Romain Rolland was a French writer and pacifist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915. He was born in 1866 in Clamecy, France and studied history before becoming a professor. Rolland advocated for creating a "people's theater" that was accessible to the masses. His most famous work was the 10-volume novel Jean-Christophe, published between 1903-1912. Rolland was a lifelong pacifist who protested World War 1 and corresponded with other influential figures like Gandhi and Freud. He died in 1944 in Vézelay, France while continuing his writing and advocacy for peace.
During the research for
my dissertation on subjects from classical mythology in
Dutch seventeenth-century painting, each time I was
Preface and Acknowledgments
faced with works by Rembrandt I experienced that, within
the framework of my approach, there was so much
more to say about his paintings than about the works of
his colleagues........program
Pictorial Tradition and Meaning in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-
Century Netherlandish Art, which I, together
with Reindert Falkenburg, supervised; during three years
I received funding for replacement of part of my teaching
load at Leiden University (a task excellently pursued by
Huigen Leeflang), so that I could devote myself to the depiction
of the female nude in Netherlandish art and to
Rembrandt in particular. Eric Jan Sluijter
SPICE MODEL of TPC8118 (Professional+BDP Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
SPICE MODEL of TPC8118 (Professional+BDP Model) in SPICE PARK. English Version is http://www.spicepark.net. Japanese Version is http://www.spicepark.com by Bee Technologies.
During the research for
my dissertation on subjects from classical mythology in
Dutch seventeenth-century painting, each time I was
Preface and Acknowledgments
faced with works by Rembrandt I experienced that, within
the framework of my approach, there was so much
more to say about his paintings than about the works of
his colleagues........program
Pictorial Tradition and Meaning in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-
Century Netherlandish Art, which I, together
with Reindert Falkenburg, supervised; during three years
I received funding for replacement of part of my teaching
load at Leiden University (a task excellently pursued by
Huigen Leeflang), so that I could devote myself to the depiction
of the female nude in Netherlandish art and to
Rembrandt in particular. Eric Jan Sluijter
SPICE MODEL of TPC8118 (Professional+BDP Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
SPICE MODEL of TPC8118 (Professional+BDP Model) in SPICE PARK. English Version is http://www.spicepark.net. Japanese Version is http://www.spicepark.com by Bee Technologies.
I originally produced this presentation for a webcast I hosted for BrightTalk in the UK. It offers a critical analysis of guidance issued by the UK financial services regulator - the FSA - about the application of social web tools for consumer communication within financial services. In essence, it claims the FSA has got the wrong end of the stick and that that's detrimental to consumer interests.
This slidedeck is also posted at MRM's slideshare page at www.slideshare.net/MRMLondon.
Originally posted at MRM London page on Slideshare: I delivered this presentation as a post-dinner conversation starter for fund managers attending a Cofunds event in November 2009.
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Interactive storytelling generation: the adaptive version of 1001StoriesGabriele Calemme
This presentation is about my master degree thesis that is focused on the realization of a new release of an existing tool for the generation of multichannel multimedia interactive storytelling artifacts. the main goal of this new release is to build automatically different versions of the same artfact upon several delivery channels, adapting it considering delivery format costraints and usage context characteristics.
Great tool for writers that want to edit the manuscript after writing it for NaNoWriMo. Dictionary and Thesaurus tools and good for writing due to the extra row of keys on the keyboard.
Get the whole course at: http://skl.sh/2aJFcb3 --> What Is Design? Create amazing designs even when you'd never created anything in your whole life! Amazing design for non designers.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Romain Rolland
Rolland with Gandhi in Switzerland, 1931.
The two were friends and regular correspondents.
