This is an overview report of the gender papers presented at the 2016 Conference of the International Institute for Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Aberdeen, UK, 11-15 July 2016. From the 14 presentations and discussions on gender at IIFET-2016, the following points were highlighted: (a) sex-disaggregated data and indicators must be improved, (b) gender analysis of value chains can inform policy, (c) women are critical to adding value to fish, and (d) ultimately men still make most of the key household decisions, notwithstanding interventions that seek to empower women. We conclude by making some suggestions to IIFET.
This document summarizes a research paper on the endangered livelihoods of nomadic pastoralists in Hawd region, Somaliland and the push factors leading to their forced migration to Hargeisa City. The study found that prolonged drought has killed most of the pastoralists' livestock in Hawd, destroying their livelihoods. As a coping strategy, many Hawd nomads have migrated to Hargeisa City, where they face hardships and discrimination. The researcher conducted interviews and observations with Hawd pastoralists and officials to understand the challenges faced and suggest measures to minimize risk from drought and help pastoralists regain their livelihoods.
1) The Asian Fisheries Society first addressed gender issues in fisheries in 1990 but little progress has been made in achieving gender equality. Gender blindness and inequality reduce the quality and value of fish for all.
2) All changes in fisheries are "gendered" as evidenced by cases like the Canadian cod fishery collapse which impacted women and men differently and the transition of mussel farming in India from a women's enterprise to one dominated by men.
3) To properly address gender issues, the focus needs to shift from just "empowering women" to tackling economic participation and political empowerment gaps, which require challenging prevailing systems of power and privilege.
The late 1960s and early 1970s were a trying time for the American public's trust in the institutions that underpinned the nation—and institutional philanthropy was no exception. There was a widespread lack of information concerning foundations and their role in civic life, and this lack of understanding soon gave way to distrust. In order to make ourselves—and the broader world of American philanthropy—better known, Rockefeller began to publish RF Illustrated, a full-color newsletter with the simple goal of "seeking to explain what we do, and why we do it."
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers, AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues. AHMR is published by the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) a member of the Network of the Scalabrinian Centers for Migration Studies, with institutions in New York, Paris, Rome, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Manila. AHMR is accredited by the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) in South Africa.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
This document summarizes a research paper on the endangered livelihoods of nomadic pastoralists in Hawd region, Somaliland and the push factors leading to their forced migration to Hargeisa City. The study found that prolonged drought has killed most of the pastoralists' livestock in Hawd, destroying their livelihoods. As a coping strategy, many Hawd nomads have migrated to Hargeisa City, where they face hardships and discrimination. The researcher conducted interviews and observations with Hawd pastoralists and officials to understand the challenges faced and suggest measures to minimize risk from drought and help pastoralists regain their livelihoods.
1) The Asian Fisheries Society first addressed gender issues in fisheries in 1990 but little progress has been made in achieving gender equality. Gender blindness and inequality reduce the quality and value of fish for all.
2) All changes in fisheries are "gendered" as evidenced by cases like the Canadian cod fishery collapse which impacted women and men differently and the transition of mussel farming in India from a women's enterprise to one dominated by men.
3) To properly address gender issues, the focus needs to shift from just "empowering women" to tackling economic participation and political empowerment gaps, which require challenging prevailing systems of power and privilege.
The late 1960s and early 1970s were a trying time for the American public's trust in the institutions that underpinned the nation—and institutional philanthropy was no exception. There was a widespread lack of information concerning foundations and their role in civic life, and this lack of understanding soon gave way to distrust. In order to make ourselves—and the broader world of American philanthropy—better known, Rockefeller began to publish RF Illustrated, a full-color newsletter with the simple goal of "seeking to explain what we do, and why we do it."
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed on-line journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers, AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues. AHMR is published by the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) a member of the Network of the Scalabrinian Centers for Migration Studies, with institutions in New York, Paris, Rome, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Manila. AHMR is accredited by the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) in South Africa.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
The issue of media representation of immigrants is particularly pertinent today, given the current anti-immigrant sentiment in parts of Europe and the United States. In South Africa, negative attitudes towards foreigners are common and media discursive descriptions of immigrants as illegal, undocumented or a dangerous threat is typical. This study utilises quantitative tools of analysis to explore the media coverage of immigration adopting the RASIM Corpus Linguistics (CL) approach. The rubric – REFUGEE, ASYLUM-SEEKER, IMMIGRANT, MIGRANT is adjusted to RASFIM – REFUGEE, ASYLUM-SEEKER, FOREIGNER, IMMIGRANT, MIGRANT – to more appropriately account for the the specific nuances of representations of immigrants in the South African media. The data, comprising of over 5,000 relevant media articles, was drawn in annual tranches for the period 2011-2015. Our findings identify significant patterns that are consistent with extant literature on media constructions of foreigners as “illegal immigrants.” Other findings relating to “shop” and “trade” references offer evidence of the complex and at times contradictory nature of public discourses on immigration. Media narratives go as far as to suggest that foreign- owned shops are fronts to conceal “drug-dealing” and other “illicit activities.”
The document discusses reparation demands from former European colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. It summarizes that colonialism had long-lasting negative impacts on development in these regions. Many argue former colonial powers are responsible for aiding development as imperialism benefited them economically and politically. While some argue the events were too long ago, others believe demands for apologies, aid, debt relief etc. are reasonable given the severe consequences of European actions. International organizations are also criticized as perpetuating neo-colonialism. The document examines arguments on both sides of the reparations issue and its potential consequences.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
This article explores the experiences of social workers managing cases of unaccompanied refugee minors in two Child and Youth Care Centres in Polokwane, South Africa. Through interviews and observation, the study found that most unaccompanied minors lacked proper documentation and had dire needs. Social workers faced challenges like limited capacity, lack of intersectoral collaboration, and insufficient resources to handle the complex issues affecting unaccompanied minors. While South Africa has strong child protection laws and frameworks, the implementation for foreign unaccompanied children has gaps. This highlights critical child protection challenges in managing the welfare of vulnerable youth in the centers.
We are pleased to announce that AHMR: Vol. 3 No. 2, 2017 – Special Issue has been published. We would like to to express our appreciation to Prof Jonathan Crush our guest editor for this issue.
This document discusses the causes and effects of "brain drain" in Africa. It examines how political, economic, and cultural factors have led skilled professionals like doctors and engineers to emigrate from countries across the continent. Specific examples are provided from Chad, Nigeria, and Algeria to illustrate how issues like corruption, low pay, poor working conditions, and cultural tensions have incentivized migration abroad. The emigration of trained individuals has significant negative consequences for the countries left behind, including lack of return on educational investment and shortages of critical professionals like physicians.
