Gender Stratification Essay

Social stratification involves various inequalities within a gender, race, class. When considering the
role of gender, race, and class in the social stratification system, it affects the organization system
which is known for disparity based on the families' income statutes, lack of resources, organization
activity, and systematic inadequate government law. In the following essay I will focus howsocial
stratification inequality effect families and individuals in the United States based on a gender, race,
and class. Society has lived over decades experiencing different types of inequality. For example,
gender inequality has been around since our ancestors. Informing society and continuous advocating
about inequality is vital for positives changes
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Gender stratification is the cuts across all aspects of social life and social classes. It refers to the
inequality distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women at the basis of
their sex. The world has been divided and organized by gender, which are the behavioural
differences between men and women that are culturally learnt (Appelbaum & Chambliss,
1997:218). The society is in fact historically shaped by males and the issue regarding the fact has
been publicly reverberating through society for decades and now is still a debatably hot topic. Men
and women have different roles and these sex roles, defined to be the set of behaviour's and
characteristics that are standard for each gender in a society (Singleton, 1987) are...show more
content...
The term glass ceiling was coined more than twenty years ago by the Wall Street Journal to
describe the barriers that women face at workplace. The word 'ceiling' suggest that women are
blocked from advancing their career while the term 'glass' is used because the ceiling does not
always visible. Women might work as hard as men do but they only earn about seventy–five
per–cent of the men's income though they might be of the same seniority, experience as well as
education level. The earning differential is due to the traditional responsibility for family and
childcare tasks assigned by the society towards women. This is because the society still assumes the
high–paying professions as masculine and feminine women could not fit the requirements of holding
the position and they better do a more nurturing job. This typical thinking causes men to be
numerically dominant in almost all area like in key global and national decision–making position
such as international organisations, governments, and as well as the board of CEOs and directors
of private enterprises. As an example, rarely are women seen to sit in the parliament seat or hold
the superior position in a government party. Take the case of our own Datuk Ng Yen Yen who did
not succeed in her bid for the MCA's vice presidency in October 2008. She challenged the tradition
within the male–dominated party but then her failure indicates the hesitance of the

Gender Stratification Essay
According to Helsin, Possamai and Possamai–Inesedy (2011 p. 625) gender stratification occurs
when a specific gender has unequal access to power, property and prestige. As gender is classed as a
master status it forms a significant structural characteristic within society (Helsin, Possamai &
Possamai–Inesedy 2011, p. 310). Therefore, it is society, through social construction that determines
what gender norms are considered appropriate and can be passed through generations of people via
agents of socialisation such as family, mass media or in the form of symbolic interaction (Macionis
& Plummer 1997, pp. 139–141).
Due to the significance of gender in society, this paper examines gender social issues against the
three P's of Max Weber's...show more content...
As their behaviour is the norm, is functional, promotes compliance and promotes solidarity and
stability, similar to that of an ecosystem (Macionis & Plummer 1997, p. 27). As a result, gender
inequalities can be perceived differently in private verses publicly.
Results
Evidence 1
Table 1 outlines the number of Australians who received an inheritance and is split according to
gender. It displays that women are not receiving inheritances during the crucial age that they (see
boxed area) are seeking property ownership, and establishing careers.
Evidence 2
Furthermore, there appears to be a lack of women in leadership and decision making roles which is
demonstrated by a study conducted by Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
(RIRDC). They discovered that during 2006 to 2007, no women in rural organisations held Chief
Executive Officer positions, and under 16 per cent of the members were women (Sheridan &
McKenzie 2009, p. 13).
Evidence 3
Further inequality is outlined in Table 2, which shows that women in professional and manager
positions are unemployed at higher rates compared to men. However, it also display that women
achieve higher rates of employment in education and health care positions. This is consistent with
the 'soft roles' that women in rural agriculture are generally employed in, highlighted in pink.
Table 2 – Employed and underemployed Australian Labour Statistics per gender, October 2011
Employed

