The document discusses future internet research challenges and trends. It notes that the internet is evolving dramatically to support new applications like mobile users, video distribution, smart cities, e-health, and social networking. Current research focuses on adapting or redesigning the internet's network design to better support these new applications and massive growth in users, content, and devices. Some specific challenges mentioned include how to support exponential growth in multimedia content like photos and videos, as well as new trends like mobility, social networks, wearables, sensors and the internet of things.

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Future Internet Research
Challenges
Prof. Dr. Joberto S. B. Martins
Salvador University – UNIFACS
Salvador – BA, Brazil
Webinar Access Link:
https://my.laureate.net/Faculty/webinars/Pages/FutureInternetResearchTrends.aspx
Future Internet Research Challenges
The webinar intends to describe internet and networks in general which are evolving
dramatically and, in fact, are essential parts of our daily live. The scope of Internet
applications is currently far beyond the initially previewed by Internet/TCP/IP
designers. Actual research and development challenges consist in either adapting or
clean slating Internet network design in order to allow networks to support mobile
users, massive video distribution with high quality, smart cities, e-health and social
networking application among many others possible areas and future applications.
This webinar, in brief, points to new applications and current research trends in
networking towards this (re)evolutionary future.
By the end of this learning session, participants will be able to:
1. Identify trends in Future Internet applications and initiatives.
2. Perceive research areas and new applications in terms of the Future Internet.
3. Identify UNIFACS/Laureate current research initiatives towards Future Internet.
Webinar Access Link:
https://my.laureate.net/Faculty/webinars/Pages/FutureInternetResearchTrends.aspx

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Webinar Agenda
Internet & Future Internet (FI)
Future Internet User´s
Perspective & Evolution
Future Internet Research
Challenges (technical)
Future Internet
Research Challenges
How to get there?
Future Internet:
User´s View/ perception:
Numbers, application scenarios and impacts users perceive
Technical View:
Research challenges involved towards the Future Internet scenario
Requirements and Challenges
User´s View/ Numbers
FI Research Requirements
Research Challenges (technical)

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Internet (Re)Evolution
Internet evolved from an academic network to a global
commercial network
Very successful design paradigm and network
implementation:
Architectural principles: simple, multi-layer and end-to-end
design
What changed?
Number of users increased dramatically
Many new application scenarios
New challenges Future Internet research
Ways to perceive and/or understand the
INTERNET?
A network of networks
(technical view)
The world-wide-web
(web) (site references) (the
user scenario)
What is behind the Internet (re)evolution?

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Future Internet
“Users”
A huge number of new and highly interesting applications,
demanded by billions of users with variable requirements in
relation to the network supporting them (the INTERNET)
Internet (Re)Evolution
Global Users
Big number for “Internet users”
Future Internet “users”:
Global usage and coverage
“Users”: computers, tablets,
mobile/ smartphones, cars, home
appliances, “things”, sensors and
“people”
2012 2020
2.4 billion Users
3~4 billion Users
(& ~100 billion Sensors)

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Internet Users by Country & Penetration
Global (re)evolution
Source: United Nations/ International Telecommunications Unit
Country Internet Users
2012 (MMs)
Penetration 2008 – 2012
(+MMs)
Growth by Year
China 564 42% 264 10%
USA 244 78% 18 3%
India 137 11% 88 26%
Brazil 88 45% 27 6%
Russia 70 49% 33 6%
Indonesia 55 23% 39 58%
Nigeria 48 30% 31 15%
Iran 42 55% 35 205%
Mexico 42 37% 19 9%
Turkey 35 47% 13 17%
Future Internet Devices/ Users
Actual Technological Cycle and “Content”
Internet is following the computing evolutionary cycles:
mainframe, mini-computers, personal computing,
desktop internet and now: mobile internet + wearable +
IoT (Internet of Things), …
Multimedia content is an important trend towards Future
Internet (FI):
More photos, videos, music, audio, …, with increasing
volume, easy access and quality
Equipment and appliances involved:
Smartphones, tablets, MP3 players, cameras, e-
readers, car electronics, home entertainment, TV,
appliances and “sensors” are integral part of
current FI cycle
Equipment has high processing capacity with
increasing low cost and high portability (small, low
cost and powerful)

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Future Internet Trends
Global phenomena (business) with
continuous growth (application &
business)
Multimedia “content”
Research: need of new protocol(s),
service(s), architecture(s) and
eventually, need to redesign the entire
platform (TCP/IP) (research)
Internet & People (users)
“Content” is a trend
Digital “content” (documents, pictures, tweets, messages, …):
Digital information by 2011: ± 2 Zettabytes (findable, sharable, …)*
Up 09 times in 05 years
Still going up continuous trend
Findable Sharable Scalable Tagged Mobile Wearable
01 zettabyte = 01 Trillion Gigabytes - 1021 * Source: IDC Report “Extracting Value from Chaos”
CONTENT

