A computer is an electronic device that can perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It accepts data as input, stores and retrieves data and instructions from its memory, processes data according to stored instructions, and provides the results as output. Key features of computers include their speed, accuracy, large storage capacity, ability to perform repetitive tasks automatically without tiring, and versatility. Computer technology has advanced through five generations, with each generation characterized by improvements in components, processing speed, memory capacity, and capabilities.
Input unit is provided for man-to-machine communication. It accepts data in human readable form, converts it into machine readable form and sends it to CPU. A computer may have one or more input devices, depending upon its type, size and use. Keyboard and mouse are most commonly used input devices. Other input devices are: Punch card reader, Punched paper tape reader, Optical scanners, Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR), Voice Data Entry terminal (VDE), etc.,
Central Processing Unit: It consists of three units, Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Memory Unit (MU). The main function of CPU is:
1. Control the sequence of operation as per the stored instructions
2. Issue commands to all parts of the computer
3. Stores data and instructions
4. Process the data and sends results to output.
Control Unit: The control unit controls and co-ordinates all operations of the CPU, Input and Output devices.
1. It gives commands to transfer data from input unit to memory unit, and arithmetic logic unit.
2. It stores the program in the memory, accesses instructions one by one, issues appropriate commands to other units according the instructions.
3. It transfers the results from ALU to the memory unit and output unit.
4. It fetches the required instructions from the main memory, and interpret it by sending appropriate signals to the concerned hardware device.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It carries out all arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Also, it performs all logical operations.
Memory Unit: It is used to store programs and data. It is mainly two types, they are:
1. Main memory or Primary memory or Immediate Access Storage (IAS), which is part of the CPU.
2. Auxiliary memory or Secondary storage, which is external to the CPU.
Output Unit: Output unit is provided for machine-to-man communication. It receives the information from CPU in machine readable form and presents it to the user in a desired form. A computer may have one or more output devices depending upon use. The Visual Display Unit (VDU), and Printers are most commonly used devices.
I/O DEVICES:
The computer communicates with the outside world through input and output devices, i.e., man-to-machine and machine-to-man communication. These input/output devices are usually referred as I/0 devices and sometimes as peripheral devices.
Input Devices: The input devices are broadly classified as Text entry and non-text entry devices. The text entry devices are used when exclusively text and numeric values are present in the input data. The non-text entry devices are used to enter the values that used to be translated into machine readable form. The system may also support one or more of the following.
Punched Card: Few years back punched cards were the most widely used device. It is 80 column card and each column represents one character so a maximum of 80 characters can represent in a single card. This coding system used to represent data is k
Information Technology for Managers - BasicsIsha Joshi
This document provides an introduction to computers including definitions of key terms like data, information, hardware, and software. It discusses the history and generations of computers from Charles Babbage to the modern era. It describes the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, types (microcomputer, mainframe, etc.), architecture, and functions of computers. The document concludes with multiple choice questions.
Charles Babbage is considered the father of computers. He designed the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine in the 1820s and 1830s, respectively, which provided a basis for modern computers. A computer processes data into information using hardware and software. Hardware is the physical components, while software contains instructions. Computers have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits to microprocessors and now artificial intelligence. Computers are versatile machines that can rapidly perform calculations with high accuracy and store large amounts of data.
The document compares computers of the past and present. It discusses how computers have evolved from early mechanical calculating devices to modern electronic computers. In the past, computers were only used for calculations but now they are used for a wide variety of tasks. The document then summarizes the history of computers from the abacus and Napier's bones to early electronic computers like the ENIAC. It also discusses the classification of computers from supercomputers to microcomputers and provides examples from each category along with their specifications.
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1rjsuthar56
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1950s to present:
- The first generation used punched cards for input and vacuum tubes for memory and storage. High-level programming languages were developed.
- The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, enabling faster and more reliable computers. Timesharing allowed multiple users to access mainframe computers remotely via terminals.
- The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, allowing for smaller computers. Networks like ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, were established.
- The fourth generation featured microcomputers powered by microprocessors like the Intel 8080. The IBM PC launched in 1981, popularizing the use of microcomputers
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of information technology. It discusses the definition of a computer as a machine that performs calculations and processes information quickly and accurately. It then covers the characteristics, classifications, and generations of computers from the first generation that used vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focused on artificial intelligence. The document explains how each new generation incorporated technological advancements like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors to make computers smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
The document discusses computer hardware components and technologies. It covers the central processing unit, computer memory, the evolution of hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, the hierarchy of computer systems, input/output devices, and trends like improving cost-performance of chips and emerging technologies like sensor webs and nanotechnology. The objectives are to describe hardware components, memory types, hardware evolution, and strategic issues related to keeping up with advancing technologies.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from mechanical calculators to modern devices. It covers the development of early computers using vacuum tubes and transistors, as well as the advent of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and microcontrollers. Computers are also classified according to attributes like price and performance, as well as by usage in embedded systems, personal computers, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
Input unit is provided for man-to-machine communication. It accepts data in human readable form, converts it into machine readable form and sends it to CPU. A computer may have one or more input devices, depending upon its type, size and use. Keyboard and mouse are most commonly used input devices. Other input devices are: Punch card reader, Punched paper tape reader, Optical scanners, Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR), Voice Data Entry terminal (VDE), etc.,
Central Processing Unit: It consists of three units, Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Memory Unit (MU). The main function of CPU is:
1. Control the sequence of operation as per the stored instructions
2. Issue commands to all parts of the computer
3. Stores data and instructions
4. Process the data and sends results to output.
Control Unit: The control unit controls and co-ordinates all operations of the CPU, Input and Output devices.