This presentation, given at the 6th Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries (GAF6), discussed a recent paper by Elisabeth Pruegl (“Neoliberalism with a feminist face: Crafting a new hegemony at the World Bank,” Feminist Economics, 2016) on the World Bank’s approaches to gender equality. Starting in 2001, empirical attempts to establish that economic growth and gender equality (and poverty reduction) were positively correlated produced mixed results: some studies supported the correlation, others contradicted it or gave ambivalent answers. The Bank then turned to micro-level studies, e.g., of institutions such as markets that had failed women. Should women be changed or markets and other social institutions be changed? The presentations at GAF6 reflected some of the possible answers to these questions. If women are considered unequal because of their different endowments, overcoming the gender gap with interventions to help women to compete can help, as illustrated by the participatory projects described by Supaporn Anuchiracheeva in the Earth Net Foundation, Thailand, and the Myanmar agribusiness skills training described by Ram Bhujel. Many presentations also addressed giving women greater voice, rights and negotiating power. Roel Bosma concluded that mass media communication needs to be used to enhance profound changes in norms, values and attitudes of men, before gender equality can be reached. Conversely, GAF6 participants often talked about markets and the economy as absolutes, e.g., lamenting but not challenging the low prices women receive in wages, and accepting the fish price as a financial fact, rather than as a constructed negotiable factor. Pruegl concluded that the World Bank’s emerging “modified kind of neoliberalism produces substantial openings” because it starts to address also the “coercively gendered institutions” previously treated as private, such as the family and care giving. In the new approach, the actors may become more embodied, less abstract. Susana Siar’spresentations on Costa Rica cockle harvesters and Amonrat Sermwatanakul’s social media marketing of Siamese fighting fish both revealed the embodied power of women’s agency. As fisheries and aquaculture are certainly about markets, and many at GAF6 stressed the need for a fish value chain approach, making markets for fish, for labor, enterprises, etc., work for women appear as worthwhile spaces for research and action in achieving gender equality.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas teori atom menurut Rutherford yang menyatakan bahwa atom terdiri dari inti atom yang bermuatan positif dan di kelilingi oleh elektron yang bermuatan negatif.
2. Teori Rutherford memiliki kelebihan dalam menjelaskan hasil eksperimen penghamburan sinar alfa, namun juga memiliki kelemahan dalam tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa elektron tidak jatuh
This document summarizes discussions from the 6th Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries (GAF6). Key points include:
1) While policies like the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines have opened opportunities for gender equality, implementation challenges remain, such as women's underrepresentation in decision-making and lack of inclusion in fisheries statistics and policies.
2) Case studies from different regions showed that women face barriers participating in fisheries governance due to social and cultural norms. Projects have had mixed success incorporating gender equality, though some new projects are more committed.
3) Aquaculture is also gendered, with women typically involved in small-scale, home-based operations or
Makalah ini membahas tentang penggunaan EYD yang benar khususnya penulisan huruf kapital, huruf miring, angka dan lambang bilangan. Penulisan huruf kapital dibahas untuk 16 kasus penggunaan seperti huruf pertama kalimat, nama orang, dan lainnya. Sedangkan penulisan huruf miring untuk menulis judul dan menekankan teks. Terakhir dibahas penulisan angka dan lambang bilangan.
In concrete module, the basic properties of concrete are investigated. The design project is to design and make a bowling ball made of concrete and its various component. It should have the ability to roll for a maximum distance of three meters and should weigh less than 5.5 Kg. The project is done by group Engineers form Al-Wakra Secondary School for boys.
Customer Centred Business Decisions in the EnterpriseJake Causby
Presented at Enterprise UX Sydney, March 15 2017. #EUXSyd. Large organisations these days want to act like startups. They see the benefits Agile and Lean are bringing to process. How might we bring Lean methodologies to the enterprise so we can move faster, cut red tape, reduce wastage and make better decisions? Here's 8 things you can try...
This case study examines the situation of women small-scale fisherfolk on Koh Chang Island in Thailand. It discusses how Thailand's fisheries sector is dominated by small-scale fishing but these communities often lack secure access to coastal lands and marine resources. Women small-scale fisherfolk face additional challenges due to patriarchal social norms that relegate them to traditional gender roles despite their significant contributions to fishery activities. The establishment of Koh Chang Marine National Park has made it more difficult for these communities to secure rights to resources needed for their livelihoods.
For all those interested in aquaculture and fisheries, this downloadable report, complete with links to the original presentations, gives an overview of all the presentations and discussions at the 4th Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries, held during the 10th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum, Korea, May 2013..
Why gender equality matters in fisheries and aquaculture?
Why consider gender issues in the fisheries sector?
How can we promote gender equality and empower women in the fisheries sector?
Addressing the problems of poor fish women's in Egypt
The Roles of Women in Fish Processing Activities in Some Local Government Are...BRNSS Publication Hub
Fish processing activities in some communities of Rivers State were investigated to determine the
role of women in its development and sustainability. Fifty structured questionnaires were randomly
distributed in five communities (10 per community) across three local government areas of the state.
The results from the study indicated that most of the respondents are young and married women. They
are actively involved in fish processing activities in combination with fishing. The women had between
6 and 10 years of experience in fish processing. In the study area, women utilized smoking as major
processing methods, with mullets, sardine, and tilapia as major species processed by the women. Fish
processing in these communities is done mostly by smoking using a locally made kiln which can dry a
lot of fish at a time. Occupational hazards associated with fish processing include skin rashes, redness
of the eye, offensive body odor, and bruises. Moreover, insufficient capital, lack of modern processing
facilities, poor storage facilities, and scarcity in fish supply have been identified as major constraints
facing women involvement in processing activities in these communities. There is, therefore, the need
to empower the women fish processors in these areas through granting of loans and credit facilities,
capacity building, introduction of improved fish processing equipment, and storage facilities. These will
go a long way in enhancing fish production, improve their livelihood, and boost socioeconomic status of
these women processors in the study areas
This document summarizes information about small-scale fisheries researchers and organizations collected through an online database. It finds that 427 researchers from 62 countries have contributed profiles, most holding advanced degrees. The researchers work on issues like sustainability and livelihoods in universities, NGOs, and government. 132 organizations from 48 countries also contributed, mostly aiming to promote small-scale fisheries rights and sustainability. The document analyzes patterns in the researchers' locations, affiliations, methods, and issues of focus. It provides insight into people and groups working to enhance knowledge and support small-scale fisheries worldwide.
How IUU fishing impacts small-scale fishers' livesSWAIMSProject
By Prof Stella Williams, Vice-President, Mundus Maris; and lead Researcher for the Nigerian Association of Fish Farmers and Aqua-culturists (NAFFA)
SWAIMS Webinar on Curbing Maritime Insecurity in the Niger Delta, 31st March 31, 2021
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Mainstreaming gender equity in participatory fish-farming
is important in the attainment of protein food security,
reducing poverty and improving food security in Kisii
County. There are various permanent rivers in Kisii County,
but fish farming was not commonly practiced as the
alternative source of the traditional protein food. People
depended on fishing from the common water bodies
accessible from their neighborhood, which was limited. The
study was based on the problem whose statement was that
women and the poor people lacked an enabling environment
for participatory fish-farming toward protein-food security
and sustainable community development in Kisii County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives:
1. Assess gender dynamic-issues in participatory fish-farming toward food security and sustainable community
development in Kisii County; 2). Examine ways of building women’s capacity to strengthen participatory fish farming
in Kisii County; and 3). Explore ways to increase monitoring, evaluation and responsiveness in gender-based
participatory fish farming in Kisii County. Literature relating to gender equality and community capacity building for
participatory fish farming was reviewed. The study used descriptive survey method, and used purposive cluster
sampling method to select 160 respondents out of the population of the study. The study findings revealed that fish
farming as an alternative source of protein food has the potential of safeguarding food security in the face of climate
change challenges. But fish farming was administered under the public department of fisheries, and the method used
was mostly top-down approach of disseminating information for improved fish farming. Therefore, there was room to
promote gender-based participatory fish farming toward food security and sustainable development in Kisii County.