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FI Content
“Content” is a trend
Future Internet Challenge:
How to support a continuous exponential growth in
multimedia content?
Example: Privacy & Security
Nearly no privacy (actual scenario)
Challenge: How to share, tag and have large volume of “content”
available still preserving security aspects
Other research topics:
Storage, cloud computing, grid computing, content identification,
content access, routing, quality of service, management
Findable Sharable Scalable Tagged Mobile Wearable
FI Content
“Content” is a trend
Photo, video, messages, voice, social
content, other mix of contents (including
context, extracted knowledge, sensor data, …)
Findable Sharable Scalable Tagged Mobile Wearable
“Content” numbers & trends

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Photos
Internet & Future Internet
Smartphone, “selfie” phenomena, …
Future Internet scenario:
High quality photos taken with increasingly lower cost cameras
(+smartphone) and possibly stored and/or shared in low cost memory
system (cloud, social networks, …)
Internet Scenario Future Internet Scenario
Photos
Numbers & Trends
Selfie: "a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a
smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website" (The
Guardian – 2013)

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Photos
Numbers & Trends
500 millions photos uploaded by day – 2013
Fostered by increasingly low cost cameras and smartphones
Trend to go up 2x by year
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number of Photos Uploaded & Shared by Day
(MMs)
Video
Numbers & Trends
Half of YouTube views are on mobile devices
300 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute - 2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mar/10
mai/10
jul/10
set/10
nov/10
jan/11
mar/11
mai/11
jul/11
set/11
nov/11
jan/12
mar/12
mai/12
jul/12
set/12
nov/12
jan/13
mar/13
mai/13
YouTube Hours of Video Uploaded per
Minute
You Tube

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Video Content
Numbers & Trends
TV and movies over the Internet
NetFlix, Internet TV, …
Short-Form videos and surveillance:
WhatsApp, Twitter Video, Vine, Dropcam, other
+ “Big Brother” effect (surveillance), twitter, other
Video is a trend to grow fast:
Longer videos with more quality and stored
volume (content creation)
High quality videos (HDTV, 2K, 4K) to be
distributed (content access and distribution)
Future Internet challenge:
Volume stored, content indexing, context
identification and finding, caching, quality of video
distribution – QoS – QoE, other
Voice & Message
Trends
Voice market – VoIP with various consolidated
players:
Telecommunications market adopted TCP/IP (network
support)
Message is a new phenomena:
Instant message now including audio and video
WhatsApp, Gtalk, Twitter, Hangout, …
Smartphones and mobility fostering the up trend
Research on new telecommunications approaches
to support internet access with multimedia
support: 5G, LTE, …
Where telecom and networks “meet”

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Mobility
Trend
Mobile traffic is going up in relation to global Internet traffic
Research on mobility includes both “networking” and
“telecommunications” aspects (operators): 5G, LTE, …
0,00%
2,00%
4,00%
6,00%
8,00%
10,00%
12,00%
14,00%
16,00%
may/09 may/10 may/11 may/12 may/13
Other Applications
Trends
Social Networks:
Facebook, Goggle+, LinkedIn, MySpace,
Foursquare, Twitter, …
Geo-referencing & Applications:
Waze, Google Maps, …
Research: content “context”, correlation
and “knowledge extraction” are actual
possible focus

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Wearable, Appliances, “Things”, Sensors, Flyable, …
Trends
“Wearable” are present in domains such as
entertainment, e-health, …
“Appliances” (TV, sound, refrigerator, mobile, …)
are present in domains such as home
entertainment and smart-home
“Internet if Things - IoT” with “sensors”:
100 billion of sensors by 2020
“Cloud” support is a trend
Research: typically multidisciplinary in broad
domains like smart-cities, smart-grid, e-
agriculture, smart-water, environment
management, green computing, intelligent
transportation systems, …
Internet Evolution (so far)
Wide scale proliferation and service diversification has lead to:
“Plumbing” of IP external artifacts:
IPv6, NAT, CIDR, DiffServ, MPLS, Mobile IP, …
Overall result:
Conflict with Internet (IP) basic principles and assumptions
Current network becomes inefficient, difficult to manage and with
various “side effects”
The hourglass issue
IP architecture “ossification”

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Internet Architecture
Incremental Network Evolution
IP Developments (examples)
26
Subnets, Autonomous Systems (AS) and DNS (Domain
Name System)
CIDR – Classless InterDomain Routing
TCP Congestion Control
IP Multicast
IPv6
NAT – Network Address Translation
IPSec – IP Security
Mobile IP
Quality of Service (QoS) and Diffserv (Differentiated
Services)
Caches
Firewalls
Other …
Too many patches!!!

