Functional modeling of symmetrical multipulse autotransformer rectifier units for aerospace applications
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The document develops a functional model of symmetrical multi pulse autotransformer rectifier units (ATRUs) for use in more-electric aircraft applications. Currently, there is no model of ATRUs suitable for unbalanced or faulty conditions. This paper aims to fill that gap by developing functional models for ATRUs that work for both balanced and unbalanced operating conditions. The functional models are validated through simulation and experiment, and show significant improvements in simulation efficiency over detailed switching models, especially under balanced operating conditions.
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Current control based on hysteresis algorithms are widely used in different applications, such as motion control, active filtering or active/reactive power delivery control in distributed generation systems. The hysteresis current control provides to the system a fast and robust dynamic response, and requires a simple implementation in standard digital signal platforms. On the other hand, the main drawback of classical hysteresis current control lies in the fact that the switching
frequency is variable, as the hysteresis band is fixed. In this paper a variable band hysteresis control algorithm will be presented. As it will be shown, this variable band permits overcoming the aforementioned problem giving rise to an almost constant switching frequency. The performance of this algorithm, together with classical hysteresis controls and proportional resonant (PR) controllers, has been evaluated in three different single-phase PV inverter topologies, by means of simulations performed with PSIM. In addition, the behavior of the thermal losses when using each control structure in such converters has been studied as well.
20120140504018
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to optimally place static var compensators (SVCs) in a power system to improve the voltage profile. The ABC algorithm is used to solve a multi-objective optimization problem to determine the optimal SVC location and size. The objectives are to minimize fuel costs, transmission losses, voltage deviations, and line flow limits. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30-bus test system and is able to improve the voltage profile compared to an optimal power flow without SVCs.
Modified cascaded h bridge multilevel inverter for hybrid renewable energy ap...
Renewable energy sources and technologies have the potential to provide solutions to the longstanding energy problems being faced by developing countries. The renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome energy shortage in India. This paper proposes a modified multi-level inverter (MLI) topology for Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources (HRES) and a design of hybrid solar-wind power generation model with 9-level, 13-level and 17-level inverter topologies. A HRES connected to a modified Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level Inverter (CHB-MLI) is developed, whose switches are controlled using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The proposed hybrid energy system model consists of 10 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) that intend to give 17 levels of output voltage. The proposed topology performs effectively with reduced number of components and reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The performance of the proposed system is analyzed by designing the model in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The simulation results of the proposed inverter for the HRES application are compared with the results of the existing topologies to show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Power split transmition
This document discusses the optimization of hydro-mechanical power split transmissions. It begins by providing background on continuously variable transmissions and why hydro-mechanical power split transmissions are promising. It then describes the optimization problem as designing the transmission to maximize average efficiency by selecting displacements of the hydraulic machines and gear ratios. An optimization algorithm using particle swarm methods is used to solve this problem. Finally, the optimization method will be applied to study transmissions for a compact loader and agricultural tractor.
Dstatcom based voltage regulator for wind turbine driven self excited indu
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the use of a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to regulate the voltage of a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a wind turbine. The DSTATCOM injects or absorbs reactive power to maintain a constant voltage at the SEIG terminals despite load perturbations or changes in wind speed. Mathematical models are developed for the SEIG, wind turbine, and DSTATCOM. Simulation results show that connecting the DSTATCOM keeps the load voltage constant when loads or wind speed vary, unlike without the DSTATCOM where the voltage fluctuates. The DSTATCOM provides fast dynamic response to regulate the SEIG voltage during disturbances.
Zishan Muhammad_Engineer
This document is a resume for Zishan Muhammad that summarizes his education and experience in energy engineering. It lists his contact information, skills in energy modeling software like EnergyPlus and OpenStudio, and his master's degree in energy systems engineering from San Francisco State University. For experience, it describes his current role performing energy audits for industrial facilities using tools like eQuest and previous internships in electrical engineering. It also lists relevant coursework and training in energy auditing.
Comparative Analysis of low area and low power D Flip-Flop for Different Logi...
