic Plain (EGP)
region is one of the poverty
stricken and densely populated
belt in South Asia.
Gender division of labour in EGP Photo source: Dipika Das
Farmers are influenced by
climatic stress, gendered
agricultural systems, and deeply
entrenched socio-economic
inequalities amongst class,
caste, ethnic group and tenancy
types.
3. Smallholder women farmers are unable to produce more than a marginal surplus.
Smallholder women farmers are the main producers for value chain, often find difficult to take more
profitable roles as producers, sellers and processors.
Agrifood supply chains generally persist bargaining imbalances among farmers and their upstream and
downstream partners.
In the farming household, gender inequalities are complementary and supportive to maintain joint copping
practices potentially marginalise women farmers in agricultural value chain.
Smallholders women often exhibit lower bargaining power considered as one of the important quality to
actively participate in the supply chain
Problem Statement
4. Literature Review
Bargaining power is considered as an essential quality for farmers, but less attention on how
women smallholders are bargaining in their new roles in agricultural value chain was
observed.
Agrifood supply chains generally persist bargaining imbalances among farmers and their
upstream and downstream partners but the underlying causes as well as the management for
this had been least explored.
Substantial research on value added agricultural and its potential to empower farm women
in the African subcontinent had been made yet examining such area in the EGP has received
much less attention.
Collective farming is economical in strengthening resource poor farmers yet it is least
explored how smallholder women’s contribution in a group is influenced by the existing
power relations.
Research on Gender and agriculture, women in value chain, women intrahousehold
bargaining power had been conducted however there is gap in literature to establish relation
between women smallholders bargaining power in agricultural value chain.
5. Research Question
How do gender norms constraint or
facilitate the women smallholder farmers
bargaining process to participate in different
channels of agricultural value chain of
Eastern Gangetic Plain?
Women smallholder farmers in EGP India site Photo source: Dipika Das
6. Agricultural Value Chain
Institutions providing services and support
Source: Urquidi (2010) cited in (Soundarrajan & Vivek 2015)
Figure: Actors in the agricultural value chain
Inputs Producers and
Producers’
association
Processing and
packaging units
Local
distributors
National/Local
wholesalers
National/Local
retailers
Seeds
Fertilizers
Agrochemicals
Tools
Equipment
Specialised Irrigation
Technical assistance
Transport
Brokers
Brokers
Transport
Consumers
Services Services Services
Farm Fork
7. Bargaining Power
“Bargaine” – “haggle for price” French word, 14th century,
“Negotiation process that uses power to achieve bargaining objective” (Martin 1992)
“Fallback or breakdown position that one can achieve if the household dissolves” (Agarwal 1997)
The Bargaining power in the household is often hidden involving game theory or emotional manipulations
(Locke & Okali 1999).
The complex process of bargaining involves understanding of how bargainers perceive, use, and manipulate
power, hence notion of dependence is at the centre. It is tactical and subjective in nature (Bacharach &
Lawler 1981).
For this study: “the ability of women smallholder farmers in the agricultural value chain to use their agency
in order to influence decision making and to control a fair share of farm income with their ability to choose.
8. Agricultural production & market system from study site
4. Weekly local market Haat of Traffic Chowk, Kanakpatti Saptari
1. Field site and Local farmers working on their farmland 2. Local farmers on their farmland
3. Women Farmers harvesting potato in Madhubani site
Photo Source: 1,2 &4 Dipika Das, 3 DSI4MTF project
9. Study sites in Eastern Gangetic Plains
Study sites
Kanakpatti & Koiladi (Nepal sites)
Mauahi & Bhagwatipur (India sites)
The study was implemented in four villages of the Eastern
Gangetic Plains, Kanakpatti and Koiladi in eastern Nepal
and Bhagwatipur and Mauahi in northern India from Dry
season Irrigation for marginal and tenant farmers.
10. Methodology
A qualitative research approach used to collect 60 interviews and
4 focus groups discussions from the sites. Women farmers, male
farmers, leaders, elderly farmers, input suppliers, middleman
were interviewed. Observation of the market activities was made.
11. Findings
On farm power relations existed
Linkage between gender, productive resources and bargaining power
A women farmer (35) in EGP, Nepal, said “I know it is unfair that despite equal
contribution I did not receive any of cauliflower seedlings while working in a
group, but I cannot go and fight (bargain) with the person who did all those. He is
men, a rich person and has all the agricultural resources eg. Oxen-plough and
tubewell that I lack and will definitely need to lend from him because he is closest
to my farm. I lost my husband and father-in-law in past years, now as we are only
women in our family, I try to focus not to get involve in controversies and focus on
farming and my child’s education”.
•
12. Patriarchy as an important reason for women’s lesser bargaining.
A 35 years woman in Koiladi, Saptari said, “I am married for 18 years now,
but I have never talked with my FIL and I usually tell to my MIL or my
husband if I have to say something to my FIL. I should show respect and not
call husband or FIL or any elders by their name. Those are virtues taught
by my parents. I listen to what my elders say and this also help to avoid
arguments”.