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In Brief: What we Need for Future
Internet
Visions and proposals for the Future
Internet:
(Re)Think fundaments: routing, access,
identity, other issues
We need experimentally-driven
research:
Fast and scalable realistic scenarios
We need new business models and
business incentives for adoption
Future Internet
How to Evolve?
How to evolve from current Internet to Future Internet (FI)?
Incremental approach:
The basic architecture is kept; small solutions are adopted
incrementally
Clean-Slate Design:
The principle is to innovate from the scratch, eventually, adopting
radical changes on the network architecture (Stanford approach)
Openflow/ SDN – Software-Defined Networking
Hybrid Approach
New protocols and new architectures have been proposed but
there is a problem:
Internet is so big that any modification is not easily adopted by
stakeholders
Innovation process on current Internet may take years (from
protocol/ service development to overall adoption)

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Future Internet
Networks for Experimentation (NfExp)
Network innovation and experimentation is
difficult:
Routers and switches are “closed”
Software-only experiments have both performance
and scalability issues
New protocols development make take years
Need a validation process for new design
New infrastructures (testbeds) for developing and
testing new or futuristic networking ideas:
TESTBED architectures
GENI (US) - Global Environment for Network
Innovations
FIRE (EU) - Future Internet Research
and Experimentation
FIBRE (BR-EU) - Future Internet testbeds /
experimentation between BRazil and Europe
FED4FIRE
AKARI (JP)
OFELIA
…
30
Future Internet
Networks for Experimentation (NfExp)

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UFRJ UFF
RNP
PoP-RJ
PoP-DF
PoP-GO
PoP-BA
PoP-PA PoP-PE
UFPE1UFPA
UNIFACS
OMFOCF
UFG
OCF
OMFOCF
UFSCar
USP
PoP-SP
i2CAT
U. Bristol
OCF
UTH
OMF
WDM
PoP-i2CAT PoP-UTH
PoP-UB
CPqD
OMFOCF
WDM
OMFOCF
Prot
GENI
OMFOCF
OMFOCF
OMFOCF
OMFOCF
OMFOCF
OCF
Wireless experimental facility
OFELIA Control Framework
OMF
ProtoGENI
WDM GMPLS
Small wireless facility (3 nodes)
FIBRE Architecture Overview
31
Future Internet
Some Solutions
There are several evolutionary paths for the “Future Internet – FI”
Technical Solutions and Terminology
Smart Ubiquitous and Pervasive
Networks:
Smart Grid, Smart-Cities, Smart
Water, Smart Home, Smart-*, …
Internet-of-Things (IoT)
Cloud Computing & Network as a
Service (NaaS)
SDN – Software-Defined
Networking & OpenFlow
Networks for Experimentation
and Experiment as a Service
(EaaS)
Autonomic Networks & Self
Organizing Networks
Information-Centric Networks
& Service-Centric Networks
Other

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Future Internet
Some Possible Technical Approaches
(new ideas) (resume)
New network architectures and mechanisms:
Content Distribution Networks (CDN), Mechanisms for
Heterogeneous Access Networks, other
Management
Scalability
Security
Mobility
Federation & Access
Ubiquitous and pervasive
Business Model
Future Internet
New Internet Architectures, Paradigms and Mechanisms
Actual “content” distribution paradigms:
Client/ Server (server based), Content Distribution
Networks (CDN) and Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
Next generation CDN with high definition and
volume multimedia content:
The middle-mile problem actually found on CDN
networks:
How to move terabytes among users
Next generation Peer-to-Peer:
Focused on the self-organizing and self-healing
mechanism for FI:
Bandwidth provisioning, dynamics of sharing, P2P overlay
traffic engineering problems
Reference: “Architectures for the Future Networks and Next Generation Internet: a Survey
Subharti Paul, Jianli Pan and Raj Jain, Computer Communications, 2011

