Cultural Changes and Identity

1. CULTURAL CHANGES
AND IDENTITY
(1600 - 1800)

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Efforts to quell the early uprisings and revolts by force and imposition
of the principle of "divide-and-rule", were certainly not enough to keep
the people peaceful and loyal to Spain. Spanish influence made its
impact on the indigenous culture through the change in Filipino names,
intemarriages, the plaza complex, fiestas and other religious rituals,
forms of amusement, attire and orgaments, house styles, painting and
engraving, religion, and education.

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The arrival of the Spaniards introduced the Filipinos to Western
culture. The Sanish way of life, in particular, introduced: clothes,
cuisine, eating habits, forms of entertainment, Spanish vocabulary, and
Christianity, all of which resulted in the merging of Spanish and
Filipino cultural aspects. The combination of the two, so to speak,
which was neither native nor Spanish, over time became the dominant
culture.

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→ At first, Filipinos had no surnames but they were names were taken from
their natural appearance or natural event.
→ Spaniards influenced Filipinos named after a saint (Santo Tomas, San
Gregorio, San Andres, etc).
→ However it made confusions so not everyone changed their name. They used
such names as Magiting, Magtanggol, Bayani, Dimagiba, Dimalanta,
Gatbonton, Gatmaitan, etc.
→ Governor-General Narcisco Claveria issued a decree in 1349 allowing
theFilipinos to change their names. (Juan, Pedro, Sixto, Teofilo and surnames
such as Cruz, Reyes, Santos and etc.)

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→ Spaniards were not allowed to intermarry with Filipinos.
→ Only Spanish men can marry Filipino woman.
→ The child of the marriage of a Filipino and a Spaniard was called Spanish
mestizo. Toward the end of the Spanish period, the qualifying word,
“meztizo”, was also used to refer to childrenof a male Chinese and a native
woman, as in mestiza de Sangley.
→ Today a child of Spanish and Filipino parents in called “mestizo”.
→ Those who belonged to the pure indigenous stock were called “Indios” or
“Indias”.

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→ The social life in any Christian community revolved around the church.
→ Beside the church was the municipal building called tribunal where the
gobernadorcillo or captain held office. The proximity of the church and the tribunal to
each other symbolized the union of Church and State.
→ The captain could not do anything important without the knowledge and consent of
the friar-curate.
→ If a Fiesta was to be held, the captain had to consult the friar-curate.
→ The fiesta was always in honor of the town patron saints. Religious societies were
very active in preparation for the fiesta and other religious events.
→ The staging of plays called moro-moro, comedia, and later zarzuela. (theatrical
performances) .
→ This practice was passed on from father to children, through generations.

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→ Cockfighting was the principal form of entertainment of the Filipino men.
→ This game was already in the Philippines long before the Spaniards settled in
the country. But the Spaniards encouraged cockfighting among the Filipinos.
→ Many terms used in cockfighting are mostly Spanish innovations such as
soltada, kareo, ruweda, sentensiyador, pusta, dihado, llamado, and others.
→ Cockfighting was a regular event during fiestas and even to this day. object
pr a piece of wood.

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→ Lottery, horse race, and bullfighting were all Spanish origin.
→ Wakes were held with mourners playing cards (with or without stakes) or
with juego de prenda .
→ The ninth day after the death of a person was celebrated by staging the duplo.
→ This was kind of debate in verse between two men or between a man, called
bellaco, and a woman called bellaca.
→ The loser was punished by making him/her sing, dance, or simply let his/her
palm be hit lightly by an object pr a piece of wood.

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Filipino
Barong was
loosely worn by
the natives to
distinguish
themselves from
the foreigners golden-hilted cane
salakot with a
silver top
Gobernadorcillo Filipina

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→ The barong, or what is popularly called today as barong Tagalog.
→ Filipino male learn to wear hats.
→ Gobernadorcillo wore salakot with a silver top.
→ He also wore a coat over a long shirt, and carried a gold-hilted cane.
→ The well-to-do Filipinos wore slippers or shoes, but the people went about
barefooted.
→ Women still wore saya, tapis, and patadyong.
→ They learned to wear camisa, made of fine material such as husi or pinya.

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camisa
baksa
saya
→ It consisted of an
upper transparent
part called camisa
which is made of silk,
hemp, husi or
pineapple filaments.
→ Worn by any woman
who could afford to
buy the materials.
→ Can be worn without
baksa.