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Modified Seven Level Cascaded H Bridge Inverter
Presently Multilevel inverters are extensively used for high-voltage applications and their execution is exceptionally better to that of regular two-level inverters due to minimized harmonic distortion, lower electromagnetic interference and larger DC link voltages. Nevertheless certain shortcomings are faced such as adding in number of components and voltage balancing problem. In order to overcome these, a seven-level hybrid inverter has been proposed. This topology requires a lesser number of power switches which results in the decrease of multifaceted nature, add up to cost and weight of the inverter. Finally this can be able to generate near sinusoidal voltages and approximately fundamental frequency switching. The simulation and the experimental results of a modified cascaded seven level H bridge inverter with and without LC filter are presented for validation.
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Dstatcom based voltage regulator for wind turbine driven self excited indu
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The document proposes a novel high step-up interleaved forward-flyback boost converter that uses three-winding coupled inductors to achieve high voltage conversion with high efficiency. It reduces current stress and input current ripple, decreasing losses and increasing component lifetime. Energy from leakage is recycled to the output through passive clamping, alleviating voltage spikes on switches and improving efficiency while maintaining low voltage stresses on components lower than the output voltage. A prototype with 48V input, 380V 2kW output achieved 96.5% maximum and 92.6% full-load efficiency.
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Charte de coopération des 6 agences d'urbanisme de la Vallée de la Seine
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Similar to Functional modeling of symmetrical multipulse autotransformer rectifier units for aerospace applications
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mathematical Modelling of an 3 Phase Induction Motor Using MATLAB/Simulink
Mechanical energy is needed in the daily life use as well as in the industry. Induction motors
play a very important role in both worlds, because of low cost, reliable operation, robust operation and low
maintenance. To derive the mathematical model of a 3 phase Induction motor, the theory of reference
frames has been effectively used as an efficient approach. Dynamic models (mathematical models) are
employed in to better understand the behaviour of induction motor in both transient and steady state. The
dynamic modelling sets all the mechanical equations for the inertia, torque and speed versus time. It also
models all the differential voltage, currents and flux linkages between the stationary stator as well as the
moving rotor. This paper presents a step by step Matlab/Simulink implementation of an induction machine
using dq0 axis transformations of the stator and rotor variables in the arbitrary reference frame [1].
Analytical model of the half bridge series resonant inverter for improved pow...
This paper presents an analytical model of a half-bridge series resonant inverter topology that is aimed at improving the design, control, and efficiency of resonant power converters. The model provides closed-form expressions of the main converter waveforms, output power, and efficiency, enabling fast design-space exploration and advanced control techniques to significantly improve converter operation. The analytical expressions were applied and verified in a half-bridge series resonant inverter for induction heating applications, proving the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model.
rrl.docx
The document discusses modeling eddy current effects in transformer windings and cores for electromagnetic transient simulations. It describes existing methods and their limitations. New lumped parameter models are presented that accurately represent eddy currents in windings and laminated cores up to high frequencies with low model order. Tests show the models provide appropriate damping effects during transient simulations by capturing the underlying physical phenomena of eddy currents in transformers.
Line and Grid Impedance Impact on the Performances of a Parallel Connected Mo...
With the rising fuel cost, increasing demand of power and the concerns for global climate change, the use of clean energy make the connection of power electronics building bloc in the heart of the current research. The high output current applications make the parallel connection of modular inverters to be a solution for the use of low power building block inverters where the output power cannot be handled by a single inverter configuration. In this context, average-modeling using average phase–leg technique allows the n-parallel connected inverters to be analyzed accurately and rapidly without requiring the complexity of the full switched inverter topology. The obtained analytical solution along with the equivalent circuit model makes easier the design of the control loop. The analytical solution of the n-parallel connected inverters shows the impact of the line and grid impedance on the performance of the overall system. The impact of this coupling has to be investigated such that the main feature of paralleling inverters is guaranteed and that the inverter mode of operation will not be compromised. The main advantage of paralleling inverters can be lost for a certain coupling impedance considerations.
Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis of a Four Switch 3-Phase Inverter Fed Spee...
This paper investigates the performance of a Model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based cost-effective drive system of an induction motor (IM) for low-cost applications - high performance industrial drive systems. In this paper, the MRAS is used as a speed estimator and the motor is fed from a four-switch three-phase (FSTP) inverter instead of a conventional six- switch three-phase (SSTP) inverter. This configuration reduces the cost of the inverter, the switching losses, and the complexity of the control algorithms and interface circuits, the proposed control approach reduces the computation for real-time implementation. The robustness of the proposed MRAS-based FSTP inverter fed IM drive is verified by Experimental results at different operating conditions using digital signal processor (DSP1103) for a 1.1 Kw motor. A performance comparison of the proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive with a conventional SSTP inverter system is also made in terms of speed response and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the stator current. The proposed FSTP inverter fed IM drive is found quite acceptable considering its performance, cost reduction and other advantages features.
Optimum Reactive Power Calculation for Reducing Power System Operation Cost
Reactive power plays a key role in reducing power system operation costs. This paper develops an optimal power flow model to determine the optimal reactive power at each node to minimize total system operation costs. The model is tested on the IEEE 57-bus system, and results show that adjusting reactive power at certain critical nodes can significantly reduce costs. Optimal reactive power adjustments are assumed to be provided by distributed energy resources and microgrids connected to those nodes.
2013 IEEE Eee m.tech 2013 titles with abstracts
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IRJET- Electrical Simulation Model of IEC 61400-27-1 Doubly-Fed Induction...
This document presents an electrical simulation model of a Type 3A Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine developed according to IEC 61400-27-1 standards. The simulation model was created in MATLAB/Simulink and includes modules for the aerodynamic system, mechanical system, generator set, reference frame rotation, and grid connection. Simulation results demonstrate the operation of the one-dimensional aerodynamic model, two-mass mechanical model, generator speed, and phase-locked loop under nominal wind speed conditions. The model aims to allow manufacturers to evaluate wind turbine performance without full-scale testing.
IRJET- Electrical Simulation Model of IEC 61400-27-1 Doubly-Fed Induction Gen...
This document presents an electrical simulation model of a Type 3A Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine developed according to IEC 61400-27-1 standards. The simulation model was created in MATLAB/Simulink and includes modules for the aerodynamic system, mechanical system, generator set, reference frame rotation, and grid connection. Simulation results demonstrate the operation of the one-dimensional aerodynamic model, two-mass mechanical model, generator speed, and phase-locked loop control system. The model aims to allow manufacturers to evaluate wind turbine performance according to IEC standards prior to testing and supports analysis of voltage sag ride-through capability and other grid disturbances.
Ci36507510
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimal Location of Static Var Compensator Using Bat Algorithm for the Improv...
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a bat algorithm to determine the optimal location of static VAR compensators (SVCs) to improve voltage profiles in power systems. The bat algorithm is applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system to identify optimal bus locations for SVCs. Simulation results show the benefits of SVC placement in improving voltage stability based on the defined objective function.
Power System Modeling Techniques & Simulation Tools
Power System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation ToolsPower System Modeling Techniques & Simulation Tools
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The DC-fault Blocking Capability by a New Hybrid Multilevel Converter in HVDC...