29 January 1866
Born
Clamecy, Nièvre
30 December 1944 (aged 78)
Died
Vézelay
Dramatist, Essayist, Art historian,
Occupation
Novelist
Nationality French
Writing period 1902–1944
Nobel Prize in Literature
Notable award(s)
1915
Influences[show]
Romain Rolland (29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist,
novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for
Literature in 1915.[1]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Biography
• 2 People's theatre
• 3 Novels
• 4 Academic career
• 5 Correspondence with Freud
• 6 Quotations
• 7 References
• 8 External links
[edit] Biography
2. Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre to a family of notaries; he had both peasants and
wealthy townspeople in his lineage. Writing introspectively in his Voyage intérieur
(1942), he sees himself as a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these
ancestors in Colas Breugnon (1919).
Accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his
independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant
ideology. He received his degree in history in 1889 and spent two years in Rome, where
his encounter with Malwida von Meysenburg–who had been a friend of Nietzsche and of
Wagner–and his discovery of Italian masterpieces were decisive for the development of
his thought. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his doctoral degree with his
thesis The origins of modern lyric theatre and his doctoral dissertation, A History of
Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti.
His first book was published in 1902, when he was 36 years old. Through his advocacy
for a 'people's theatre', he made a significant contribution towards the democratization of
the theatre. As a humanist, he embraced the work of the philosophers of India
("Conversations with Rabindranath Tagore" and Mohandas Gandhi). Rolland was
strongly influenced by the Vedanta philosophy of India, primarily through the works of
Swami Vivekananda.[2]
[edit] People's theatre
"The people have been gradually conquered by the bourgeois class, penetrated by their
thoughts and now want only to resemble them. If you long for a people's art, begin by
creating a people!"
Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre du peuple (1903).[3]
Rolland's most significant contribution to the theatre lies in his advocacy for a "popular
theatre" in his essay The People's Theatre (Le Théâtre du peuple, 1902).[4] "There is only
one necessary condition for the emergence of a new theatre", he wrote, "that the stage and
auditorium should be open to the masses, should be able to contain a people and the
actions of a people".[5] The book was not published until 1913, but most of its contents
had appeared in the Revue d'Art Dramatique between 1900 and 1903. Rolland attempted
to put his theory into practice with his melodramatic dramas about the French Revolution,
Danton (1900) and The Fourteenth of July (1902), but it was his ideas that formed a
major reference point for subsequent practitioners.[4]
3. Programme sheet for Piscator's 1922 production of Rolland's drama The Time Will Come
(1903), at the Central-Theater in Berlin.
The essay is part of a more general movement around the turn of that century towards the
democratization of the theatre. The Revue had held a competition and tried to organize a
"World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number of People's Theatres had opened
across Europe, including the Freie Volksbühne movement ('Free People's Theatre') in
Germany and Maurice Pottecher's Théâtre du Peuple in France. Rolland was a disciple of
Pottecher and dedicated The People's Theatre to him.
Rolland's approach is more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre as
a substitute 'social religion' bringing unity to the nation. Rolland indictes the bourgeoisie
for its appropriation of the theatre, causing it to slide into decadence, and the deleterious
effects of its ideological dominance. In proposing a suitable repertoire for his people's
theatre, Rolland rejects classical drama in the belief that it is either too difficult or too
static to be of interest to the masses. Drawing on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he
proposes instead "an epic historical theatre of 'joy, force and intelligence' which will
remind the people of its revolutionary heritage and revitalize the forces working for a
new society" (in the words of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland).[6] Rolland
believed that the people would be improved by seeing heroic images of their past.