1. It gives commands to transfer data from input unit to memory unit, and arithmetic logic unit.
2. It stores the program in the memory, accesses instructions one by one, issues appropriate commands to other units according the instructions.
3. It transfers the results from ALU to the memory unit and output unit.
4. It fetches the required instructions from the main memory, and interpret it by sending appropriate signals to the concerned hardware device.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It carries out all arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Also, it performs all logical operations.
Memory Unit: It is used to store programs and data. It is mainly two types, they are:
1. Main memory or Primary memory or Immediate Access Storage (IAS), which is part of the CPU.
2. Auxiliary memory or Secondary storage, which is external to the CPU.
Output Unit: Output unit is provided for machine-to-man communication. It receives the information from CPU in machine readable form and presents it to the user in a desired form. A computer may have one or more output devices depending upon use. The Visual Display Unit (VDU), and Printers are most commonly used devices.
I/O DEVICES:
The computer communicates with the outside world through input and output devices, i.e., man-to-machine and machine-to-man communication. These input/output devices are usually referred as I/0 devices and sometimes as peripheral devices.
Input Devices: The input devices are broadly classified as Text entry and non-text entry devices. The text entry devices are used when exclusively text and numeric values are present in the input data. The non-text entry devices are used to enter the values that used to be translated into machine readable form. The system may also support one or more of the following.
Punched Card: Few years back punched cards were the most widely used device. It is 80 column card and each column represents one character so a maximum of 80 characters can represent in a single card. This coding system used to represent data is k
Information Technology for Managers - BasicsIsha Joshi
This document provides an introduction to computers including definitions of key terms like data, information, hardware, and software. It discusses the history and generations of computers from Charles Babbage to the modern era. It describes the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, types (microcomputer, mainframe, etc.), architecture, and functions of computers. The document concludes with multiple choice questions.
Charles Babbage is considered the father of computers. He designed the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine in the 1820s and 1830s, respectively, which provided a basis for modern computers. A computer processes data into information using hardware and software. Hardware is the physical components, while software contains instructions. Computers have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits to microprocessors and now artificial intelligence. Computers are versatile machines that can rapidly perform calculations with high accuracy and store large amounts of data.
The document compares computers of the past and present. It discusses how computers have evolved from early mechanical calculating devices to modern electronic computers. In the past, computers were only used for calculations but now they are used for a wide variety of tasks. The document then summarizes the history of computers from the abacus and Napier's bones to early electronic computers like the ENIAC. It also discusses the classification of computers from supercomputers to microcomputers and provides examples from each category along with their specifications.
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1rjsuthar56
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1950s to present:
- The first generation used punched cards for input and vacuum tubes for memory and storage. High-level programming languages were developed.
- The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, enabling faster and more reliable computers. Timesharing allowed multiple users to access mainframe computers remotely via terminals.
- The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits and microprocessors, allowing for smaller computers. Networks like ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, were established.
- The fourth generation featured microcomputers powered by microprocessors like the Intel 8080. The IBM PC launched in 1981, popularizing the use of microcomputers
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of information technology. It discusses the definition of a computer as a machine that performs calculations and processes information quickly and accurately. It then covers the characteristics, classifications, and generations of computers from the first generation that used vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focused on artificial intelligence. The document explains how each new generation incorporated technological advancements like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors to make computers smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
The document discusses computer hardware components and technologies. It covers the central processing unit, computer memory, the evolution of hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, the hierarchy of computer systems, input/output devices, and trends like improving cost-performance of chips and emerging technologies like sensor webs and nanotechnology. The objectives are to describe hardware components, memory types, hardware evolution, and strategic issues related to keeping up with advancing technologies.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from mechanical calculators to modern devices. It covers the development of early computers using vacuum tubes and transistors, as well as the advent of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and microcontrollers. Computers are also classified according to attributes like price and performance, as well as by usage in embedded systems, personal computers, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
General features of computer – Evolution of computers; Computer Applications – Data Processing – Information Processing – Commercial – Office Automation – Industry and Engineering – Healthcare – Education – Disruptive technologies.