The study recommended that the leaders need to develop and implement a policy guide to promote participatory fish
farming, including participation of women and poor household members in decision making, management and
improvement of fish farming. Women and the vulnerable members of the society also need to be ready and willing to
be empowered to participate in fish farming as alternative source of protein food.
This document outlines a study assessing the participation of women along the fish market chain in Malawi. The study aims to describe the demographic characteristics of women involved in fish trade, examine their participation at different stages of the market chain, and identify challenges they face. A structured questionnaire will be used to interview fish traders. Data will be analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, and chi-square tests. The dependent variable of level of participation will be measured on a 4-point scale based on the nature and frequency of women's involvement in fishing, processing, transportation, and selling activities.
The issue of media representation of immigrants is particularly pertinent today, given the current anti-immigrant sentiment in parts of Europe and the United States. In South Africa, negative attitudes towards foreigners are common and media discursive descriptions of immigrants as illegal, undocumented or a dangerous threat is typical. This study utilises quantitative tools of analysis to explore the media coverage of immigration adopting the RASIM Corpus Linguistics (CL) approach. The rubric – REFUGEE, ASYLUM-SEEKER, IMMIGRANT, MIGRANT is adjusted to RASFIM – REFUGEE, ASYLUM-SEEKER, FOREIGNER, IMMIGRANT, MIGRANT – to more appropriately account for the the specific nuances of representations of immigrants in the South African media. The data, comprising of over 5,000 relevant media articles, was drawn in annual tranches for the period 2011-2015. Our findings identify significant patterns that are consistent with extant literature on media constructions of foreigners as “illegal immigrants.” Other findings relating to “shop” and “trade” references offer evidence of the complex and at times contradictory nature of public discourses on immigration. Media narratives go as far as to suggest that foreign- owned shops are fronts to conceal “drug-dealing” and other “illicit activities.”
The document discusses reparation demands from former European colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. It summarizes that colonialism had long-lasting negative impacts on development in these regions. Many argue former colonial powers are responsible for aiding development as imperialism benefited them economically and politically. While some argue the events were too long ago, others believe demands for apologies, aid, debt relief etc. are reasonable given the severe consequences of European actions. International organizations are also criticized as perpetuating neo-colonialism. The document examines arguments on both sides of the reparations issue and its potential consequences.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa.
Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
This article explores the experiences of social workers managing cases of unaccompanied refugee minors in two Child and Youth Care Centres in Polokwane, South Africa. Through interviews and observation, the study found that most unaccompanied minors lacked proper documentation and had dire needs. Social workers faced challenges like limited capacity, lack of intersectoral collaboration, and insufficient resources to handle the complex issues affecting unaccompanied minors. While South Africa has strong child protection laws and frameworks, the implementation for foreign unaccompanied children has gaps. This highlights critical child protection challenges in managing the welfare of vulnerable youth in the centers.
We are pleased to announce that AHMR: Vol. 3 No. 2, 2017 – Special Issue has been published. We would like to to express our appreciation to Prof Jonathan Crush our guest editor for this issue.
This document discusses the causes and effects of "brain drain" in Africa. It examines how political, economic, and cultural factors have led skilled professionals like doctors and engineers to emigrate from countries across the continent. Specific examples are provided from Chad, Nigeria, and Algeria to illustrate how issues like corruption, low pay, poor working conditions, and cultural tensions have incentivized migration abroad. The emigration of trained individuals has significant negative consequences for the countries left behind, including lack of return on educational investment and shortages of critical professionals like physicians.
This presentation, given at the 6th Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries (GAF6), discussed a recent paper by Elisabeth Pruegl (“Neoliberalism with a feminist face: Crafting a new hegemony at the World Bank,” Feminist Economics, 2016) on the World Bank’s approaches to gender equality. Starting in 2001, empirical attempts to establish that economic growth and gender equality (and poverty reduction) were positively correlated produced mixed results: some studies supported the correlation, others contradicted it or gave ambivalent answers. The Bank then turned to micro-level studies, e.g., of institutions such as markets that had failed women. Should women be changed or markets and other social institutions be changed? The presentations at GAF6 reflected some of the possible answers to these questions. If women are considered unequal because of their different endowments, overcoming the gender gap with interventions to help women to compete can help, as illustrated by the participatory projects described by Supaporn Anuchiracheeva in the Earth Net Foundation, Thailand, and the Myanmar agribusiness skills training described by Ram Bhujel. Many presentations also addressed giving women greater voice, rights and negotiating power. Roel Bosma concluded that mass media communication needs to be used to enhance profound changes in norms, values and attitudes of men, before gender equality can be reached. Conversely, GAF6 participants often talked about markets and the economy as absolutes, e.g., lamenting but not challenging the low prices women receive in wages, and accepting the fish price as a financial fact, rather than as a constructed negotiable factor. Pruegl concluded that the World Bank’s emerging “modified kind of neoliberalism produces substantial openings” because it starts to address also the “coercively gendered institutions” previously treated as private, such as the family and care giving. In the new approach, the actors may become more embodied, less abstract. Susana Siar’spresentations on Costa Rica cockle harvesters and Amonrat Sermwatanakul’s social media marketing of Siamese fighting fish both revealed the embodied power of women’s agency. As fisheries and aquaculture are certainly about markets, and many at GAF6 stressed the need for a fish value chain approach, making markets for fish, for labor, enterprises, etc., work for women appear as worthwhile spaces for research and action in achieving gender equality.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas teori atom menurut Rutherford yang menyatakan bahwa atom terdiri dari inti atom yang bermuatan positif dan di kelilingi oleh elektron yang bermuatan negatif.
2. Teori Rutherford memiliki kelebihan dalam menjelaskan hasil eksperimen penghamburan sinar alfa, namun juga memiliki kelemahan dalam tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa elektron tidak jatuh
This document summarizes discussions from the 6th Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries (GAF6). Key points include:
1) While policies like the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines have opened opportunities for gender equality, implementation challenges remain, such as women's underrepresentation in decision-making and lack of inclusion in fisheries statistics and policies.
2) Case studies from different regions showed that women face barriers participating in fisheries governance due to social and cultural norms. Projects have had mixed success incorporating gender equality, though some new projects are more committed.