Social Inequality: Stratification, Class, and Gender in Real Life Although we have progressed a lot
as a society in the United States, social inequality is something that is still prominent within our
society. Social inequality is something that we face in everyday. Social inequality is when there are
members of a society that have dissimilar wealth, status and power. Social Inequality involves
unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or a
society. Social inequality issues array from social stratification, social status, to gender inequality and
racial inequality. Social stratification implies social inequality. Social stratification has to do with
inequality and the way inequality categorizes...show more content...
Gender inequality is when people are treated unequal or society's perceptions of individuals based
on their gender. Many believe that we have overcome gender inequality, however gender
inequality is still prominent in today's society. I've experienced gender inequality in the field of
sports. When my soccer club team does a scrimmage against the boy's team, I hear the boy's
soccer coach make comments such as "Are you going to let the girl win the ball?", "How did that
girl get past you and score?", or "Stop kicking like a girl." Those types of comments are prime
examples of gender inequality because these are comments that were made based off of society's
perception of women. Society has deemed women as the weaker sex and that women are valued
less on their sport performance and valued more on their physical appearance. An example of how
gender inequality has affected greater society is the recent Women's March that took place in
January. The Women's March was originally planned to take place in just Washington D.C. that
was coordinated in response to Donald Trump being elected the President of the United States due
to his campaign and political views. However, the march evolved into a worldwide protest to
advocate legislation and policies regarding gender rights along with many other human rights and
other issues. The march in Washington drew at least 500,000 people and an estimate of five million
people participated worldwide. Six hundred and seventy three marches took place worldwide on all
seven

Gender Stratification in the Workplace
Student's Name Professor's Name Course Title April 12, 2013 The Experience of Gender in
Gender–Biased Professions Ruth Simpson interviewed 40 males working in the female–dominated
professions of primary school teachers, flight attendants, nursing, and librarians to better understand
their experiences. Of those interviewed, only two found their career choice unsatisfactory and had
plans to leave (356). The rest were glad they chose or stumbled upon their current career. Simpson
contrasted the experiences of male flight attendants, nurses, librarians, and primary school teachers
with the theory that minority workers are generally penalized by increased performance
expectations, isolation, and limited opportunities for promotion (352). Researchers have shown that
women in a male–dominated workplace suffer from what has been called 'token' status. A token
female employee's high visibility often increases the pressure to perform at levels above their male
peers, their isolation as male employees exaggerate the differences between men and women, and
stereotyping which tends to limit opportunities for advancement. By contrast, men seem to benefit
on several levels by choosing a career in a female–dominated workplace (Simpson 356–364).
Simpson found four main effects that were experienced by her interviewees and these were: (1)
career effect, (2) assumed authority effect, (3), special consideration effect, and (4) zone of comfort
effect. The career effect experience was

Gender Stratification In Late Adulthood
Stratification theories are defined as theories which emphasize social forces, particularly those
related to a person's social stratum or social category. Stratification is society's categorization of
people which can be based off a variety of things such as race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic
status. These stratification theories limit individual choices and affect a person's ability to function
in late adulthood. Stratification affects life quality and ageism in late adulthood. For example, think
about gender stratification. Irrational, gender–based fear may limit female independence. Throughout
most of recorded history, men have had and continue to have, more physical and social power and
status than women. This has caused some women

3. Gender stratification is the unequal access to power, property, and prestige on the basis of a
person's sex. One of the big inequalities that women face in the United States in the pay gap
between men and women. The pay gap is the earning ration between men and women. The pay gap
is found by taking the men's median income subtracting it from the women's median income and
then dividing it by the men's median income. In 2013, the median income for men was $50,033 and
$39,157 for women in the United States. The pay gap for 2013 was 22%. In 2013, the earnings ratio
of each state was compared and Michigan ranked 41 out of 51. Annual income for men was
$49,449 and $37,258 for women. The earnings ratio was 75%. Michigan is also lower than the
national average, which was 78% in 2013. (Simple Truth)
Some people believe that the pay gap is due to personal choices that a person decides to make.
One of those personal choices would be becoming a parent which often is different between the
sexes. Women are more likely than men to take time off of work to take care of the child, whether
they take months or years off after the baby is born. Women are also more likely to take time of
work if their child is sick rather than men. Most stay–at–home or part–time working mothers
eventually decide to return to full–time work and some experience "motherhood penalty". A research
has documented that employers are less likely to hire women with children than women without
children, and when a place

