This document discusses flue gas analysis, which involves measuring the composition of gases released from combustion processes. It covers the key steps of flue gas analysis: sampling the gas stream, conditioning the sample, analyzing the sample using techniques like FTIR or gas chromatography, and interpreting the data. The document also reviews the history of flue gas analysis and provides examples of its applications, such as optimizing combustion efficiency and monitoring emissions. Overall, flue gas analysis provides important information about combustion processes and their environmental impacts.

1. Fuel and
Combustion
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112010003-Sumit Akhade
112010021-Ritik Cherkulwar
112010026-Vipul Dahotre
112010027-Dhruv Deore
COEP TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
TY Btech Mechanical
Under the Guidance of: DR .K.C VORA Sir

2. Fuel and
Combustion
FLUE GAS
ANALYSIS
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3. WHAT IS FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
1. Flue gas analysis is the process of measuring and analyzing the composition of the gases that are
released from combustion or industrial processes through a flue or stack. The analysis provides
information about the levels of various pollutants and the efficiency of the combustion process.
Typically, flue gas analysis includes the measurement of concentrations of gases such as carbon
dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and oxygen
(O2). Other measurements may include particulate matter, temperature, and pressure.
2. Flue gas analysis is important for environmental and safety reasons. High concentrations of
pollutants in flue gases can have negative impacts on air quality and human health. The
information obtained from flue gas analysis can help to identify areas where combustion can be
optimized to reduce emissions and improve efficiency.

4. HISTORY
The history of flue gas analysis can be traced back to the early 19th century when scientists first began to study
the chemical reactions involved in combustion.
In 1824, French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac developed a method for analyzing flue gases using a
eudiometer, which is a glass tube used to measure the volume of gases.
In the mid-19th century, German chemist Robert Bunsen developed the Bunsen burner, which enabled
scientists to study combustion reactions in a controlled environment.
In the early 20th century, scientists began to use infrared spectroscopy to analyze flue gases.
In the 1960s and 1970s, concerns about air pollution and acid rain led to increased interest in flue gas analysis.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 in the United States required power plants to reduce their emissions of sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides, which are major contributors to acid rain.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHORS TITLE YEAR TAKEAWAY
T. Výtisk, R.
Janalík
Experimental
Determination of
Flue Gases
Parameters
2015 The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the
various methods and instruments used to measure key
parameters..
S. N. Trivedi, R.
C. Phadke
Flue Gas
Conditioning
2018 The paper provides a detailed analysis of various flue
gas conditioning techniques, including the use of
sorbent injection, humidification, and cooling using
scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators.
David F. Dyer and
Glennon Maples
Boiler Efficiency
Improvement
1991 The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the
various factors that can impact boiler efficiency and
discusses different approaches to boiler efficiency
improvement, including retrofits, upgrades, and
equipment replacement.

6. PATENT REVIEW
PATENT TITLE COMPANY TAKEAWAY
US Patent 6,845,878 Method for Flue Gas
Analysis
IBM Corporation This patent describes a
method for analyzing flue
gases using Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
The invention allows for rapid
and accurate measurement of
the concentration of various
pollutants, including carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
and sulfur dioxide.
US Patent 9,790,931 System and Method
for Flue Gas Analysis
Huawei Technologies
Co., Ltd.
This patent describes a system
and method for analyzing flue
gases in real time. The
invention uses a gas sensor
array and machine learning
algorithms to identify and
quantify various pollutants in
the exhaust stream. The
system is designed to be
compact, reliable, and easy to
use.

7. PATENT REVIEW
PATENT TITLE COMPANY TAKEAWAY
US Patent 7,947,656 Apparatus and Method
for Determining
Combustion Efficiency
Zoho Corporation This patent describes an
apparatus and method for
measuring the efficiency of
combustion processes using
flue gas analysis. The invention
uses a gas analyzer to measure
the concentration of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the exhaust
stream, and calculates the
combustion efficiency based on
these measurements.
US Patent 8,861,782 Method and System
for Monitoring
Emissions from a
Combustion Process
Tradestation Group,
Inc
This patent describes a method
and system for monitoring
emissions from a combustion
process using flue gas analysis.
The invention uses a gas sensor
array to measure the
concentration of various
pollutants in the exhaust stream,
and provides real-time feedback
to control the combustion
process and reduce emissions.

8. STEPS FOR FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
Sampling Analysis
Conditioning
Data
Interpretation
01 03
02 04
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9. SAMPLING
The first step in flue gas analysis is to take
a sample of the flue gas.
01

10. • Sampling of flue gases is the process of
collecting a representative sample of the gases
that are emitted from a combustion process.
• Flue gases typically contain a mixture of gases
such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor,
and trace amounts of pollutants such as carbon
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
[1]T. Výtisk, R. Janalík, Experimental Determination
of Flue Gases
Parameters, (2015).