3) Aquaculture is also gendered, with women typically involved in small-scale, home-based operations or
Makalah ini membahas tentang penggunaan EYD yang benar khususnya penulisan huruf kapital, huruf miring, angka dan lambang bilangan. Penulisan huruf kapital dibahas untuk 16 kasus penggunaan seperti huruf pertama kalimat, nama orang, dan lainnya. Sedangkan penulisan huruf miring untuk menulis judul dan menekankan teks. Terakhir dibahas penulisan angka dan lambang bilangan.
In concrete module, the basic properties of concrete are investigated. The design project is to design and make a bowling ball made of concrete and its various component. It should have the ability to roll for a maximum distance of three meters and should weigh less than 5.5 Kg. The project is done by group Engineers form Al-Wakra Secondary School for boys.
Customer Centred Business Decisions in the EnterpriseJake Causby
Presented at Enterprise UX Sydney, March 15 2017. #EUXSyd. Large organisations these days want to act like startups. They see the benefits Agile and Lean are bringing to process. How might we bring Lean methodologies to the enterprise so we can move faster, cut red tape, reduce wastage and make better decisions? Here's 8 things you can try...
This case study examines the situation of women small-scale fisherfolk on Koh Chang Island in Thailand. It discusses how Thailand's fisheries sector is dominated by small-scale fishing but these communities often lack secure access to coastal lands and marine resources. Women small-scale fisherfolk face additional challenges due to patriarchal social norms that relegate them to traditional gender roles despite their significant contributions to fishery activities. The establishment of Koh Chang Marine National Park has made it more difficult for these communities to secure rights to resources needed for their livelihoods.
For all those interested in aquaculture and fisheries, this downloadable report, complete with links to the original presentations, gives an overview of all the presentations and discussions at the 4th Global Symposium on Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries, held during the 10th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum, Korea, May 2013..
Why gender equality matters in fisheries and aquaculture?
Why consider gender issues in the fisheries sector?
How can we promote gender equality and empower women in the fisheries sector?
Addressing the problems of poor fish women's in Egypt
The Roles of Women in Fish Processing Activities in Some Local Government Are...BRNSS Publication Hub
Fish processing activities in some communities of Rivers State were investigated to determine the
role of women in its development and sustainability. Fifty structured questionnaires were randomly
distributed in five communities (10 per community) across three local government areas of the state.
The results from the study indicated that most of the respondents are young and married women. They
are actively involved in fish processing activities in combination with fishing. The women had between
6 and 10 years of experience in fish processing. In the study area, women utilized smoking as major
processing methods, with mullets, sardine, and tilapia as major species processed by the women. Fish
processing in these communities is done mostly by smoking using a locally made kiln which can dry a
lot of fish at a time. Occupational hazards associated with fish processing include skin rashes, redness
of the eye, offensive body odor, and bruises. Moreover, insufficient capital, lack of modern processing
facilities, poor storage facilities, and scarcity in fish supply have been identified as major constraints
facing women involvement in processing activities in these communities. There is, therefore, the need
to empower the women fish processors in these areas through granting of loans and credit facilities,
capacity building, introduction of improved fish processing equipment, and storage facilities. These will
go a long way in enhancing fish production, improve their livelihood, and boost socioeconomic status of
these women processors in the study areas
This document summarizes information about small-scale fisheries researchers and organizations collected through an online database. It finds that 427 researchers from 62 countries have contributed profiles, most holding advanced degrees. The researchers work on issues like sustainability and livelihoods in universities, NGOs, and government. 132 organizations from 48 countries also contributed, mostly aiming to promote small-scale fisheries rights and sustainability. The document analyzes patterns in the researchers' locations, affiliations, methods, and issues of focus. It provides insight into people and groups working to enhance knowledge and support small-scale fisheries worldwide.
How IUU fishing impacts small-scale fishers' livesSWAIMSProject
By Prof Stella Williams, Vice-President, Mundus Maris; and lead Researcher for the Nigerian Association of Fish Farmers and Aqua-culturists (NAFFA)
SWAIMS Webinar on Curbing Maritime Insecurity in the Niger Delta, 31st March 31, 2021
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Mainstreaming gender equity in participatory fish-farming
is important in the attainment of protein food security,
reducing poverty and improving food security in Kisii
County. There are various permanent rivers in Kisii County,
but fish farming was not commonly practiced as the
alternative source of the traditional protein food. People
depended on fishing from the common water bodies
accessible from their neighborhood, which was limited. The
study was based on the problem whose statement was that
women and the poor people lacked an enabling environment
for participatory fish-farming toward protein-food security
and sustainable community development in Kisii County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives:
1. Assess gender dynamic-issues in participatory fish-farming toward food security and sustainable community
development in Kisii County; 2). Examine ways of building women’s capacity to strengthen participatory fish farming
in Kisii County; and 3). Explore ways to increase monitoring, evaluation and responsiveness in gender-based
participatory fish farming in Kisii County. Literature relating to gender equality and community capacity building for
participatory fish farming was reviewed. The study used descriptive survey method, and used purposive cluster
sampling method to select 160 respondents out of the population of the study. The study findings revealed that fish
farming as an alternative source of protein food has the potential of safeguarding food security in the face of climate
change challenges. But fish farming was administered under the public department of fisheries, and the method used
was mostly top-down approach of disseminating information for improved fish farming. Therefore, there was room to
promote gender-based participatory fish farming toward food security and sustainable development in Kisii County.
The study recommended that the leaders need to develop and implement a policy guide to promote participatory fish
farming, including participation of women and poor household members in decision making, management and
improvement of fish farming. Women and the vulnerable members of the society also need to be ready and willing to
be empowered to participate in fish farming as alternative source of protein food.
This document outlines a study assessing the participation of women along the fish market chain in Malawi. The study aims to describe the demographic characteristics of women involved in fish trade, examine their participation at different stages of the market chain, and identify challenges they face. A structured questionnaire will be used to interview fish traders. Data will be analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, and chi-square tests. The dependent variable of level of participation will be measured on a 4-point scale based on the nature and frequency of women's involvement in fishing, processing, transportation, and selling activities.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
Second Symposium on Welfare in Aquaculture 2020: Operational Welfare Indicato...Sara Barrento
Swansea University in collaboration with the University of Crete hosted the Second Symposium on Welfare in Aquaculture on the 26th of November 2020. Over 260 participants attended this free webinar where six international speakers discussed the use of operational welfare indicators in farmed fish. This event is a follow up of the very successful "1st symposium on welfare in aquaculture - welfare indicators for novel species".
HIV and AIDS Situation in the Kafue Flats Fisheries-Zambia Analysis Report - ...Alphart LUNGU
This document summarizes a study on the vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats, Zambia to HIV/AIDS. The study aimed to identify factors influencing susceptibility to HIV among fisherfolk and fish traders, and to understand socioeconomic relationships and gender differences that impact HIV risk. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interviews with fisherfolk and fish traders. The study found high rates of mobility, migration, transactional sex, poor infrastructure and services, alcohol abuse, gender imbalances, and lack of support contributed to vulnerabilities. Recommendations focused on improving health services, education, empowerment, and addressing underlying drivers of the epidemic in fishing communities.