Gender Stratification
Gender Stratification
In this paper, I am going to address gender stratification in relation to Marriage, Sexuality, and
Reproductive health issues. I am going to use Monique and the Mango Rains written by Kri
Holloway as ethnographic data, which she collected in Mali. My interpretations of gender
stratification in Mali are women did not have the rights to choose their husband; women did not
have ways to control the sex life and do not have ways to do birth control; women had to face
extremely hard reproductive health issues.
To start with, I would like to give some background analysis about gender norms and stratification
in Mali. Mali is landlocked in the West Africa and it is one of the poorest countries in the world.
According...show more content...
The country's Gender Inequality Index is 0.712, which is really poor. Therefore, Mali had an
extremely gender stratification and inequality towards women.
Next, I would like to address gender stratification in relation to marriage. Marriage is a term to
describe a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. They address each
other as spouse. In Mali, a discriminatory family code stopped women to have the rights to choose
their own partner. They could not be married with a guy they fall in love. Their marriage was
arranged. For example, Monique was arranged to marry her husband when she was a little kid.
Kri kept asking herself how her life would be if she had known that who she would be married
with when she was five years old. The culture was so different and Kri was never take marriage
seriously. The next example I found from the book was Korotun's unhappy marriage. Her husband
Dramane was an alcoholic. One day when he came back to home and was not able to find his wife.
He was pissed and thought his wife cheated on him. He was always jealous and insecure. At night,
he went out and found out his wife was selling sweet potatoes in the middle of the town and he
was drunk and pissed. He slapped her at her face and dragged her back and screamed at her, saying
she was flirting with the men (page 47). The third example I want to share was from the Week 7
lecture, which were the

History has seen multiple forms of social stratification whether it may be social class, caste, slavery,
race or even gender. Social stratification places groups of people in a hierarchy depending on their
social status which is respective to their economic income. This in turn determines their social
position in society. Withsocial stratification comes social mobility. These two terms are commonly
found together when describing social stratification. Social mobility is simply "the change of
social status within society, whether it may be a positive or negative movement of status" (Clark
10). For example, by obtaining a college degree such as a PhD or a Masters, this person moves
forward in social mobility. The reason is because higher levels of education and knowledge
separates this person from the others that do not have a college degree. With so many varieties of
social mobility in history, there are many limitations and differences regarding gender. In terms of
life chances and equality, there are multiple differences in equality between men and women. This
research report will analyze the life chances and social mobility between gender and conclude if there
is a significant relationship between them. The research report will follow social mobility in
different countries, different periods of time in history and different social institutions where being
masculine is generally more mobile than femininity.вЂЁWe know there is just not one culture in the
world. The world

Evolutionary View Of Gender Stratification
Millions of years ago, human ancestors began walking upright when the trees in their habitat fell
down. Not long after that they began to make tools, and started to learn socially. The reason for this
occurrence was adaptation to the environment, and as this transition slowly became more complex,
it was explained through evolution. Evolution is simply change over time, and it occurs in every
aspect of the world. However, when speaking of progress, there is usually an indication that there
is a certain point of destination that one is supposed to arrive at, or in other words, progress is
supposed to lead something to a developed state. The hunting and gathering lifestyle became known
to man about 10 to 15 thousand years ago, according to "A Cross–Cultural and Evolutionary View
of Gender Stratification." This society was based on men hunting animals, and women gathering
anything edible for the group to eat. In this early society, there was no goal for the future, but to
continue living as they did in groups of 50 to 300, which was very successful for 70,000 years. The
transition to agriculture happened...show more content...
It all started because of the slash and burn cultivation, which consisted of cutting down all organic
life in a certain field, setting it on fire, and coming back some time after, when the soil would have
been much more efficient of supporting the area. This technique started since hunters and gatherers
were constantly on the move and realized that after forest fires, the land had much more potential for
growing plants more effectively. Once again, this was not considered to be progress because these
people were never aiming for this result, it was just a coincidence that first occurred in Southwest
Asia. Furthermore, this was mainly the beginning of horticulture, a lifestyle based on plant
cultivation, which landed between gathering and