Computers have evolved over five generations, with each generation bringing improvements in size, speed, reliability and cost. The first generation used vacuum tubes, punched cards and were very large, expensive and unreliable. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic storage and were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits and were faster, cheaper and easier to use commercially. The fourth generation had microprocessors, semiconductor memory and were small and affordable. The fifth generation utilizes powerful desktop PCs, laptops, optical disks and internet support. Computers can be classified based on size, purpose, technology and historical development.
This document provides an introduction to information technology and computer systems. It discusses key topics like the evolution of information processing, different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, mini computers, workstations and microcomputers. It also describes the anatomy of digital computers and their basic functions. The document traces the history of computing from early mechanical devices like the Pascaline to first electronic computers such as ENIAC and EDVAC. It also discusses computer architecture and classification of instruction sets.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1. Computers accept input, process data, store data, and produce output. They are electronic devices that can perform calculations quickly and accurately.
2. Computers have large memory, can be programmed for different tasks, and never get confused or tired like humans.
3. There are two main types of computers - analog and digital. Digital computers are now more common and represent data using binary numbers.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1. Computers accept input, process data, store data, and produce output. They are electronic devices that can perform calculations quickly and accurately.
2. Computers have large memory, can be programmed for different tasks, and never get confused or tired like humans.
3. There are two main types of computers - analog and digital. Digital computers are now more common and represent data using binary numbers.
The document provides a syllabus for an Agri-Informatics course. The theory section covers topics like operating systems, MS Office applications, databases, computer programming, e-agriculture, geospatial technology, and decision support systems. The practical section involves using software like MS Word, Excel, and Access, as well as introducing programming languages and hands-on experience with crop simulation models, nutrient computation tools, and decision support systems. Students will also learn about computer hardware, file management, and geospatial technology.
Introduction to Computer by engr salman muneer.pptxAhmedLakhwera
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions, history, components, types, and advantages/disadvantages. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that collects, stores, processes, and outputs data according to instructions. It discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present and lists the core components like CPU, memory, and storage. The document also classifies computers by processing type, purpose, and power/size and provides examples of each classification. Finally, it outlines several advantages like speed, accuracy, and connectivity as well as disadvantages such as lack of intelligence and health issues.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions, components, characteristics, limitations, and applications. It describes that a computer is an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data according to a set of instructions. A computer consists of both hardware and software. It then discusses the characteristics of computers such as speed, accuracy, reliability, storage capacity, versatility, and automation. Some limitations are that computers must be programmed with instructions and cannot learn or make decisions on their own. The document also provides a brief history of early mechanical calculating devices and generations of computers. It concludes with describing common computer applications in various fields such as education, entertainment, medicine, science, and government.
The document provides an overview of computers including definitions, historical developments, generations, classifications, components, characteristics and applications. It defines a computer as a programmable device that processes data according to instructions to perform tasks. Early computers included the abacus, Pascaline and Babbage machines. Generations progressed from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Computers can be classified by the type of data they process or their size/capacity. Key components are hardware and software. Computers are fast, accurate, automatic and versatile. Main applications are in commercial, scientific, education and manufacturing fields.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline adding machine in 1642, Charles Babbage's analytical engine in 1833, Howard Aiken's Mark 1 in 1944, the ENIAC in 1946, the first transistor in 1948, the Altair kit computer in 1975, the IBM PC in 1981, and the Macintosh in 1984. It also provides overviews of different types of computers including PCs, workstations, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The document outlines the basic functions and advantages of computers as well as some disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals including:
- The basic components of a computer system including input, output, CPU, and memory.
- Types of computers classified by technology as digital, analog, and hybrid. Digital computers are further divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
- The differences between hardware and software, with descriptions of system software like operating systems and compilers/interpreters, and application software.
Module - 2: Understanding ICT in Education (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to
- explain the meaning and characteristics of Computer.
- operate various hardware devices.
- explain the software and its uses in Education.
Course 3
Critical Understanding of ICT
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 19
Content:
1. Computer - Definition ,Characteristics & Types of Computer – Speed, Storage,
Accuracy, Versatile, Automation, Diligence (3)
2. Hardware and uses.-(6)
Input devices - Key Board, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Digital camera.
Output devices - Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Screen image projector
Storage devices - Hard Disk, CD & DVD, Mass Storage Device (Pen drive)
ICT Tools-Touch screen, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA),Bar Code Readers, LCD
Projectors, Game Pads and Joy Sticks.
3. Software‘s and its uses in Education. (6)
Operating System - Concept and function.
Application Software
• Word Processors
• Presentation software
• Data management -Spread sheet
• Content access software –Media Player,
• Media development software-Image Editing Software
Module 2 of Critical Understanding of ICT as per the F.Y.B.Ed. SNDT Syllabus.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Computer Organization and BASIC Programming. The course covers topics such as computer fundamentals, central processing unit, input/output devices, storage devices, data structures, introduction to BASIC, commands and statements in BASIC, branching and looping, functions and subroutines, arrays, data files, graphics, and databases. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of computer hardware, programming, and applications of BASIC.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses how computers work at a component level, different types of computer systems and their structures and behaviors. It covers key concepts like instruction sets, memory access methods, and I/O mechanisms. The document also distinguishes between architecture, which defines attributes visible to programmers, and organization, which refers to how components are interconnected. It outlines reasons for studying computer architecture and what skills can be developed. Finally, it briefly traces the evolution of computers through different generations defined by underlying technologies.