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switches which is capable of current control through DC faults while maintaining good efficiency in normal operation. It is hybrid
between the modular multi-level converter, because of the presence of H-bridge cells, and the 2-level converter, in the form of director
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instead of half-bridge cells, they are able to generate higher AC voltage than the DC terminal voltage. This allows the AAC to operate
at an optimal point, called the “sweet spot”, where the AC and DC energy flows equal. The director switches in the AAC are responsible
for alternating the conduction period of each arm, leading to a significant reduction in the number of cells in the stacks. Furthermore,
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simulation and implementation of a spwm inverter pulse for educational purposes
This paper aims to develop and implement an educational kit for a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) inverter pulse generator circuit, which can be used to educate Electronics Engineering undergraduate students the structure and behavior of a SPWM’s inverter pulse generator. The developed electronic circuit is simulated and implemented using low cost and reliable electronic parts. The concept is to offer under/postgraduate students the opportunity to deeply understand how a SPWM pulse generator works, by virtually and practically experimenting with the pulse generator itself creating the necessary models in the popular platform of MULTISIM (Simulation Tool of National Instruments) and designing/constructing the respective PCB circuits in the also popular platform of ULTIBOARD (Circuit Design Tool of National Instruments). This work is also useful for engineers who deal with operation and maintenance (O&M) of inverters, because it provides a deeper knowledge and understanding of all operational characteristics of every stage of the SPWM electronic pulse generator of an inverter
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This document analyzes and compares the peak-to-peak current ripple in two-level (2L) and three-level (3L) PWM inverters. It shows that the current ripple amplitude in 3L inverters can be determined based on the ripple in 2L inverters. The analysis is verified through numerical simulations and experimental tests. Three-phase multilevel inverters are commonly used in medium- and high-power applications like motor drives and grid-connected systems. While various PWM techniques have been developed for multilevel inverters, this paper addresses their impact on output current ripple.Ii3514551462
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Carrier-Based Pwm Techniques for Control of Doubl...
This document compares carrier-based PWM techniques for controlling a double-star modular multilevel converter (M2C) using half-bridge cells. It analyzes the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage and current for different PWM techniques. It also examines the influence of arm inductances on current and voltage THD and the allowable range of the modulation index for different techniques. The goal is to determine the most effective technique for capacitor balancing and lowest output distortion. Simulations in Matlab/Simulink will be used to compare the performance of different carrier-based PWM control methods for the M2C converter.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Mathematical Modelling of an 3 Phase Induction Motor Using MATLAB/Simulink
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Line and Grid Impedance Impact on the Performances of a Parallel Connected Mo...
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simulation and implementation of a spwm inverter pulse for educational purposes
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Design of a low voltage low-dropout regulator
This document outlines the sections and contents for a project report on designing a low-voltage low-dropout regulator. It includes sections for an abstract, introduction, literature survey, existing and proposed systems, advantages, requirements, diagrams, implementation, testing, conclusions, and references. Contact information and course offerings are also provided for i3e Technologies.
An efficient constant multiplier architecture based on vertical horizontal bi...
I3E Technologies,
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Aging aware reliable multiplier design with adaptive hold logic
I3E Technologies,
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A high performance fir filter architecture for fixed and reconfigurable appli...
I3E Technologies,
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A generalized algorithm and reconfigurable architecture for efficient and sca...
I3E Technologies,
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A combined sdc sdf architecture for normal i o pipelined radix-2 fft
I3E Technologies,
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Reverse converter design via parallel prefix adders novel components, method...
I3E Technologies,
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Pre encoded multipliers based on non-redundant radix-4 signed-digit encoding
I3E Technologies,
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Energy optimized subthreshold vlsi logic family with unbalanced pull up down ...
I3E Technologies,
#23/A, 2nd Floor SKS Complex,
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Variable form carrier-based pwm for boost-voltage motor driver with a charge-...
I3E Technologies,
#23/A, 2nd Floor SKS Complex,
Opp. Bus Stand, Karur-639 001.
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Ultrasparse ac link converters
I3E Technologies,
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Single inductor dual-output buck–boost power factor correction converter
I3E Technologies,
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Ripple minimization through harmonic elimination in asymmetric interleaved mu...
I3E Technologies,
#23/A, 2nd Floor SKS Complex,
Opp. Bus Stand, Karur-639 001.
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Resonance analysis and soft switching design of isolated boost converter with...
I3E Technologies,
#23/A, 2nd Floor SKS Complex,
Opp. Bus Stand, Karur-639 001.
IEEE PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
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Reliability evaluation of conventional and interleaved dc–dc boost converters
I3E Technologies,
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Power factor corrected zeta converter based improved power quality switched m...