The Breadwinner/Caregiver Model
Despite the increase of women entering the labor force in the last several decades, family
responsibilities remain disproportionately part of the woman's daily life on top of a full time job.
This paper aims to explore the gender stratification of family responsibilities and the division of
labor within families headed by a heterosexual couple, and asks why working women remain the
primary caregiver in a nuclear family, and how this "second shift" impact family and society. I will
discuss the breadwinner/caregiver family model, the phenomenon of the "second shift," implications
of gendered distribution of labor in within the family unit and in broader society.
The breadwinner/caregiver model is often regarded as the natural structure of family and marriage,
in which one spouse works outside the home and is responsible for providing financially while the
other usually only works inside the home and is responsible for housework and caring for children.
In the United States, the division of labor among middle class heterosexual couples are highly
specialized by gender. In most cases, the husband and father of the household is the breadwinner
while the wife and mother of the household is the caregiver (Fulcher, Dinella, and Wesigram 2015).
However, as economic instability, educational opportunities and other social factors increased, more
women began entering the workforce and having full–time careers. Wives are able contribute a
significant, or a greater, income to the family.

Tamara Treasure
March 1, 2016
Midterm Exam
1. Social Construction of Gender is a process, stratification system and structure. The day to day
interactions emphasize gender as opposites. Take for instance, conversations, formalities of daily
life, sayings, and so on. The social construction of gender is created through social interaction –
through the things we do and say with other people. This means that gender it is not a fixed or
inherent fact, but instead it varies across time and place.(The Social Construction Of Gender).
Sex denotes to the bodily and birth features of men and women. Sex is the categorization of
people into male and female groups based in biological characteristics. While gender is the
cultural or social interpretation of sex; putting people into male behavioral and female expectations
groups based on association with biological being a socially characteristics appropriate man or
woman. In "The Social Construction of Gender", "When sociologist refer to the social construction
of gender, they are referring to the many different process by which the expectations associated with
being a boy or girl are passed through society". (p.22)
Gender refers to the societal, mental and societal characteristics of masculinity and femininity, many
of this is based on biological differences it also includes people's self–image and expectations for
behavior amid other things. Gender describes societal approaches and behaviors expected of and
associated with

Life Chances And Equality Between Men And Women
History has seen multiple forms of social stratification whether it may be social class, caste,
slavery, race or even gender. Social stratification places groups of people in a hierarchy depending
on their social status which is respective to their economic income. This in turn determines their
social mobility relative to their position in society. These two terms are commonly found together
when describing social stratification. Social mobility is simply "the change of social status within
society, whether it may be a positive or negative movement of status" (Clark 10). For example, by
obtaining a college degree such as a PhD or a Masters, this person moves forward in social
mobility. The reason is because higher levels of education and knowledge separates this person from
the others that do not have a college degree. With so many varieties of social mobility in history,
there are many limitations and differences regarding gender. In terms of life chances and equality,
there are multiple differences in equality between men and women. This research report will analyze
the life chances and social mobility between gender and conclude if there is a significant relationship
between them. The changes in social mobility are influenced on different cultures, different periods
of time in history and different social institutions where being masculine is generally more mobile
than femininity.вЂЁDepending on the social stratification in a culture, social mobility varies greatly
by

Gender Stratification In The United States
It goes without saying that throughout society there exists varying degrees of gender stratification.
Although many have attempted to understand why this difference between the distribution of
property, power and prestige exists amongst genders, the answer is still somewhat ambiguous.
Although the United States isn't a perfect example of equality amongst genders, compared to a
majority of nations across the globe, its conditions for both genders are relatively similar. One
country notorious for its massive discrepancy in terms of access to property, power and prestige
between genders is Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia and a number of Middle Eastern countries, there
exists a great deal of gender stratification. According to the 2008 Human Rights...show more
content...
Men and women in the US have equal rights in terms of driving and taking cases to court. As for
education, in the US, colleges have a higher enrollment of females than males, this is far from
Saudi Arabia where many women remain with minimal levels of education as result of their male
dominated society. The one area where the two countries have a slight similarity is in the work
force. Women in Saudi Arabia are limited to positions that are suitable to their nature. In the United
States women and men generally pursue undergraduate degrees in different fields which results in
the majority of men a women commonly working in different professions and fields. This is one of
the explanations for the supposed "wage gap" in the United States. Another example gender
stratification in the US workforce comes from the "CEO Power Gap" and the "glass ceiling". Both
of these concepts indicate that women have historically had difficulties obtaining the highest levels
of management within the corporate world. In spite of all of this, it is clear the conditions for
women in the United States are significantly better than those for women in Saudi Arabia. The
concept of femininity in Saudi Arabia is one of independence and inferiority to the superior and
dominant idea of masculinity within the nation. This is simply not the case, especially to that
degree, in the United