11.willingness of marine artisanal fishermen to integrate aquaculture in ente...Alexander Decker
- The document discusses a study that assessed marine artisanal fishermen in Ghana's willingness to adopt aquaculture.
- A survey of 150 fishermen found that 62% were willing to integrate aquaculture into their livelihoods.
- A logistic regression model revealed that fishermen who lacked savings, had difficulty accessing credit, did not belong to a fisherman's association, and were new to marine fishing were more likely to be open to adopting aquaculture.
Fisheries and aquatic environments in GIAHSExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/
This presentation was presented during the Joint Meeting of Steering and Scientific Commitee that took place at FAO headquarters 28-29 April 2015. The presentation was made by. Prof. Anne Mcdonald, Sophia University, Japan
McQuilken and Hilson 2016 ASM IIED Ghan DialogueJames McQuilken
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The driving forces behind wildlife crime are a complex
interplay of motivations and influences, from economic incentives to socio-cultural dynamics. This chapter attempts to shed light on the diverse drivers shaping the patterns & trends of criminality connected with wildlife trafficking. Better understanding of these factors can inform the design and refinement
of remedial interventions.
The approach taken is to consider motivations and
influences at three stages of the trade chain: drivers
of sourcing, drivers of illegal trading and drivers of
demand in end markets. The following three sections of this chapter are structured to take stock of evidence about factors driving participation in crime at each of these stages
“VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR” 1. chapter (1)Aung Lwin
This document provides an introduction and overview of a study analyzing the Rohu fish aquaculture value chain in Myanmar. It discusses the declining agriculture sector and increasing importance of fisheries and aquaculture for Myanmar's economy. The document outlines the objective to analyze value chain development among different actors in Rohu fish aquaculture. It describes the descriptive research method using primary interviews and secondary data collection. The study is limited to the 2000-2001 to 2015-2016 period and does not include all value chain actors. The document provides the organization of the upcoming thesis into chapters covering literature review, aquaculture sector development in Myanmar, value chain analysis findings, and conclusions.
Food security and international fisheries management RMIT University
This document discusses international fisheries management and food security. It begins by covering the FAO's vision of sustainable food and agriculture, including its key principles and goals related to ending hunger and malnutrition, doubling agricultural productivity, ensuring sustainable food production systems, and conserving genetic diversity. It then discusses the status of world marine resources and fish as a source of protein globally before introducing regional fisheries management organizations and their role in managing tuna stocks and adopting conservation measures.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of gender roles in artisanal fishing in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study found that male roles primarily included actual fishing, hiring canoes, and transporting fish, while female roles focused on processing, marketing, and storing fish. The study also found no significant differences between males and females in their preferences for extension services or in the constraints they face. It was recommended that policies and extension services be implemented to support gender roles in fishing and boost fish production.
Similar to Gender Research as a New Frontier in Fisheries and Aquaculture Economics: In the Footsteps of Rosemary Firth (20)
“Create, Nurture, Grow” projects a mix of feminine and masculine qualities and a dynamic vision for aquaculture. How well is this agreeably gendered image of aquaculture supported by the actual participation of women and men? Increasingly, aquaculture will need to prove its credentials on social responsibility, of which gender is a critical social dimension. In most aquaculture value chains, little research on gender and gender equality has been conducted, resulting in a poor base of knowledge from which to build a policy and action, and allowing opinion and pre-conceived positions to rule. A gender lens, which takes gender into account when examining the roles, powers, rights and relationships of people in aquaculture, is needed. A gender lens not only helps to understand the status of women in the sector, but also provides evidence on how to improve the outcomes for all people in the value chain.
To illustrate how gendered analysis of value chains can provide knowledge to guide socially responsible production, this presentation examines two aquaculture value chains –Vietnam shrimp destined for international markets, and mussels grown for the local market in Kerala, India. Because they are new and developing rapidly, these value chains are influenced but not bound totally by existing cultural conditions and economic structures.
In the Vietnam shrimp value chain, the major forces have been external markets, the environment and shrimp disease. The scale of operations has a major impact on social and economic outcomes and on gender roles and relationships. The evolution of the value chain towards industrial scale export enterprises has also created risks for small and medium scale enterprises, who must grow and/or cope. Women and men are both affected but tend to adopt different coping strategies. As scale increases, the work within the value chain tends to become more gender differentiated.
In Kerala mussel farming, domestic welfare movements and resources, such as the Self Help Groups and research-driven technology, have helped initiate the industry. In a rare development, women have been the major actors in what has become very profitable farming but individual and family farms also operate. Despite and because of the early success of mussel farming, second phase issues which have gender implications are arising, especially over the access to rights over farming sites, investments in new technology to grow the businesses and product quality assurance. Whereas the first phase was well supported by a highly gendered processes directed towards women’s welfare, the mussel value chain is likely to evolve a much different gender and ownership structure.
From these cases, conclusions and recommendations can be drawn to help aquaculture institutions and operators become more gender equitable and more socially responsible.
This presentation was presented by Meryl Williams, based on the full written report: HLPE, 2014. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2014.(http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/en/).
This report addresses a frequently overlooked but extremely important part of world food and nutrition security: the role and importance of fish in seeking food and nutrition security for all. Fisheries and aquaculture have often been arbitrarily separated from other parts of the food and agricultural systems in food security studies, debates and policy-making.
The report presents a synthesis of existing evidence regarding the complex pathways between fisheries and aquaculture and food and nutrition security, including the environmental, economic and social dimensions, as well as issues related to governance. It provides insights on what needs to be done to achieve sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in order to strengthen their positive impact on food and nutrition security.
The ambition of this compact yet comprehensive report is to help the international community to share and understand the wide spectrum of issues that make fisheries and aquaculture such an important part of efforts to assure food security for all.
This document discusses whether women's empowerment has economic benefits in the context of fish value chains. It finds that narrow economic efforts to empower women often fail and leave inequality intact. Studies show women are concentrated in lower-paying post-harvest jobs and their contributions are often uncounted. Broader social and policy changes may be needed to achieve meaningful empowerment and equality. Applying economic analysis through a feminist lens could help deepen understanding of gender issues in fish value chains.
This document provides an overview of a presentation given by Meryl J Williams at the Oceans Past IV conference in November 2012. The presentation explored ideas around fisheries management using a network analysis approach, with a focus on three case studies: Northern Australian trepang, Southern bluefin tuna, and Southeast Asian small pelagic fish. It discussed concepts like fisheries management versus governance and used terms from actor-network theory to analyze changes and translations in fisheries networks over time. The document included disclaimers that the presentation represented preliminary exploration of ideas rather than definitive conclusions.
1) Interest in gender issues in aquaculture and fisheries has fluctuated over time, with periods of increased attention followed by decreased focus when funding dries up.