11. • The sampling process involves using a sampling probe to
extract a small portion of the flue gas, which is then transported
to a sampling system for analysis.
• The sampling probe must be carefully placed in the flue gas
stream to ensure that a representative sample is obtained.
• Once the sample has been collected, it can be analyzed to
determine the concentration of various gases and pollutants.
• This information can be used to assess the efficiency of the
combustion process and to determine if any emissions control
measures are necessary.

12. CONDITIONING
Once the gas sample has been collected, it is
conditioned to ensure that it is suitable for
analysis.
02

13. • Conditioning of flue gases refers to the process of
treating or modifying the flue gases that are produced
during combustion in industrial processes or power
generation facilities.
• The primary purpose of conditioning flue gases is to
reduce their harmful environmental impact by
removing or reducing the concentration of pollutants
such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate
matter, and carbon monoxide.
[2]S. N. Trivedi, R. C. Phadke, Flue Gas
Conditioning (2018)

14. There are several techniques for conditioning flue
gases, including:
• Flue gas desulfurization (FGD): FGD is a process that involves
removing sulphur dioxide (SO2) from flue gases. This is usually done
by using a chemical scrubber that sprays a solution of lime or
limestone into the flue gas stream, which reacts with the SO2 to
form gypsum or calcium sulphite.
• Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): SCR is a process that uses a
catalyst to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in flue
gases. The process involves injecting a reducing agent, such as
ammonia or urea, into the flue gas stream along with a catalyst,
which converts the NOx to nitrogen and water.

15. Particulate matter control: This involves removing small particles from
the flue gas stream by using technologies such as electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, or cyclones.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS): This involves capturing carbon
dioxide (CO2) from flue gases and storing it underground to prevent it
from entering the atmosphere.
Overall, conditioning of flue gases is an important process for mitigating
the environmental impact of industrial processes and power generation,
and several technologies exist for achieving this goal.

16. ANALYSING
The conditioned gas sample is then analyzed
using the flue gas analyzer. The analyzer uses
a range of sensors and detectors to measure
the concentration of various gases in the
sample.
03

17. Flue Gas analyser
Conditioned flue gas can be analyzed using various
techniques and equipment depending on the specific
pollutants or components of interest. Here are some
common methods used for analyzing conditioned flue
gas:
The analyzer uses a range of sensors and detectors
to measure the concentration of various gases in the
sample.
http://cleanboiler.org/flue-gas-analysis/

18. • Gas chromatography (GC): GC is a technique used to separate and analyze
individual components of a gas mixture. It is often used to measure the
concentration of trace gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and
carbon monoxide.
• Mass spectrometry (MS): MS is a technique used to identify and quantify
individual molecules in a gas mixture. It can be used to measure the
concentration of pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
greenhouse gases.
• Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR is a technique that
measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a gas sample. It is commonly
used to identify and quantify pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, and carbon monoxide.

19. • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR): FTIR is a technique that
measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a gas sample. It is
commonly used to identify and quantify pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.
• Electrochemical sensors: These are small sensors that can be used to
measure the concentration of specific gases, such as carbon monoxide and
nitrogen dioxide.
• Particulate matter monitors: These are devices that can be used to
measure the concentration of particulate matter in a flue gas stream.
• Once the conditioned flue gas has been analyzed using one or more of
these techniques, the data can be used to assess the effectiveness of the
conditioning process and ensure compliance with environmental
regulations

20. DATA
INTERPRETATION
The data obtained from the analysis is then
used to evaluate the performance of the
combustion system or industrial process.
04

21. [3]David F. Dyer and Glennon Maples,
Boiler Efficiency Improvement(1991)
Data Interpretation:
The concentration of each gas measured is
compared to the relevant regulatory standards or
industry guidelines to determine compliance. Any
deviations from the standards are identified, and
corrective actions can be taken to improve the
process and reduce emissions.

22. Interpreting data from analyzed flue gases is an important step in assessing
the effectiveness of conditioning processes and identifying potential
environmental impacts. Here are some key factors to consider when
interpreting data from analyzed flue gases:
• Concentration of pollutants: The concentration of pollutants in the flue
gas stream is a key parameter to consider. This can be compared to
regulatory limits or industry standards to determine compliance and identify
areas for improvement in the conditioning process.
• Time trends: Examining the time trends of pollutant concentrations can
help identify changes in emissions and the effectiveness of the conditioning
process. This can be used to adjust process parameters or optimize
equipment performance.

23. • Co-emissions: Some pollutants may be emitted together with other gases
or particulate matter. For example, sulfur dioxide emissions may be
accompanied by particulate matter emissions. Examining co-emissions can
provide a more comprehensive understanding of environmental impacts.
• Spatial trends: Examining the spatial distribution of pollutant
concentrations across the flue gas stream can identify areas of high or low
emissions and guide equipment placement or process adjustments.
• Variability: Flue gas emissions may vary over time and across different
operating conditions. Understanding this variability is important for
identifying potential sources of emissions and assessing the robustness of
the conditioning process.