Why Does Gender Stratification Exist? Essay
'Wrap Your Mind around the Theory'
Question: Why does gender stratification exist?
Introduction:
Throughout history, women have been regarded as of lesser value than men particularly in the
public sphere. This is the result of gender stratification. Gender stratification refers to the issue of
sexism, "or the belief that one sex is superior to the other" (Carl et al., 2012, p. 78). The theory
that men are superior to women is essential to sexism. The negative consequences of sexism has
led to the pursuit of successful careers by some women, normally considered as masculine, as
something to avoid. Possible reasons for this could be they may be seen as less desirable as mothers
or spouses in the private sphere.
The private sphere, known as...show more content...
The report included 136 countries, "representing over 90% of the world's population" (The Global
Gender Gap Report, 2013). Although, gender equality has not been achieved in any country, in
2013 "over 96% of the gap in health outcomes, 93% of the gap in educational attainment, 60% of
the gap in economic participation and 21% of the gap in political empowerment" were closed (The
Global Gender Gap Report, 2013). Views upon why gender stratification exists vary within different
sociological theories and hold different ideals of what the 'norm' should be for members of society.
Functionalists consider gender roles as the key to a functioning society. Gender roles are seen as
an efficient way for society to be organised, eliminating the competition between the sexes as the
genders have their allocated roles. Functionalism suggests that socialisation begins at a young age
with parents socialising "boys and girls for their future roles of father and mother" (Carl et al., 2012,
p. 87). Boys are raised with spatial skills, the ability to fix things and to be assertive as they usually
expect to work and self–esteem is bound up with that. Girls are raised with certain skills such as
'people' skills, communication and the art of relating to people which prepares them for the role of
raising children. According to Lenski (1966) "Stratification arises basically out of the needs of
societies, not out of

Gender Stratification And Its Impact On Society
The roles we fulfill in society are part of identities that we acquire through the normalization gender
in our cultures. They tell us how should be to act, what we are permitted to do and what not, and
what to assimilate as correct or incorrect. These roles vary from culture to culture and with time.
There are also external factors that affect the normalization of gender such as economy, religion, and
globalization.
I chose this film because it perfectly reflects the mentality of society in the 50 's, a postwar time of
economic boom and where gender stratification was highly present. The story of the film revolves
around a college for women called Wellesley located in Massachusetts, where the educational model
was traditional with main objectives to accumulate and reproduce information. The educational
model was highly linked to the perception that people had about the role of women in society
In the 50 's a woman was supposed to feel fulfilled through marriage and the creation of a family
including children. Although by that time some women already had access to higher education,
they could not be liberal or think and decide for themselves. In the film we see how even though
the young women are attending college, they still plan their lives based on marriage. The social
and economic situation of this time allow us to see the differences between the roles of men and
women. Men were allowed to grow intellectually and professionally while women were only
allowed to do it until

Gender Stratification in the U.S. Today Essay
Discuss the issues surrounding gender stratification in the U.S. today.
Sexual characteristics inequality has been extremely diverse and wide spread. Women and men are
disproportionate in every possible way in never–ending circumstances, both instant and durable, by
both idea criteria and prejudiced experience. Therefore, what tally as gender difference in family life,
education, workplace and politics? These social structures are assembly on the base of the
masculinity and femininity, gendered role and gender identity society label to men and women.
There is sufficient, vital unfairness in gender relations within the family or home that can take many
dissimilar forms. Family arrangements can be quite unequal in sharing the load of...show more
content...
Meaning women have additional problematic issue then man. For example in education women
face more obstacles as faculty rather when in manager and directors in corporate America. Even
though there been great progress in the workplace, most jobs are segregated by sexes. There is
wag gaps, the average women have to work roughly 4 months extra every year to make the same
wage as man. For example, when the educational attainment increases the gender pay decreases for
women no matter what levels of education than men. In other words, women earn 77cents for every
dollar man earn and put in their pocket (Benokraitis, 2010, p.160–161). Discrimination where both
woman and man share in the workplace is the glass ceiling and glass escalator. The glass ceiling
being, "women efforts to scale organizational and professional hierarchies but cant because they are
constrained by invisible barriers to promotion in their careers, caused mainly by sexist attitudes of
men in the highest position" Similarly, men that choose to go into position like nurse and librarians
encounter the glass escalator mostly vituperative criticism from the public when they are in the most
female–identified specialties" "Therefore man are pressured to move out of the most
female–identified areas, and up to those regarded as more legitimate and prestigious for men"
(Williams, 1992, p.