The document provides a history of computers from the 1940s to present. It describes how early computers were room-sized and used vacuum tubes, while later generations became smaller, faster, and more reliable using transistors, integrated circuits, and microelectronics. The document also defines key computer components like CPUs, memory, storage, and input/output devices, and how computers are classified by purpose and data type.
This document defines a computer and its components. It states that a computer is an electronic device that operates under instructions stored in its memory and takes input, processes it, and provides output. The main components are the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the input-process-output cycle and characteristics of computers like speed, reliability, and accuracy. The document also classifies computers by size and function, describing microcomputers, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It outlines the different generations of computers and their components over time. Finally, it discusses common input devices, output devices, storage media, and other internal computer components.
The document defines basic concepts of a computer including its elements, characteristics, generations, classifications, and architecture. A computer operates on various types of data and has hardware, software, firmware, and procedures as its main elements. It is automatic, fast, accurate, diligent, and can store and process huge amounts of data. Computers have progressed through five generations from those made with vacuum tubes to today's systems incorporating artificial intelligence. They are also classified by their technical uses and commercial applications such as supercomputers, workstations, mainframes, and microcomputers. The core components of a computer's architecture are the input, output, memory, and central processing units which allow it to accept, store, process, and produce data and
A computer is a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The term "computer" emerged during World War II to refer to people who operated desk calculators. Early computers like the Mark 1 and ENIAC were developed to perform calculations faster than humans - the Mark 1 could add numbers 30 times faster than with pencil and paper, while ENIAC was 50,000 times faster than a human. Basic components of all computer systems include input, processing, output, storage, and software. Different types of computers include mainframes, used in large organizations for data processing; supercomputers, at the forefront of processing capacity; and microcomputers, now commonly known as personal computers.
General features of computer – Evolution of computers; Computer Applications – Data Processing – Information Processing – Commercial – Office Automation – Industry and Engineering – Healthcare – Education – Disruptive technologies.
Computers have evolved over five generations, with each generation bringing improvements in size, speed, reliability and cost. The first generation used vacuum tubes, punched cards and were very large, expensive and unreliable. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic storage and were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits and were faster, cheaper and easier to use commercially. The fourth generation had microprocessors, semiconductor memory and were small and affordable. The fifth generation utilizes powerful desktop PCs, laptops, optical disks and internet support. Computers can be classified based on size, purpose, technology and historical development.
This document provides an introduction to information technology and computer systems. It discusses key topics like the evolution of information processing, different types of computers including supercomputers, mainframes, mini computers, workstations and microcomputers. It also describes the anatomy of digital computers and their basic functions. The document traces the history of computing from early mechanical devices like the Pascaline to first electronic computers such as ENIAC and EDVAC. It also discusses computer architecture and classification of instruction sets.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1. Computers accept input, process data, store data, and produce output. They are electronic devices that can perform calculations quickly and accurately.
2. Computers have large memory, can be programmed for different tasks, and never get confused or tired like humans.
3. There are two main types of computers - analog and digital. Digital computers are now more common and represent data using binary numbers.
The document provides an overview of computers including:
1. Computers accept input, process data, store data, and produce output. They are electronic devices that can perform calculations quickly and accurately.
2. Computers have large memory, can be programmed for different tasks, and never get confused or tired like humans.
3. There are two main types of computers - analog and digital. Digital computers are now more common and represent data using binary numbers.
The document provides a syllabus for an Agri-Informatics course. The theory section covers topics like operating systems, MS Office applications, databases, computer programming, e-agriculture, geospatial technology, and decision support systems. The practical section involves using software like MS Word, Excel, and Access, as well as introducing programming languages and hands-on experience with crop simulation models, nutrient computation tools, and decision support systems. Students will also learn about computer hardware, file management, and geospatial technology.
Introduction to Computer by engr salman muneer.pptxAhmedLakhwera
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions, history, components, types, and advantages/disadvantages. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that collects, stores, processes, and outputs data according to instructions. It discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present and lists the core components like CPU, memory, and storage. The document also classifies computers by processing type, purpose, and power/size and provides examples of each classification. Finally, it outlines several advantages like speed, accuracy, and connectivity as well as disadvantages such as lack of intelligence and health issues.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions, components, characteristics, limitations, and applications. It describes that a computer is an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data according to a set of instructions. A computer consists of both hardware and software. It then discusses the characteristics of computers such as speed, accuracy, reliability, storage capacity, versatility, and automation. Some limitations are that computers must be programmed with instructions and cannot learn or make decisions on their own. The document also provides a brief history of early mechanical calculating devices and generations of computers. It concludes with describing common computer applications in various fields such as education, entertainment, medicine, science, and government.