2) Past approaches have often focused only on women, ignoring how gender also shapes men's identities, and have proposed simple solutions that do not address underlying power imbalances.
3) Truly gender-sensitive practices require considering fisheries and aquaculture as complex socio-economic systems and gaining a stronger understanding of how gender intersects with other social factors like class. Breaking the cycle of rising and falling interest will need conceptual frameworks informed by social science and gender education.
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Gender Research as a New Frontier in Fisheries and Aquaculture Economics: In the Footsteps of Rosemary Firth
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GENDER RESEARCH AS A NEW FRONTIER IN FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE ECONOMICS:
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF ROSEMARY FIRTH
REPORT OF THE GENDER PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 2016 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE
FOR FISHERIES ECONOMICS AND TRADE, ABERDEEN, 11-15 JULY, 2016
Rosemary Firth (1912-2001) was a British social
anthropologist who specialised in the field of
domestic economy. In 1941 (republished in 1966)
her book, “Housekeeping among Malay Peasants,”
tracked the detailed household economics of
traditional fishing communities in east coast
Malaysia. It was a companion to the book by her
husband, Raymond Firth, “Malay Fishermen:
Their Peasant Economy.” The 1966 volume of her
book gave an account of changes she observed in
the 23 years between study visits, and prescient
views on the impacts of modernisation on
traditional fishing communities.
Photo: 1963 - Che' Yoh and Rosemary-Firth discuss
qualities and uses of pandanus leaves, Malaysia.
In her acceptance speech for the Distinguished Service Award presented at IIFET-2016, the
words of Professor Stella Williams resonated with the focus on women and household economies in
the work of Rosemary Firth. “My field research also suggested that there was more to the fisheries
than predominantly biological and economic models and stock assessments. I could also see that
these approaches focused on environmental sustainability alone were faltering wherever I looked.
Indeed, the context of massive and mostly still growing aquatic ecosystem degradation raises the
question on what it takes to break that downward spiral,” she said. “Empirical evidence of women’s
roles in all continents shows patterns of unrecognised, unpaid labor that clouds the economic signals
of increasing resource rarefaction. Extra-efforts expended by women to keep their men in the fishery
despite declines in the resource can easily lead to social dumping [use of ever cheaper labor] and
unwittingly enables further overfishing.”
IIFET, with its emphasis on a wide range of inquiry into fisheries and aquaculture resources,
trade, marketplaces and livelihoods is an ideal institutional platform for work on women and gender
issues. Since 1996, IIFET’s biennial conferences included a small number of papers on women and
gender topics and then, in 2012, moved up to holding whole sessions devoted to women in fisheries
and aquaculture. In 2012 in Tanzania, the upturn in the number of presentations on gender was helped
by sponsorships, especially from AquaFish CRSP, the attraction of having special sessions and also
by being in Africa where the importance of women and gender equality were recognized.
In the present report, we build on the results of IIFET-20121 and IIFET-2014 (Annex) and
focus on insights from the 2016 IIFET Conference in Aberdeen, United Kingdom. In Aberdeen,
women/gender papers were concentrated in but not limited to the Special Session on “Gender
Research as a New Frontier in Fisheries and Aquaculture Economics: In the Footsteps of Rosemary
1 See the summary report at: https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/35352
2. IIFET 2016 Scotland Conference Proceedings
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Firth.” This Special Session was supported by the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration
of the United States of America, the World Bank, IIFET and the presenters.
From the 14 presentations and discussions on gender at IIFET-2016, the following points
were highlighted: (a) sex-disaggregated data and indicators must be improved, (b) gender analysis of
value chains can inform policy, (c) women are critical to adding value to fish, and (d) ultimately men
still make most of the key household decisions, notwithstanding interventions that seek to empower
women. We conclude by making some suggestions to IIFET.
Sex-disaggregated data and indicators must be improved
Triple bottom line (economic, ecological and community) outcomes should include women and men
but the ability to be gender-sensitive is limited because much data are not sex-disaggregated, or
worse, women are not even counted in all formal aggregated statistics, e.g., if not allowed to register
as fishers. Recognizing this latter challenge, Sarah Harper is building a global sex-disaggregated
fisheries database on women’s participation, tapping into existing data sources such as formal national
statistics, FAO Country Profiles, data from the Sea Around Us project and filling data gaps with
information from research studies and other data sources.
For individual fisheries, a new World Bank system of Fisheries Performance Indicators (FPI)
has been developed, consisting of 68 metrics grouped under 14 dimensions, of which gender is one.
Four sex disaggregated metrics are scored, all nested under the co-management component, namely:
business management influence, resource management influence, labor participation in harvest sector
and labor participation in post-harvest sector. Jim Anderson pointed out that the metrics can be
grouped by each of the bottom line outcomes or by major value chain segments (harvest and post-
harvest). To date, data have been collected for 85 individual fisheries. The descriptive statistics show
that women are more likely to provide the majority of labor in post-harvest but rarely in harvesting
activities, and, based only on the indicators, women appear to have little management or business
influence. However, going beyond the indicators, especially when men are frequently absent fishing,
women may hold considerable de facto management responsibility and often deal with public
management authorities. They rarely get recognition for this. Also, women may wield de facto
business power in obtaining access to raw material for their postharvest businesses, but not show this
openly in public. The future use of the gender dimension and development of more gender metrics in
other components are yet to be explored.
Zahrah Izzaturrahim, a marine anthropology student supervised by Dedi Supriadi Adhuri,
collected daily fish auction data covering all landings of a wide variety of small scale fishing gears
and sales to 19 women and 10 men traders at Tambak Lorok fish market, Central Jawa, Indonesia.
The data covered one full year (September 2014 to beginning of October 2015). In total, the women
combined bought 56% of the total value of the fish; men only bought more fish by value and weight
in the period from 20 August to 2 October (2015). Ongoing analysis is looking into the extent that the
women’s trading proceeds are being re-invested into the fishing operations of their husband or other
relatives. Zahrah and her fellow students had also produced a video that revealed in more depth the
highly diverse products and trading practices of the market.
In the Session’s panel discussion, participants stressed the fundamental importance of
improved sex-disaggregated data. Governments, international agencies and researchers will need to
gather data wherever it is available, e.g., in marketing, harvesting and processing information, and in
labor data including sources on migrants and slavery across borders. In addition, researchers will need
to undertake analyses on a wider range of social issues than at present.
3. IIFET 2016 Scotland Conference Proceedings
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Gender analysis of value chains can inform policy
Beyond data, more comprehensive approaches and frameworks are needed to incorporate
gender issues into fisheries economics and trade analysis. This means going beyond the
fisheries/aquaculture stereotypes that privilege the production node and integrating a new awareness
around value chains. Several presenters reported evidence that both women and men, often operating
in different parts of the value chain, were critical to sustaining the income from fishing, more so in the
face of declining resources, climate and environmental threats.