The document describes a proposed switched mode power supply (SMPS) system that uses a front-end power factor corrected Zeta converter to improve power quality. The front-end converter reduces 100-Hz ripple and improves power factor and voltage regulation. Simulation and testing of a laboratory prototype showed the proposed SMPS enhanced performance under varying input voltages and loading conditions, meeting international power quality standards.
Pfc cuk converter fed bldc motor drive
I3E Technologies,
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Optimized operation of current fed dual active bridge dc dc converter for pv ...
This document discusses optimized operation of a current-fed dual active bridge DC-DC converter for photovoltaic applications. It analyzes the operating principle and soft-switching conditions over a wide operating range with phase shift and duty cycle control. An optimized operating mode is proposed to achieve minimum RMS transformer current and extend the soft-switching region to reduce losses. Experimental results from a 5 kW hardware prototype verify the analysis. Contact and location information is also provided for an organization that develops IEEE software and hardware projects.
Online variable topology type photovoltaic grid-connected inverter
I3E Technologies,
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More from I3E Technologies (20)
An efficient constant multiplier architecture based on vertical horizontal bi...
An efficient constant multiplier architecture based on vertical horizontal bi...
Aging aware reliable multiplier design with adaptive hold logic
Aging aware reliable multiplier design with adaptive hold logic
A high performance fir filter architecture for fixed and reconfigurable appli...
A high performance fir filter architecture for fixed and reconfigurable appli...
A generalized algorithm and reconfigurable architecture for efficient and sca...
A generalized algorithm and reconfigurable architecture for efficient and sca...
A combined sdc sdf architecture for normal i o pipelined radix-2 fft
A combined sdc sdf architecture for normal i o pipelined radix-2 fft
Reverse converter design via parallel prefix adders novel components, method...
Reverse converter design via parallel prefix adders novel components, method...
Pre encoded multipliers based on non-redundant radix-4 signed-digit encoding
Pre encoded multipliers based on non-redundant radix-4 signed-digit encoding
Energy optimized subthreshold vlsi logic family with unbalanced pull up down ...
Energy optimized subthreshold vlsi logic family with unbalanced pull up down ...
Variable form carrier-based pwm for boost-voltage motor driver with a charge-...
Variable form carrier-based pwm for boost-voltage motor driver with a charge-...
Single inductor dual-output buck–boost power factor correction converter
Single inductor dual-output buck–boost power factor correction converter
Ripple minimization through harmonic elimination in asymmetric interleaved mu...
Ripple minimization through harmonic elimination in asymmetric interleaved mu...
Resonance analysis and soft switching design of isolated boost converter with...
Resonance analysis and soft switching design of isolated boost converter with...
Reliability evaluation of conventional and interleaved dc–dc boost converters
Reliability evaluation of conventional and interleaved dc–dc boost converters
Power factor corrected zeta converter based improved power quality switched m...
Power factor corrected zeta converter based improved power quality switched m...
Optimized operation of current fed dual active bridge dc dc converter for pv ...
Optimized operation of current fed dual active bridge dc dc converter for pv ...
Online variable topology type photovoltaic grid-connected inverter
Online variable topology type photovoltaic grid-connected inverter
Functional modeling of symmetrical multipulse autotransformer rectifier units for aerospace applications
- 1. FUNCTIONAL MODELING OF SYMMETRICAL MULTIPULSE AUTO TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNITS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS ABSTRACT This paper aims to develop a functional model of symmetrical multi pulse autotransformer rectifier units (ATRUs) for more-electric aircraft (MEA) applications. The ATRU is seen as the most reliable way readily to be applied in the MEA. Interestingly, there is no model of ATRUs suitable for unbalanced or faulty conditions at the moment. This paper is aimed to fill this gap and develop functional models suitable for both balanced and unbalanced conditions. Using the fact that the dc voltage and current are strongly related to the voltage and current vectors at the ac terminals of ATRUs, a functional model has been developed for the asymmetric ATRUs. The developed functional models are validated through simulation and experiment. The efficiency of the developed model is also demonstrated by comparing with corresponding detailed switching models. The developed functional model shows significant improvement of simulation efficiency, especially under balanced conditions.