The document provides an overview of computers including definitions, historical developments, generations, classifications, components, characteristics and applications. It defines a computer as a programmable device that processes data according to instructions to perform tasks. Early computers included the abacus, Pascaline and Babbage machines. Generations progressed from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Computers can be classified by the type of data they process or their size/capacity. Key components are hardware and software. Computers are fast, accurate, automatic and versatile. Main applications are in commercial, scientific, education and manufacturing fields.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline adding machine in 1642, Charles Babbage's analytical engine in 1833, Howard Aiken's Mark 1 in 1944, the ENIAC in 1946, the first transistor in 1948, the Altair kit computer in 1975, the IBM PC in 1981, and the Macintosh in 1984. It also provides overviews of different types of computers including PCs, workstations, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The document outlines the basic functions and advantages of computers as well as some disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals including:
- The basic components of a computer system including input, output, CPU, and memory.
- Types of computers classified by technology as digital, analog, and hybrid. Digital computers are further divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
- The differences between hardware and software, with descriptions of system software like operating systems and compilers/interpreters, and application software.
Module - 2: Understanding ICT in Education (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25)
Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to
- explain the meaning and characteristics of Computer.
- operate various hardware devices.
- explain the software and its uses in Education.
Course 3
Critical Understanding of ICT
SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 19
Content:
1. Computer - Definition ,Characteristics & Types of Computer – Speed, Storage,
Accuracy, Versatile, Automation, Diligence (3)
2. Hardware and uses.-(6)
Input devices - Key Board, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Digital camera.
Output devices - Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Screen image projector
Storage devices - Hard Disk, CD & DVD, Mass Storage Device (Pen drive)
ICT Tools-Touch screen, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA),Bar Code Readers, LCD
Projectors, Game Pads and Joy Sticks.
3. Software‘s and its uses in Education. (6)
Operating System - Concept and function.
Application Software
• Word Processors
• Presentation software
• Data management -Spread sheet
• Content access software –Media Player,
• Media development software-Image Editing Software
Module 2 of Critical Understanding of ICT as per the F.Y.B.Ed. SNDT Syllabus.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Computer Organization and BASIC Programming. The course covers topics such as computer fundamentals, central processing unit, input/output devices, storage devices, data structures, introduction to BASIC, commands and statements in BASIC, branching and looping, functions and subroutines, arrays, data files, graphics, and databases. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of computer hardware, programming, and applications of BASIC.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses how computers work at a component level, different types of computer systems and their structures and behaviors. It covers key concepts like instruction sets, memory access methods, and I/O mechanisms. The document also distinguishes between architecture, which defines attributes visible to programmers, and organization, which refers to how components are interconnected. It outlines reasons for studying computer architecture and what skills can be developed. Finally, it briefly traces the evolution of computers through different generations defined by underlying technologies.
The document provides a history of computers from the 1940s to present. It describes how early computers were room-sized and used vacuum tubes, while later generations became smaller, faster, and more reliable using transistors, integrated circuits, and microelectronics. The document also defines key computer components like CPUs, memory, storage, and input/output devices, and how computers are classified by purpose and data type.
This document defines a computer and its components. It states that a computer is an electronic device that operates under instructions stored in its memory and takes input, processes it, and provides output. The main components are the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the input-process-output cycle and characteristics of computers like speed, reliability, and accuracy. The document also classifies computers by size and function, describing microcomputers, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It outlines the different generations of computers and their components over time. Finally, it discusses common input devices, output devices, storage media, and other internal computer components.
The document defines basic concepts of a computer including its elements, characteristics, generations, classifications, and architecture. A computer operates on various types of data and has hardware, software, firmware, and procedures as its main elements. It is automatic, fast, accurate, diligent, and can store and process huge amounts of data. Computers have progressed through five generations from those made with vacuum tubes to today's systems incorporating artificial intelligence. They are also classified by their technical uses and commercial applications such as supercomputers, workstations, mainframes, and microcomputers. The core components of a computer's architecture are the input, output, memory, and central processing units which allow it to accept, store, process, and produce data and
A computer is a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The term "computer" emerged during World War II to refer to people who operated desk calculators. Early computers like the Mark 1 and ENIAC were developed to perform calculations faster than humans - the Mark 1 could add numbers 30 times faster than with pencil and paper, while ENIAC was 50,000 times faster than a human. Basic components of all computer systems include input, processing, output, storage, and software. Different types of computers include mainframes, used in large organizations for data processing; supercomputers, at the forefront of processing capacity; and microcomputers, now commonly known as personal computers.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
2. Introduction of Computer
Computer: A computer is a multipurpose
electronic device capable of performing
arithmetical and logical operations. A
computer performs basic 4 operations:-
1) Accepts the data as Input.