Although the value chain can be an effective framework for investigating gender
participation, roles and power relations and seeking entry points for deeper analysis and intervention,
unfortunately, Alice Miller pointed out, the gender element is rarely considered. Her work is
concerned with the pole and line fisheries in countries such as Indonesia and the Maldives. Across the
seafood sector, the profile of the gender dimension needs to be raised, not just in harvesting, but in
processing, marketing and management.
IIFET-2016 presenters provided depth to understanding the needs and motivations of women
and men in different value chains and different nodes in value chains. Two presentations looked
beyond the binary categories of women and men and examined intersectionalities along the
dimensions of economic status and power. Three other presentations explored how changes or
potential changes can reverberate through value chains by nature of the linkages between nodes and
actors.
Not all women and men in a fishing community have the same status and assets. Chikondi
Manyungwa Pasani found women active in all five nodes of Malawi value chains for usipa
(Engraulicypris sadella) and matemba (Barbus paludinosus) - production, collection, processing,
trading (wholesale and retail) and exporting – through two landing sites (Kachulu on Lake Chilwa and
Msaka on Lake Malawi). In the value chains, fishers’ wives and women auxiliary players performed
different roles. The auxiliary players were usually widowed or divorced local women who lacked
sufficient capital to go into processing but whom the community allowed to facilitate trade between
fishers and processors. When fish were scarce, however, fishermen favoured selling their fish to their
wives. The auxiliary players were not included in development interventions even though these
women could have helped improve fish quality and returns from the value chains that reached markets
in neighbouring countries.
Most fisheries management measures are designed to control harvesting, such as the 45 day
seasonal annual trawl fisheries closure in Tamil Nadu and other states of India. Little attention is paid
to impacts of such production node measures on various people in other nodes in the value chain.
Shyam Salim reported that of Tamil Nadu people affected by the seasonal closures, only one third of
the fish workers were the fishermen directly affected; many of the others were women fishworkers.
Researchers asked whether women and men present different adaptive responses. Rather than only
examining this question as a gender matter, the researchers further stratified the participants according
to their economic class based on levels of asset ownership and local power, the latter based on how
Panchayat membership is used. Responses were classified as adaptive, e.g., using savings and taking
out loans, or reactive, e.g., cutting back on food, pledging jewels as collateral. Statistically, a
significant gender divide in responses only occurred when people had no networks and their
household assets were low. Women with higher household assets were less likely to use reactive
strategies than women with low assets. Men appeared to benefit from networks only when they had
assets to contribute, whereas women benefited from networks regardless of asset levels, appearing to
be more able to express their needs under pressure. These results caution not to base analyses on
4. IIFET 2016 Scotland Conference Proceedings
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simple gender divisions, but to understand the shades of variation in affected people, especially with
regard to their levels of assets and power.
In the case of how changes may reverberate through value chains, Achini de Silva showed
results from models on the impacts of climate change shocks such as cyclones, droughts, floods and
other coastal hazards on people in fish value chains. Climate shocks caused local multiplier effects for
women and men in the upstream (production) and downstream (post-harvest and processing,
wholesale and retail, and consumption) nodes of small-scale Sri Lankan fisheries in Balapitiya,
Beruwala, and in tuna fisheries in Beruwala and Negambo. The study of fishing households used data
on incomes from fisheries (initial income), the money spent locally for household requirements and
the money that local people, businesses and organizations received and re-spent. It then modelled the
gendered multiplier effects under scenarios with normal conditions and those suffering climate
shocks. For women and men, the local multipliers for the up-stream nodes were larger compared to
those for down-stream nodes. In the case of women, the local multiplier in the down-stream nodes
were lower than those for men because the majority of female processing workers were located
outside the local area and therefore spent their incomes outside, regardless of climate shock or normal
conditions.
On the Mekong River in Nong Khai Province in northeast Thailand, low tilapia prices in the
market reverberated in the value chain by disrupting the cage culture responsibilities of different
household members. Malasri Khumsri found that, when prices were low, many men migrated for
other work, leaving women to take full responsibility for the cage culture. This dynamic should
provide the impetus for offering complete training opportunities to the responsible women who played
important roles in the practice and decision making on good aquaculture practices (GAP) and
environmental care, such as keeping records for monitoring fish health and attending GAP training.
GAP implementation should target women specifically and deliver gender-specific programmes to
help tilapia cage culture safeguard the environment.
How can analysing small-scale developing country fish value chains inform strategies for
poverty alleviation and sustainability? To answer this question in mixed reef fish, octopus and small
pelagics value chains for two sites in Kenya and Mozambique, Kongowea and Nanga, Beatrice Crona
first mapped these complex, dynamic chains and then wrestled with how to estimate the benefits and
their distribution per individual and per value chain group. The people in the chains, namely the
numerous small scale women traders (Mama Karangas) and male small scale fishers, small scale male
traders (Wachuuzi) and the few large scale male traders and boat owners who control 20% of the
supply chain value (Tajiris), each held different aspirations. Policy advice would need to take into
account the aspirations, trade-offs and feedback loops in the distribution of benefits. For example,
increasing the margins for the Mama Karnagas by lowering their fish purchase price would take
money from the fishers, another poor group.
Women are critical to adding value to fish
Shyam Salim, an economist with a long history of work on fish markets and trade in India,
concluded that “through their processing, marketing and trading activities, women add the most value
to fish. They lengthen the shelf life of the fish by their handling and bring it to consumers at a value
greater than that when first landed. Yet, due to gender discrimination, they act as agent middlemen,
not merchant middlemen, often are lowly paid or unpaid, and are neglected in health and other
services. The Indian Self Help Groups offer some collective help, but even this system needs
improvement.”
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Petatán, a fishing village on Lake Chapala, the largest lake in Mexico, is home to filleting
houses where women process the fish caught from the Lake and surrounding water bodies, making
otherwise unsaleable fish marketable in major Mexican markets. Carmen Pedroza found that the work
was remunerative for the women, stabilised household incomes against the vicissitudes of fishing
income from the lake that is threatened by climate change and pollution, but did not provide the
women with social security and health benefits.
In Delta State, Nigeria, Bernadette Fregene surveyed fish farmers, traders∕retailers, fish
processors, restaurants, consumers and service providers in the value chains of the major farmed fish
(catfish and tilapia). The study found that women fish farmers had lower profits compared to men,
largely because the women had less access to the productive assets of paid labor and credit. For
women processors, the most lucrative market was for smoked catfish. Cooperatives, if the women
were prepared to form them, might make labor and finance more accessible, however, household
members would still need to give their consent to the women’s activities.
In the smoked catfish value chain of Ondo State, Nigeria, Ojuotimi Mafimisebi studied the
perceptions of women on the utility and adequacy of micro-credit schemes, and the performance of
their businesses before and after receiving credit. Although the credit had a significantly positive
impact on their business returns, the catfish processors experienced considerable difficulty obtaining
funds, especially because of they needed to have a loan guarantor.