The Gender Division Between Men And Women Essay
The gender division between men and women has been prevalent since the beginning of mankind.
Whether it be overt stereotyping or subliminal messaging, women have always had a limited sense
of agency. A potent threat to a feminist society, is the implementation of a dress code. Historically,
dress codes have been justified as creating a professional and appropriate atmosphere, to avoid
distractions. This is coded language: the dress code serves as another form of hegemony against
females. Limiting what can be worn, and shaming those who don 't comply certainly does not
sound right for a free society such as ours, but it is the unfortunate truth. These deeply ingrained
sexist protocols have now invaded high schools and colleges alike, and have deeply affected our
youth. In America it has been made clear that the bare skin of females is inadmissible and is
dangerous to our carefully crafted social order. Young men and women are enraged by their
school's sexist dress code policy and have begun to advocate for change through student activism.
Social media plays a large role in the dress code reform movement, and to research this topic I
have chosen to analyze articles that question the need for the dress code (The Atlantic) and also
articles that protect the idea that clothing restrictions are necessary(Global News). Lastly I analyzed
a moderate perspective (Post Courier) to provide a comparison of how media bias affects a
movement's portrayal. The media sources I have chosen

Why Does Gender Stratification Exist?
Assignment Three
Why does gender stratification exist?
`
Stratification in society are divisions and rankings into social classes. This essay will explore and
discuss gender stratification in terms of specific criteria, based on position and influence within
society, and financial standing. Inequalities and ways that gender stratification are related to three
distinct theories will be discussed. These include symbolic interactionism, conflict theory ,
functionalism and feminist theory. A range of academic sources will support the discussion and
personal opinions in various theoretical contexts given.
Conflict theory perspective is that "capitalism and patriarchy are intertwined; as a result, women are
locked in a never–ending cycle that makes them submissive and subservient to men" (Carl, Baker,
Robard, Scott, Hillman, & Lawrence, 2012, p.88). Conflict theory views things on a macro level,
for example the gender inequalities in the workplace. Women are still being paid lower wages
than men, and although times are changing, the gender gap is still at 10.1% in New Zealand
(Ministry of Women's Affairs, 2014). Bedggood (1980) argues that due to the capitalist labour
methods, women are exploited and so as to regulate the overall level of wages (as cited in James &
Saville–Smith, 1999). Women's domestic duties are skilled without a doubt, but are disregarded as
'work'. Staying at home and raising children is a full time job, but this is unpaid, therefore the
women are

Gender stratification refers to the classification of people based on their biological features such as
their sex. The term "gender stratification" is generally used to refer to the situation in which men are
valuable than women. In this situation, men have greater access to prestige, wealth, and power in a
society. Different societies tend to have different levels of gender stratification. In the United States,
the main consequence of gender stratification is economic and social inequality between men and
women. Men and women in the United States are not equal economically. Men make more money
than women who have similar levels of education or work experience, due to gender stratification.
For example, women are often steered into careers like teaching and nursing that are well–paid,
prestigious but less male dominated careers. Gender stratification leads to more inequality, both
economic and social, between men and women. For example, women are still expected to bear
more of the burden of child care and housework even when both spouses work. This helps create a
situation in which women are not free to spend the kind of time at work that is needed to truly get
ahead in the most competitive situations. Very few of us accurately describe the difference between
ethnicity and race, simply because we define them as the same. While the meaning of both words
can appear very similar, there are differences. Ethnicity is not just

Gender Stratification Essay

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