2) Stores the data and instructions in its Memory
and Retrieves the same as when required.
3) Process the data as per instructions.
4) Communicate the information Output.
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3. Features of Computer:
Speed: Computer makes calculation at very fast
speed without any mistake. Speed of computer is
measured is KIPS(Kilo Instruction Per Second) and
MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second).
Accuracy: In spite of being so fast, the computer’s
accuracy is consistently high. Mostly, errors occurs in
computing are due to human rather than technological
weakness.
Storage Capacity: Computer can store vast amount
of information and information can be retrieved back
in nanosecond.
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4. Automation: Computer can perform repetitive jobs
automatically without need for human intervention
with exactly the same accuracy and speed of the first.
Versatility: Computer performs repetitive jobs
automatically in the shape of Robot and help man by
audio, Visual means and graphics.
Dedication: Being a machine, it can perform millions
of instructions with exactly the same accuracy and
speed of the first without tiring and bored.
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5. Generation of Computer
Each phase is characterized by type of
switching circuits, processing speed, Input and
Output Device used, storage Capacity, operating
system used, language etc. Different generation of
computer are:
1. First Generation Computer (1946 - 59)
2. Second Generation Computer (1959 - 65)
3. Third Generation Computer (1965 - 70)
4. Fourth Generation Computer (1970 - 80)
5. Fifth Generation Computer (1980 - Present)
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6. 1.First Generation Computer
Time period: 1946 – 1959
Technology: Vacuum Tubes
Memory Capacity: 10000 to 20000 characters
Computer: ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, LEO,
UNIVAC-1, IBM-401 and IBM-650
Computers were expensive, very large
in size and weight, relatively slow, unreliable,
limited programming capabilities, high power
consumption, restricted computing speed.
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7. 2.Second Generation Computer
Time period: 1959-1965
Technology: Transistor (FLIP-FLOP) and Diodes
Memory Capacity: 4000 to 6000 character
Computer: CDC 600, IBM 1620,7090, 7094,
UNIVAC 1108,RCA 501, ATLAS
Use of transistors reduce size,
manufacturing and running costs and improved
reliability and processing power.
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8. 3.Third Generation Computer
Time period: 1965-1970
Technology: Integrated Circuits (IC)
Memory Capacity: 32000 to 4 million characters
Computer: IBM 360, CDC 7600,ICL 1900,
PDP 8
Computers were smaller, still faster,
more reliable and needed less power. The overall
efficiency increase resulted in the reduction of
computing cost Significant improvement in the
development of software and operating system.
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9. 4.Fourth Generation Computer
Time period: 1970-1980
Technology: Large scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC)
Microprocessor
Memory Capacity: 512000 to 32 million characters
Computer: IBM 370, CRAY-1, CYBER 205, CRAY-
XMP, IBM PC, APPLE-II.
More powerful, versatile , and reliable
computer system, faster, smaller, less expensive and
miniature in size.
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10. 5.Fifth Generation Computer
These computer use a large number of
processors and CPUs working concurrently and
independently. Advance in the science of computer
design and technology enables into the creation of
fifth generation computer are:
1) Parallel Processing by using many CPUs to work as
one.
2) Superconductor technology which allows the flow
of electricity with little or non resistance to improve
the speed of information flow.
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11. 3) Knowledge, Information & Intelligence Processing.
4) Artificial Intelligence and voice recognition system
able to accept spoken word instruction and imitate
human reasoning.
5) The ability to translate foreign language is also a
major goal of fifth generation computer.
The most famous example of fifth
generation is the Fictional Hal 9000, Novell 2001, A
Space Odyssey.
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12. Classification of Computer
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Computer
Based on
Technology
Digital
computer
Analog
Computer
Hybrid
Computer
Based on Size
Micro
Computer
Mini
Computer
Main Frame
Computer
Super
Computer
13. Friday, October 27, 2023 13
Based on Technology:
1.Digital Computer: Digital computer represent the data into digits
and operates by numerical counting of data, using the method of
controlled arithmetic. Accuracy of digital computers is unlimited.
Digital computers are best suited for handling numerical problems,
statistical data, and random process.
2.Analog Computer: Analog computer continuous processes by mea-
-suring analogous electrical signals. Analog Computer represent data
in terms of continuous physical quantity. Analog Computers are best
Suited for simulating response of physical systems.
3.Hybrid Computer: Hybrid Computer combine the characteristics of
analog and digital computers. Hybrid Computers are used for autom-
-atic operations of physical processes and machines.
14. Based on Size:
1.Micro Computer: Micro computer are very small,
portable relatively inexpensive with microprocessor
chip as CPU, semiconductor RAM for Storing
programs and a RAM for data. The speed of
microprocessor is 100KIPS.Micro can be classified
as: Desktop, Laptop etc.