In a World Bank study of women in Solomon Islands fisheries, Kate Barclay traced the shell-
money value chain from its origins in the heavily populated and overfished Langalanga Lagoon,
Malaita. Women and men around Solomon Islands harvested several species of bivalves with
different colour shells and sold them to women in Langalanga, who manufactured the beads with
simple hand tools. The value chain then took several different forms, with some women turning the
beads into attractive traditional and modern jewellery pieces, and taking an accumulated collection of
them to sell at the Honiara Central Market. Other women exchanged the basic beads for food at local
trade stores, and the traders then finished the manufacturing and sold the pieces in Honiara. Although
shell money is critical to local food security in the Langalanga Lagoon, the women who make and sell
it have little say in the management of the shell resources they rely on for this activity, or the wider
network of livelihood and food production activities in which it takes place.
Men still make most of the key household decisions, despite efforts to empower women
Many presentations indirectly highlighted the need for transformative social change in
achieving greater gender equality. On study that addressed this directly was that by Yemi Akegbejo-
Samsons who reported on a study of how culture, education and technology affected women’s
integration into aquaculture and fisheries in five coastal states of Nigeria - Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Delta
and Cross River. In a cultural sense, local practices, beliefs and laws hindered the women from
carrying out some activities, such as fishing at night, or even going fishing at any time. Aquaculture
seemed to be more technology intensive than fisheries, and in aquaculture and even fisheries women
did not adopt many of the basic technologies. Women’s technology adoption was much more
pronounced for fish processing, in which around 40% of the women used smoking technology and a
further 20% actively applied packaging and product quality technologies. In terms of education,
according to the women surveyed, experience overrode formal education. Although the education
standards of the women were considerable - between 22 and 44% having higher education - few had
either education or experience in fisheries, aquaculture or their management. Overall, barriers and
opportunities due to locally specific conditions in culture, education and technology need to be taken
into consideration when promoting women’s integration into fisheries and aquaculture.
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Women-friendly technologies, aimed to end women’s drudgery and improve production
efficiency, are often recommended as a way to help women. In Khulna, southwest Bangladesh, a
project on women and water management introduced several technologies to women to help in raising
shrimp and fish. Runia Mowla reported how the women quickly learned and applied the new
approaches successfully. In the end, however, men still made most of the farm decisions. Women felt
that the technologies had added to their work and to the cost of farming. Despite this, the various
technologies seemed be equally used by women and men, and were also considered climate smart.
When women earn an income, they often receive more respect within their households, but
this rosy outcome cannot be assumed. Kate Barclay reported how studies in the Solomon Islands
revealed that if women have money, male household members may put pressure on them to get
control of the money, or, in other cases men may get jealous of women working in the tuna processing
factory. These pressures then make the women vulnerable to domestic violence and they may decide
to leave their paid work. One initiative that has enabled women to find greater safety at the village
level is through protecting their money in women’s savings clubs where cash is secured in safe boxes
that require multiple keys to open. Several savings clubs in Solomon Islands have worked very well to
enable women to accumulate significant amounts of money.
Malasri Khumsri also found, from international and national experience, that a country’s
commitments to gender equality are also critical to the outcomes for women. Despite public
pronouncements, many countries do not intend to give priority to gender in their practical and policy
programs; international organisations seem to do much better at promoting gender equality and the
need for sex-disaggregated data. If the international bodies do not do this, little happens at the national
level.
What can IIFET do to promote high quality economics and trade research on gender equality?
Given the major role women as well as men play in supply chains, the IIFET emphasis on
trade, markets and resource use is a natural fit with gender studies in fisheries and aquaculture.
Gradually, the profile of the gender dimension in fisheries, aquaculture and trade has grown at IIFET
conferences, progressing from hosting individual conference papers, to more in-depth theme sessions
and now the Rosemary Firth Award for the Best Presentation (later to become for Best Paper) on
gender research in fisheries economics and/or trade. The IIFET agenda is being transformed by this
greater attention to gender, but can more be done? Discussions during the Rosemary Firth Special
Session at IIFET-2016 suggested that more is needed before real progress is visible. Although IIFET
does not control the larger sectoral agenda and the research undertaken, as a forum for the exchange
of ideas it may influence the agenda. It also stimulates networking of knowledge among practitioners
communicating their experiences and sharing them with the more general body of members.
Additional ideas for IIFET to consider are as follows:
• Encourage relevant special and general session leaders to include gender presentations in their
conference sessions.
• Encourage top IIFET economists to act as mentors and leaders for gender themes
• Consider have a gender themes in future keynote addresses, and/or encouraging keynote
speakers to consider the gender dimension in their addresses.
We note with pleasure that IIFET has welcomed and projected gender balance in its Council
and conference prize winners. Although the Fellows, to date, have all been men, this reflects a history
of life-time achievement in times where most fisheries economists were men, rather than the current
world of fisheries economics.
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION
IIFET 2016 Scotland. 11-15 July 2016, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Supporters for the Special Session on Gender Research as a New Frontier in Fisheries and
Aquaculture Economics: In the Footsteps of Rosemary Firth.
• National Atmospheric and Oceanic Institute, United States of America
• World Bank, Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Economies Program
• International Institute for Fisheries Economics and Trade
Rosemary Firth Award
Winner 2016 ($500): Chikondi Manyungwa (Department of Fisheries, Lilongwe, Malawi) for
her presentation, “An investigation of women participation in fish value chains and value
chain governance in Malawi: a case of Msaka on Lake Malawi and Kachulu on Lake Chilwa”
Highly Commended ($100): Zahrah Izzaturrahim, Department of Anthropology, University of
Diporegoro, Semarang, Indonesia for her presentation “Measuring the role of women in
fisheries: A Case from Tambak Lorok, Central Jawa, Indonesia.”
Annex: IIFET-2014 Gender Papers
Does women’s empowerment have economic benefits? - Meryl Williams
Beneficial roles of women in fisheries and aquaculture practices in coastal areas in Bangladesh
with some socio cultural confront - Runia Mowla, and Narum Naher
Towards ecosystem based management of fisheries: What role can economics (aquaculture) play?
- Alagie Sillah
Gender Inequalities Issues in Fish Farming in Southwestern, Nigeria - Abolupe Oluyemi
Ayanboye, Zacheaus Olaniyi Oluwafemi, Adebukola Folake Bankole, M.A. Adedokun and O.
Adelodun.
An economic perspective on integrating gender issues in fisheries management and development
in the Pacific Islands - Vina Ram-Bidesi.
A value chain analysis of fish products: Case study from Pantar Island, Eastern Indonesia - Ria
Fitriana and Natasha Stacey.
Role of traditional small scale fisheries in food security and livelihoods: Case of Lake Albert
fisher communities, Uganda - Margaret Masette, D. Bamwirire, E. Tinyiro and C Kantono.
Economics of community-based stock enhancement of abalones in Sagay Marine Reserve, Negros
Occidental, Philippines - Nerissa Salayo and Teruo Azuma.
Socio economic and environmental impact of Ogun River on food security in Ogun State, Nigeria
- Iyabode Taiwo, Adebayo Shittu, Samuel Obasa, Mabel Ipinmoroti and Oluyemi Ayanboye.