Rousseau's influence may be detected in Rolland's conception of theatre-as-festivity, an
emphasis that reveals a fundamental anti-theatrical prejudice: "Theatre supposes lives
that are poor and agitated, a people searching in dreams for a refuge from thought. If we
were happier and freer we should not feel hungry for theatre. [...] A people that is happy
and free has need of festivities more than of theatres; it will always see in itself the finest
spectacle."[7]
Rolland's dramas have been staged by some of the most influential theatre directors of the
twentieth century, including Max Reinhardt and Erwin Piscator.[8] Piscator directed the
world première of Rolland's pacifist drama The Time Will Come (Le Temps viendra,
written in 1903) at Berlin's Central-Theater, which opened on 17 November 1922 with
music by K Pringsheim and scenic design by O Schmalhausen and M Meier.[9] The play
addresses the connections between imperialism and capitalism, the treatment of enemy
4. civilians, and the use of concentration camps, all of which are dramatised via an episode
in the Boer War.[10] Piscator described his treatment of the play as "thoroughly
naturalistic", whereby he sought "to achieve the greatest possible realism in acting and
decor."[11] Despite the play's overly-rhetorical style, the production was reviewed
positively.[10]
[edit] Novels
Rolland's most famous novel is the 10-volume roman-fleuve Jean-Christophe
(1903-1912), which brings "together his interests and ideals in the story of a German
musical genius who makes France his second home and becomes a vehicle for Rolland's
views on music, social matters and understanding between nations".[12] His other novels
are Colas Breugnon (1919), Clérambault (1920), Pierre et Luce (1920) and his second
roman-fleuve, the 7-volume L'âme enchantée (1922-1933).
[edit] Academic career
He became a history teacher at Lycée Henri IV, then at the Lycée Louis le Grand, and
member of the École française de Rome, then a professor of the History of Music at the
Sorbonne, and History Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.
A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching. He was not indifferent to
youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young
people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a
distant relationships. He was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would
provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912.
Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He protested against the first World War in Au-
dessus de la Mêlée (1915), Above the Battle (Chicago, 1916). In 1924, his book on
Gandhi contributed to the Indian nonviolent leader's reputation and the two men met in
1931.
In 1928 he and Hungarian scholar, philosopher and natural living experimenter Edmund
Bordeaux Szekely founded the International Biogenic Society to promote and expand on
their ideas of the integration of mind, body and spirit.
He moved to Villeneuve, on the shores of Lac Léman (Lake Geneva) to devote himself to
writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions. His
voyage to Moscow (1935), on the invitation of Maxim Gorky, was an opportunity to meet
Stalin, whom he considered the greatest man of his time.[citation needed] Rolland served
unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the Soviet Union. However, as a pacifist,
he was uncomfortable with Stalin’s brutal repression of the opposition. He attempted to
discuss his concerns with Stalin, and was involved in the campaign for the release of the
Left Opposition activist/writer Victor Serge and wrote to Stalin begging clemency for
Nikolai Bukharin. During Serge’s imprisonment (1933-1936), Rolland had agreed to
5. handle the publications of Serge’s writings in France, despite their political
disagreements.
In 1937, he came back to live in Vézelay, which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans.
During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude.
Never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs. He also placed the finishing
touches on his musical research on the life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Shortly before his
death, he wrote Péguy (1944), in which he examines religion and socialism through the
context of his memories. He died on 30 December 1944 in Vézelay.
In 1921, his close friend, the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig, wrote his biography: The
Man and His Works. Zweig profoundly admired Rolland, of whom he once said to be:
"the moral consciousness of Europe" during the years of turmoil and War in Europe.
Herman Hesse dedicated Siddhartha to Romain Rolland "my dear friend".
[edit] Correspondence with Freud
1923 saw the beginning of a correspondence between the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund
Freud and Rolland, who found that the admiration that he showed for Freud was
reciprocated in equal measures (Freud proclaiming in a letter to him: "That I have been
allowed to exchange a greeting with you will remain a happy memory to the end of my
days.").[13] This correspondence introduced Freud to the concept of the "oceanic feeling"
that Rolland had developed through his study of Eastern mysticism. Freud opened his
next book Civilization and its Discontents (1929) with a debate on the nature of this
feeling, which he mentioned had been noted to him by an anonymous "friend". This
friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain a major influence on Freud's work, continuing
their correspondence right up to Freud's death in 1939.[14]
[edit] Quotations