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15. 2.Mini Computer: Mini computer is fast, small and
inexpensive computer with limited output-input
capabilities with smaller CPU. Storage capacity of
Mini Computer is 12 MB and transfer rate of data is
about 4 Millions bytes/seconds. Mini Computer are
heavily in transaction processing application and as
interfaces between mainframe computer system and
Wide Area Network.
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16. 3.Main Frame Computer: Main frame computer,
high level computer designed for the most intensive
computational task shared by multiple users
connected to the computer via terminals. The main
memory of this computer is 128 MB. All its
peripherals are mounted in large cabinet type of
frames , these computers are known as Main Frame
Computer.
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17. 4.Super Computer: Super computer used for
massive data processing and solving very
sophisticated problems such as whether forecasting,
Weapons research and development, rocketing,
atomic, nuclear and plasma physics. The main
memory of this computer is 256 MB. Examples of
super computer are PARAM, CRAY 3, SX-2, HITACS-
300 etc.
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18. Computer Organization
The computer means a group of
various machines which are utilities for
processing a set of data. The system involves
during computer programming and for
computer up- keeping are:
Hardware
Software
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19. HARDWARE
The physical component of a
computer are called hardware which can seen
and touched like electronic, magnetic,
mechanical or optical devices. It includes:
1) Input Devices
2) Output Devices
3) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4) Memory
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20. 1.Input Device
A device which is used for giving
instruction (Input) to the CPU is known as
Input device. Input device first convert input
into binary electronic signals which is
understood by CPU. Some Input devices are -
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Keyboard Mouse Light Pen
Scanner
Track Ball
Joy Stick
21. Friday, October 27, 2023 21
Keyboard: Program and data are
entered into a computer through a
keyboard which is attached to a
microcomputer and similar to the
keyboard of a typewriter. It contains
alphabets, Digits, special characters and
some control keys.
Mouse: A mouse is electromechanical
pointing device used to draw sketch,
diagrams etc. and to point on the screen.
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Track Ball: Track ball is a pointing
device and contain a ball which can
rotate in any direction used to play
games by children.
Joy Stick: It is also a pointing device
which is used for playing games.
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Light Pen: A light pen is a
photosensitive pen like pointing device
used to select a displayed menu option
on the CRT, to draw diagrams and
graphics work.
Scanner: A scanner is an input device
which capture images from
photographic prints, posters, magazine
pages for computer editing. It display
and stores them in graphic format.
There are different types of scanner:
OMR
OCR
MICR
OBCR
24. Optical Mark Reader (OMR): An input device that detect
pencil marks as square or bubble on examination answer sheet
on paper media and sent the corresponding to the processor.
Optical Character Reader (OCR): An input device which
can reads characters directly from an ordinary piece of paper
by using a scanning mechanism. OCR readers can read at a
rate of up to 240 characters per seconds.
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR): An input device
that can read cards, paper and cheques printed with a special
magnetic ink. The speed of reading MICR is around 1200
documents per minute.
Optical Bar Code Reader (OBCR): An input device that
scan a set of vertical bars of different width that represents
data and are used to read tags and mechanize in stores, medical
records, library books etc.
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25. 2.Output Devices
The unit of a computer system that supplies
information and result of computation into human
understandable form, CPU process data and convert
into information, the result in the form of electrical
signal. Some output devices are -
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Monitor Printer Plotter Speaker
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Visual Display Unit(VDU): An output
device used to display the output
generated by the computer. It is also
known as monitor. Monitors are
available in different sizes like 12”,
14”, 15”, 17”, 19”, 21” etc.
There are so many types of
monitor in market, like:
1. CRT (Cathode Rays Tube)
2. TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
3. LCD (Liquid Crustal Display)
4. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
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Printer: An output device used to
produce hard copy of computation.
Printer are capable of printing at very
high speeds.
Printers can be divided into 2 groups –
1. Impact Printer
a) Dot Matrix Printer
2. Non-impact Printer
a) Laser Printer
b) Ink Jet Printer
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Plotter: Plotter is an output device that
converts computer output into a
graphic output. It is used to create
presentation visual, charts, graphs,
tables, and diagram. To draw clear and
high quality diagrams, a plotter is used.
Speaker: You can use speaker on a
multimedia machine to listen to the
sound or music files, which can be
audio, recorded by a microphones or
audio CDs.
29. 3.CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
The CPU is the brain of computer. CPU controls
the operations of all the components such as memory, input
and output devices. Its primary function is to execute
programs. It takes information from the input and processes it
according to instructions given by the programs. Under its
control, programs and data are stored in the memory and
output are displayed on the screen or printed on paper after
processing. Function of CPU is:
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CPU
Memory:
RAM, ROM
Drives: Hard Disk,
Optical Drives
(CD/DVD)
Input:
Keyboard, Mouse
Output:
Monitor, Printer
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CPU has three components:
i. CU (Control Unit)
ii. ALU (Arithmetical & Logical Unit)
iii.MU (Memory Unit)
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Control Unit (CU): Control unit directs the sequence of operation,
interprets the coded instructions and execute the programs instruction.