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Future Internet
New Internet Architectures, Paradigms and Mechanisms
Swarming architecture:
Swarming architecture as the basis of FI content distribution
“Swarm” (P2P context): a set of loosely connected hosts that act in a
selfish and highly decentralized manner to provide local and system
level robustness through active adaptation
Content Centric Networks:
Paradigm shift from host-centric actual Internet design
Actual Internet design: oriented to share distributed resources
(printers, servers, …)
FI Internet design: more focused on content delivery
Clean-slate approaches:
Networking Named Content:
A network-wide caching mechanism
Data Oriented Network Architecture:
New naming approach focusing on services and data access
Reference: “Architectures for the Future Networks and Next Generation Internet: a Survey
Subharti Paul, Jianli Pan and Raj Jain, Computer Communications, 2011
Future Internet Approaches
Architectures and Management
FI scenario: control and management of a
massively distributed and multi-
ownership
Need to scale-up in size and complexity
Some clean-slate architectural approaches
4D Architecture:
Re-design of the actual Internet control
and management planes
Discovery, Dissemination, Decision and
Data planes (4D)
Centralized control architecture based on
“network-wide views”
Reference: “Architectures for the Future Networks and Next Generation Internet: a Survey
Subharti Paul, Jianli Pan and Raj Jain, Computer Communications, 2011

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Future Internet Approaches
Architectures and Management
Autonomic Network Management
and Autonomic Computing:
IBM proposal (2001)
New paradigm for FI:
Self-* properties: self-configuration, self-
healing, …
ANA Architecture
In-Network Management Architecture
Reference: “Architectures for the Future Networks and Next Generation Internet: a Survey
Subharti Paul, Jianli Pan and Raj Jain, Computer Communications, 2011
FI Requirements and Approaches
Scalability
Routing scalability issues:
Huge routing tables with increasing number of Internet users:
Site multi-homing
Host multi-homing
Ad Hoc routing:
Vehicular networks, mesh networks, other
Large number of users

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FI Requirements and Approaches
Security
Actual Internet architecture adopts a trust-all environment
(universities, research labs, other institutions)
Commercial Internet:
New and strong security requirements
Many different users and many applications
FI security approaches:
Trend to be part of the FI architecture (not a overlaid approach)
Relationship-oriented networking:
Network architecture that makes use of secure identities to establish
relationships among people
Enhanced architecture for security (clean-slate security):
SANE (Security Architecture for Networked Enterprises) architecture
Trustworthy network and service infrastructure
Other
Reference: “Architectures for the Future Networks and Next Generation Internet: a Survey
Subharti Paul, Jianli Pan and Raj Jain, Computer Communications, 2011
Future Internet
Mobility
Increasing number of wireless appliances
(phones, tablets, “things” – IoT, sensors, …) with
mobile users
Mobility issues:
Handover:
Mobility among Access Points (APs)
keeping identity (IP address or another
clean-slate approach to “identity”)
High variability of wireless links
DTN (Delay Tolerant Network) mobility
Other
IoT: Internet of Things

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Future Internet
Federation and Access
“Federation” of diversified networking environments is present in FI
scenario:
A “network of networks” in the application domain
End-to-end access and connectivity in heterogeneous network environments:
Wireless sensor networks (WSN), wireless ad hoc networks, post-disaster
networks, interplanetary networks, underwater networks, other
Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN):
An end-to-end message oriented overlay (“bundle layer”)
End-to-end principle is re-defined and routing is revisited
Delay/fault Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks:
Actual focus: to achieve high throughput while minimizing power
consumption
FI: will benefit from energy efficient systems intermixed with DTN approaches
Disaster After Day Networks (DAN):
Architectural approaches for survivable networks in disaster scenarios
Reference: “Architectures for the Future Networks and Next Generation Internet: a Survey
Subharti Paul, Jianli Pan and Raj Jain, Computer Communications, 2011
FI Requirements and Approaches
Business Model (new)
How to allow service and network providers to be
“adequately” remunerated in order to sustain
investments
Actual Internet is a set of autonomous systems (ASs)
Essentially “basic services” are offered (commodities):
Email, bandwidth, other
Service-based architectures are basic constructs for
new business models:
+adaptable architectures
Interest conflict mediation:
Users (data exchange and interaction), providers
(profit) and government (regulation)

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Future Internet
Global Business
Global access with global users and global impact
Business mostly located in US:
China, East Asia and Europe are coming (new players)
Source: KPCB Internet Internet D11 Conference, 2013
Internet of Services, Service Web
Networks of the Future - Telecommunications
3D Internet
Internet of Things
Security
Future Internet
Multiple Aspects
44

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Future Internet & Future Networks
What we Expect?
Facilities & Opportunities with “Future
Internet”:
Ability to deliver “on demand” network resources
Ability to deliver “on demand” network services
Hide network complexity through “abstraction
layers”
Network management improvement: dynamic,
programmable, …
New facilities: bandwidth on demand, network
virtualization, cloud networks, other
45
Discussion and Questions
Thanks
Contact:
Prof. Dr. Joberto S. B. Martins
joberto.martins@unifacs.br or joberto.martins@gmail.com
+55 71 3330 4620
Skype_id: jobertomartins
Webinar Access Link:
https://my.laureate.net/Faculty/webinars/Pages/FutureInternetResearchTrends.aspx