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made of nipa or tiles
(usually red)
made of nipa or tiles
(usually red)

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→ Rectangular or square house made of strong materials such as first-class wood
like narra, ipil, and molave. The roof is made of either nipa or tiles (usually
red in color). At the back or at the side of the house was the azotea.
→ Although rich Filipinos had Antillean architecture at the time, poor
Filipinos' houses remained almost the same, with some minor adjustments, as
in pre-Spanish times.
→ Ordinary Filipino homes at the time had a banggera (for kitchenwares such as
plates, glasses, and so on), also known as a banquera in Spanish.
→ Stairs and ladders have also made some improvements. In addition, several
houses now include balcon, which are often referred to as terraces or balconies
in English.

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→ Rectangular or square house made of strong materials such as first-class wood
like narra, ipil, and molave. The roof is made of either nipa or tiles (usually
red in color). At the back or at the side of the house was the azotea.
→ Although rich Filipinos had Antillean architecture at the time, poor
Filipinos' houses remained almost the same, with some minor adjustments, as
in pre-Spanish times.

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A few changes made to the houses of poor Filipino after the coming of the
Spaniards:
Balcon where family members sat and
looked at the people passing by.
Banggera where clean cups, plates and
other things are placed.

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┌ men and women had equal rights
Before and After the Spanish conquest:
└ women’s rights were overpowered by their husbands
- Friars taught the women:
- to be obedient towards their husbands
- to pray and behave in public
- on the usage of fork, spoon and knife in formal dinners
- However, they were forbidden to learn on:
- how to work
- how to be independent
- how to think on their own

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→ Filipinos did not accepted the Catholic religion at first because they wanted
to return to the religion of their ancestors.
→ But majority of the Filipinos were eventually converted to Catholic religion
due to how events like mass, sacrament of baptism, marriage, prayers for the
dying were similar to their ancient rituals.
→ Although Catholicism did not unify the Filipinos, it did sustained their faith
in Bathala (the creator; Christian God).
→ The colorful cenaculo and processions were just as festive and unifying as the
ancient rituals and chanting of epics.

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→ The colonization of the Philippines by
the Spaniards created geographical
unity for the country.
→ Spaniards organized central
government through the plaza complex
and ruled the whole country except the
non-Christian area.

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→ Such contacts led to adoptions of Spanish words among many Filipino
languages.
→ Spanish words like silla, mesa, cama, and many more, were incorporated into
the Philippine languages like Hiligaynon, Sugbuhanon, Bicolano, Tagalog,
Ilocano, and others.
→ Tagalog words as sibuyas, kabayo, bintana, balkon, kusina, and others were
Spanish words came from words cebolla, caballo, ventana, balcon, and
cocina.

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→ Printing by typography was introduced.
→ Filipinos and Christianized Chinese aided
the Spanish friars in their printing work.
→ One of the earliest printers was Tomas
Pinpin.
→ He was called the “Prince of Filipino
printers”
→ Another Filipino printer who became
famous was Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay.
→ Domingo Loag was also a printer and an
engraver.

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→ With the rise of the middle class many
Filipinos were able to go to colleges like San
Juan de Letran, San Jose, and the Ateneo
Municipal.
→ Later, Filipinos were admitted to the
University of Santo Tomas where they
finished courses in law, medicine, pharmacy,
and surveying.
→ Spaniards allowed Filipinos to enroll and
colleges where they were taught Latin and
Spanish, arithmetic, philosophy, theology,
and others.

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Impact or effects of the cultural changes brought by Spain in Philippines may be
described as positive and enrich, as well as, negative and divisive.
→ Separated and scattered kingdoms composed of barangays became one country.
→ Nonetheless an identifiable political unit of more than 7000 islands with a central
government and body of laws.
→ Christianity may have deepened and enriched the indigenous spirituality of faith of people.
→ But Its color processions, fiestas, and pilgrimages rendered them generally oblivious, if not
passive, to the difficult and worsening economic and political conditions around them.
→ Clothes, shoes, houses among others, may have advanced in style and comfort. Spanish and
the Filipino styles produce a beautiful mix.
→ However, this was only among the well-to-do Filipinos while the poor became noticeably
different in their drab and ordinary attire and poorly built and insufficiently lighted nipa
huts or houses.

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