An 40 year women noted her husband as her master and said, “Malik ke
naam koi lettai” how can I call my Master by his name”.
13. • During the peak time in farming like planting, harvesting,
transporting, every member in a farming household has to
contribute in farming in their capacity. It was observed that in
such situation girl child is most often restricted to go to
school to provide a helping hand while a boy child becomes
the privileged.
• Less value to girl child- girls as liability, early marriages of
girls gives very less opportunity to women to develop their
career and skills for survival. As a result women’s,
dependency on their in-laws and husband increases that
eventually influences women’s bargaining power. The
cultural belief of husband being at higher position in
marriage provides unequal position to women that
disadvantages wife in many instances like in decision
making, ownership of property, involvement in economic,
control over resources.
14. Knowledge Challenges
Women farmers are bargaining but having less knowledge on the subject.
Input supplier, 43 years from Koiladi mentioned, “ Women farmers are
growing in number in Saptari. Now a days when they come to sell their
vegetables or yield to local market they also visit to the input suppliers. They
purchase fertilisers, chemicals, hybrid seeds etc. when we say price to them
most women bargains, but we cannot reduce price of everything according to
what they say. I usually give guaranty on seeds and pesticides but sometime
when women nag very much on price I offer them lesser price product. Some
women also prefer to buy lower cost product compromising the quality. In
compared to men women have less knowledge on generic name and brand
name of products. They usually ask the male farmers before coming to shop.
Some women send their children due to other burden of work or being
unable to ride bicycle.
15. Market and Mobility Challenges
Culturally males are advantaged to enjoy mobility
A 31 years women in Kanakpatti mentioned, “Despite, I can prepare tea for my
husband at home, he enjoys having tea at the chowk (market). Almost everyday he goes
to the market and also have tea time chat with his friends. This has been a trend in our
village. While if woman does so she will be considered as bad. Market is considered as
male’s place”.
•A 50 years Dalit women in Koiladi believes, “how can women be equal to men? Men
are always intelligent than women due to their exposure and experience”.
•But when she was asked if women also get the same opportunity as men to visit then
would she have same knowledge as men, “she says she could gain knowledge but even
though people do not value woman’s knowledge and still keep men as superior”.
•A 45 year women in EGP Madhuban, said, “we are poor people we cannot afford
motorbike and car, we have a bicycle that my husband rides. Women with virtue do not
ride bicycle. It is not good for women to divide legs to ride”.
16. • Women are very good at bargaining.
• A women said, “if I send my husband to buy
vegetables the quantity of vegetables he will bring
for NRs. 200, I can bring in just NRs. 150.”
• Haggling for price is often considered as women’s
quality and men avoid to bargain.
BUT
• A middleman visiting the village said, “women
are often found dealing with the items of less price
but when it comes to the item that costs more like
in thousands, women ask husband to deal and
then it is difficult to bargain with men because
they know the market price. If there is no men at
home, it is easy for me to convince women to sell
their products in cheaper rate”.
17. Use of agricultural equipment is
more practiced by men.
In Koiladi, a 52 years male farmer
said, “No matter how many time
woman are taught to use pumpset they
are unable to operate. Operation of
pumpset is not just switching on and
off. It also needs technical knowledge
as well as courage”.
A 29 years woman farmer in
Madhubani says, “I always ask my
husband to operate pumpset for our
farm. I can not even push to start the
engine very hard like men. It needs a
lot of strength”.
Technology unfriendliness
18. Agency used by women
• A woman in Saptari said, “My husband and I
jointly work on our farm. I farm on ours and
rented land. We are introducing vegetable
farming and this brought excellent outcome.
we build concrete house last year from our
agricultural benefit by selling egg plants only
in one season. My mother-in-law stays at home
and take care of family when we are at farms.”
• A 32 years Dalit woman from excluded class
said, “Participation in agriculture is new to our
community but this has brought better
economic status to us. Earlier we used to
harvest forest wood for our survival, it needed
lot of hardwork but still we did not had enough
money to buy food for my family. I manage by
work division at family. I go to buy seeds and
fertilisers by myself. If I face any problem I
meet extension officers”.
19. Conclusion
• Deep rooted gender and cultural issues restricts enabling women
smallholder farmers to fully participate in the agricultural value
chain.
• Lack of critical thinking by women farmers potentially favours
reproduction of biasedness
• Women having access to resources when exercise their agency are
creating new role model in farming and are challenging the gender
norms
20. References
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What are the gender norms that affect women farmers bargaining power?
What are the women farmers’ attitudes toward the bargaining issues?
How women farmers perceive role of resource factors influence on their bargaining power?
Value chain “a full range of activities that is required to bring a product or services from conception, through the different phases of production, up to delivery to final consumers” (Kaplinsky & Morris 2001, p. 4).
AVC is …..“The full range of farms and firms and their successive coordinated value-adding activities that produce particular raw agricultural materials and transform them into particular food products” (FAO 2014, p. 6).