It transfers data between memory and input/output devices.
Arithmetical & Logical Unit (ALU): ALU performs all mathematical
and logical operation. Data move from primary storage to ALU and
Back again to storage during processing operations.
Memory Unit (MU): An important part of CPU is memory unit. It
holds programs, instructions, input data, intermediate results and
output information obtained after processing.
32. 4.Memory
A device or medium that stores any
information and deliver them as when requires. The
data and program are stored in computer. It has two
main parts:
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory
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33. 1.Primary Memory
It is semiconductor memories which are
static, lighter, cheaper than magnetic core memories.
These are temporary and volatile memory. Data is
stored in them and is lost when power supply is
switched off. It is also called as main memory. It can
be divided into the following two types:
I. RAM (Random Access Memory)
II.ROM (Read Only Memory)
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34. Friday, October 27, 2023 34
I.Random Access Memory (RAM):It is semiconductor based read/write
memory and volatile memory. Information can be written into and read
from RAM. It retains the stored information as long as it is supplied with
Power.
There are two types of RAM:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM: DRAM are cheaper and have high packing density and
moderate speed. They consume less power. A dynamic RAM provide
volatile storage. DRAM have to be refreshed every 2 millisecond. They
are used where large capacity memories are needed.
Static RAM: Static RAM are costlier and consume more power. They
do not refreshing circuitry. SRAM faster than DRAM.
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II.Read Only Memory (ROM): It is non volatile memory which can be
read by CPU. ROMs store permanent programs and other types of
information which are needed by the computer to execute user programs.
Users cannot write into ROM. Its contents are written at the time of
manufacture.
Different types of ROM chip available are:
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)
36. 2.Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is used for mass storage of
programs, data and other information. It is non volatile
permanent memory. It has larger capacity and is much costlier
than main memory. It stores system software, assemblers,
compilers, useful package, large data files etc. some following
examples of secondary memory are:
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Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Optical Disk
Pen Drive
37. Floppy Disk
A floppy disk is made of vinyl plastic material and coated
with magnetic material. It is enclosed in a plastic protective
envelope called plastic jacket to protect from dust and scratches.
It is a cheaper form of storage device. Floppy disks are available
in capacities of 360KB, 1.2MB, 1.44MB and 2.88MB.
The available sizes for floppy disks are:
Mini Floppy in 5.25” diameter
Micro Floppy in 3.5” diameter
Floppy disk is used for copying data from one machine to
another. It is a removable storage device.
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38. Hard Disk
Hard disk is a high storage capacity disk and
permanently placed inside the computer. Hard disk uses a hard
surface recording media called platters mounted on fixed
spindle which rotates at the speed of 3600-7200 RPM. The
read- write head moves horizontally across the platters from
edge to the center so that they can read or write data to any
part of the surface. The hard disk consists of a one or more
platters each of which has two sides. Each disk consists of a
number of concentric circles called tracks. A set of tracks on
all the surface of a form a cylinder. Track is further subdivided
into sectors.
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39. Optical Disk
An optical disk is also a portable storage
device. You can use optical disk to store data. The
data can be read using a drive.
It has two types:
CD (Compact Disk) : 700MB
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) : 4.7GB
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41. Software
The Computer hardware in itself cannot
perform any useful task. It must be complemented
with some instructions, which the hardware
understands and obeys. A program is the name given
to a list of instructions or statements that direct the
computer to perform the required task. A set of
program is known as a software. Software can be
classified in following:
System Software
Application Software
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42. System Software
System software is a sets of one or more programs that are
basically designed to control the operation of a computer
system. They general programs written to assist users in the
use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as
controlling all of hardware, moving data into and out of a
computer and all the other steps in execution the application
program. A sub division of system software is as following:
i. Operating System
a. SUST
b. SUMT
c. MUMT
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43. i. Operating System
An Operating system controls the flow of signals
from the CPU various resource and overall operation
of computer system. It is the first program loaded into
computer’s memory after the computer is switched
on. All application programs need to be programmed
in such a way that they talk with the operating system
for interacting and use hardware resources. There are
3 types of operating system:
Single User Single Tasking (SUST)
Single User Multi Tasking (SUMT)
Multi User Multi Tasking (MUMT)
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44. SUST: Operating system which allows only one user work
on a computer and can execute only one task at a time is
known as single user single tasking operating system. Ex.:
MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) etc.
SUMT: Operating system which allows only one user work
on a computer and can execute multiple tasks at a time is
known as single user multi tasking operating system. Ex.:
Window XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 etc.
MUMT: Operating system which allows multiple user work
on a computer and can execute multiple task at a time is
known as multi user multi tasking operating system. Ex.:
Linux, Unix etc.
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45. Application Software
Application software is written to enables the
computer to solve a specific data processing task. A
software is made for user according to their purpose
is known as application software. Application
software is being used for following purpose:
Database Management
Accounting Package
Communication Package
Desktop Publishing Package
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