24. APPLICATIONS OF FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
• Combustion optimization: Flue gas analysis can be used to optimize
combustion processes by measuring the concentrations of gases such
as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide in the exhaust stream.
This information can be used to adjust fuel and air ratios to improve
combustion efficiency and reduce emissions.
• Emissions monitoring: Flue gas analysis is an important tool for
monitoring emissions from industrial processes and power plants. By
measuring the concentrations of pollutants such as carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter, regulators can ensure that
emissions stay within legal limits.

25. APPLICATIONS OF FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
• Energy efficiency: Flue gas analysis can help identify areas of inefficiency
in combustion processes, such as incomplete combustion or excess air
supply. By optimizing these processes, energy can be saved and costs
reduced.
• Boiler maintenance: Flue gas analysis can be used to diagnose problems
with boilers, such as soot buildup or leaks in the heat exchanger. By
identifying these issues early, maintenance can be performed to prevent
costly downtime and repairs.
• Safety: Flue gas analysis can be used to monitor the levels of toxic gases,
such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide, in industrial and residential
environments. This information can be used to alert workers and residents
to potential hazards and take appropriate safety measures.

26. CONCLUSION
Since flue gases consist of the end products of a combustion process, their
composition
is of interest and important from the view point of:
1.safety
2.efficiency
3.computation of specific values which might affect the continuity of a process.
In combustion process the common personnel hazard is carbon monoxide which can
result from incomplete combustion. An operational hazard can be the formation of an
explosive mixture. This hazard can be present wherever combustible gases or vapors
are
in contact with a substance which will support combustion and the properties are in
the
explosive range. Flue gas analysis can be used to detect and to confirm and locate
suspected condition of this nature.

27. REFERENCES
[1] T. Výtisk, R. Janalík, Experimental Determination of Flue Gases
Parameters, (2015).
[2] S. N. Trivedi, R. C. Phadke, Flue Gas Conditioning (2018).
[3 ] David F. Dyer and Glennon Maples, Boiler Efficiency Improvement(1991).

28. 1]T. Výtisk, R. Janalík, Experimental Determination of Flue Gases
Parameters, (2015).
The paper by T. Výtisk and R. Janalík titled "Experimental Determination of Flue Gases Parameters"
(2015) focuses on the experimental measurement and analysis of various parameters of flue gases
produced by combustion processes. The authors discuss the importance of accurate determination of
these parameters in order to assess the efficiency of combustion processes and to monitor and
control emissions.
The paper highlights the different methods and instruments that can be used to measure the key
parameters such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide,
temperature, pressure, flow rate, moisture content, and particulate matter. The authors also discuss
the calculations involved in determining other properties of the flue gas such as heating value and
combustion efficiency.
Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the experimental determination of flue gas
parameters and their importance in assessing combustion processes and emissions control. It is a
useful resource for researchers, engineers, and professionals working in the field of combustion and
emissions control.

29. 2 S. N. Trivedi, R. C. Phadke, Flue Gas Conditioning (2018)
The paper by S. N. Trivedi and R. C. Phadke titled "Flue Gas Conditioning"
(2018) focuses on the methods and importance of flue gas conditioning in
improving the efficiency of flue gas treatment systems. The authors provide a
comprehensive overview of various flue gas conditioning techniques, including
the use of sorbent injection, humidification, and cooling.
The paper explains that the primary purpose of flue gas conditioning is to modify
the physical and chemical properties of flue gas in order to optimize the
performance of downstream equipment, such as scrubbers and electrostatic
precipitators. The authors discuss how the use of sorbent injection can
effectively control the emission of acidic gases, while humidification and cooling
can improve the efficiency of particulate removal systems.
Overall, the paper provides a useful overview of the importance of flue gas
conditioning in improving the efficiency of flue gas treatment systems, as well as
the various methods and considerations associated with implementing these
systems. It is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and professionals
working in the field of emissions control and air pollution mitigation.

30. [3]David F. Dyer and Glennon Maples, Boiler Efficiency Improvement(1991)
The paper by David F. Dyer and Glennon Maples titled "Boiler Efficiency Improvement" (1991)
discusses the various methods and techniques for improving the efficiency of industrial boilers. The
authors highlight the importance of maximizing boiler efficiency in order to reduce fuel consumption
and operating costs, as well as to minimize environmental impacts.
The paper provides a detailed analysis of the various factors that can impact boiler efficiency, including
combustion air supply, excess air, fuel properties, boiler design, and operating conditions. The authors
also discuss the different approaches to boiler efficiency improvement, including retrofits, upgrades,
and replacement of equipment.
The paper highlights the importance of regular maintenance and tuning of boilers to ensure optimal
performance and efficiency. The authors provide guidelines for performing boiler performance testing
and analysis, and discuss the use of instrumentation and control systems for improving boiler
efficiency.
Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the methods and considerations for
improving the efficiency of industrial boilers. It is a useful resource for engineers, facility managers, and
professionals working in the field of energy efficiency and sustainability.

31. THANK YOU