In 1929, Vienna's theater scene was thriving but faced major changes. This was the year Max Reinhardt launched his influential theater seminar in Vienna and the year Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Arthur Schnitzler, two of the city's greatest dramatists, died. Their deaths marked the end of an era for Vienna's theater and foreshadowed the difficulties the rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany would bring in the coming years, as the city saw half its theaters close and many Jewish theater artists flee persecution. Many of these emigrants, including Hedy Lamarr, went on to have profound success in Hollywood, carrying Vienna's rich theatrical traditions to new international audiences.
This document provides biographies of several notable Polish authors from the National Revival period in Poland. It describes prominent playwrights, poets and novelists such as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Stanisław Wyspiański, Aleksander Fredro, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Lucjan Rydel, Gabriela Zapolska, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, and Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II). These authors made significant contributions to Polish literature and culture during the period of Poland's partitions under foreign rule.
Romain Rolland was a French writer and pacifist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915. He was born in 1866 in Clamecy, France and studied history before becoming a professor. Rolland advocated for creating a "people's theater" that was accessible to the masses. His most famous work was the 10-volume novel Jean-Christophe, published between 1903-1912. Rolland was a lifelong pacifist who protested World War 1 and corresponded with other influential figures like Gandhi and Freud. He died in 1944 in Vézelay, France while continuing his writing and advocacy for peace.
Richard Wagner was a German composer born in 1813 in Leipzig, Germany. He showed an early interest in music and theatre, taking part in theatrical performances from a young age. As a young adult, he struggled financially and moved frequently between Germany and other parts of Europe while pursuing his career as an opera composer. Some of his most famous operas include The Flying Dutchman, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, Tristan and Isolde, The Ring Cycle, and Parsifal. He spent several years in exile after participating in a failed revolution in 1849 before settling in Switzerland. Later in life he established the Bayreuth Festival to showcase his works and brought his vision of a
This document provides information about several prominent Polish theatres and theatre professionals. It discusses the National Theatre in Warsaw, founded in 1765, as well as the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków from 1893 and the new Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre built in 2014. It also mentions the Silesian Theatre dedicated to Stanisław Wyspiański in Katowice, originally built in 1905-1907. In addition, it provides brief biographies of several famous Polish actors such as Daniel Olbrychski, Jan Englert, and Ewa Wiśniewska.
1) Many artists initially welcomed World War I, seeing it as an opportunity to gain new experiences and subject matter that could further experimental art. 2) As the war progressed, many artists who witnessed the brutality and slaughter felt compelled to convey the grim realities of war in their work in contrast to propagandistic portrayals. 3) Notable artists like Otto Dix, Christopher Nevinson, Paul Nash, and John Singer Sargent produced unforgettable pieces that helped shape a new public perception of war and its profound human costs.
The document provides an overview of important developments in Northern Renaissance art and literature from the 15th to 16th centuries. It discusses influential artists like Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Albrecht Dürer, and Hans Holbein the Younger who helped establish oil painting as a major artistic medium. It also mentions key literary works such as William Shakespeare's plays, Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote, and Dante's Divine Comedy. The document covers major historical events of the Protestant Reformation as well as the growth of printmaking technology.
The document provides a summary of the plot of The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux and background on the author. It describes the opera setting, the phantom's haunting of the opera house and abduction of Christine. It outlines their story, including her falling in love with Raoul, the phantom's jealousy, and their confrontations culminating in the phantom being rejected by Christine in favor of Raoul. The summary concludes by describing the phantom freeing them and planning to die of a broken heart.
This document provides biographies of several notable Polish authors from the National Revival period in Poland. It describes prominent playwrights, poets and novelists such as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Stanisław Wyspiański, Aleksander Fredro, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Lucjan Rydel, Gabriela Zapolska, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, and Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II). These authors made significant contributions to Polish literature and culture during the period of Poland's partitions under foreign rule.
Romain Rolland was a French writer and pacifist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915. He was born in 1866 in Clamecy, France and studied history before becoming a professor. Rolland advocated for creating a "people's theater" that was accessible to the masses. His most famous work was the 10-volume novel Jean-Christophe, published between 1903-1912. Rolland was a lifelong pacifist who protested World War 1 and corresponded with other influential figures like Gandhi and Freud. He died in 1944 in Vézelay, France while continuing his writing and advocacy for peace.
Richard Wagner was a German composer born in 1813 in Leipzig, Germany. He showed an early interest in music and theatre, taking part in theatrical performances from a young age. As a young adult, he struggled financially and moved frequently between Germany and other parts of Europe while pursuing his career as an opera composer. Some of his most famous operas include The Flying Dutchman, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, Tristan and Isolde, The Ring Cycle, and Parsifal. He spent several years in exile after participating in a failed revolution in 1849 before settling in Switzerland. Later in life he established the Bayreuth Festival to showcase his works and brought his vision of a
This document provides information about several prominent Polish theatres and theatre professionals. It discusses the National Theatre in Warsaw, founded in 1765, as well as the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków from 1893 and the new Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre built in 2014. It also mentions the Silesian Theatre dedicated to Stanisław Wyspiański in Katowice, originally built in 1905-1907. In addition, it provides brief biographies of several famous Polish actors such as Daniel Olbrychski, Jan Englert, and Ewa Wiśniewska.
1) Many artists initially welcomed World War I, seeing it as an opportunity to gain new experiences and subject matter that could further experimental art. 2) As the war progressed, many artists who witnessed the brutality and slaughter felt compelled to convey the grim realities of war in their work in contrast to propagandistic portrayals. 3) Notable artists like Otto Dix, Christopher Nevinson, Paul Nash, and John Singer Sargent produced unforgettable pieces that helped shape a new public perception of war and its profound human costs.
The document provides an overview of important developments in Northern Renaissance art and literature from the 15th to 16th centuries. It discusses influential artists like Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Albrecht Dürer, and Hans Holbein the Younger who helped establish oil painting as a major artistic medium. It also mentions key literary works such as William Shakespeare's plays, Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote, and Dante's Divine Comedy. The document covers major historical events of the Protestant Reformation as well as the growth of printmaking technology.
The document provides a summary of the plot of The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux and background on the author. It describes the opera setting, the phantom's haunting of the opera house and abduction of Christine. It outlines their story, including her falling in love with Raoul, the phantom's jealousy, and their confrontations culminating in the phantom being rejected by Christine in favor of Raoul. The summary concludes by describing the phantom freeing them and planning to die of a broken heart.
The document provides an overview of important artists and works from the Northern Renaissance period, including Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Hans Holbein the Younger, and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. It discusses their contributions to painting, printmaking, and other genres, as well as the religious and political context of the time. Major works mentioned include Van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece and Arnolfini Portrait, Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights triptych, Durer's print series and self-portraits, and Bruegel's paintings of peasant life and biblical scenes.
Wanderers, wayfarers, pilgrims have walked through the countryside, over mountain passes …
Some have sought wisdom or spiritual enrichment, others just a bite to eat and somewhere
The greatest Flemish artist of 16th century. This realistic and landscape painter, gives us a gleam of life in the Low Country 400 years ago. His paintings are full of details & messages and.so interesting to look at. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c1525/30-69), nicknamed ‘Peasant Bruegel’, was the most important satirist in the Netherlands after Bosch and one of the greatest landscape painters. After he became Master in the Antwerp Guild in 1551, he went to France and Italy, travelling as far south as Sicily. He was impressed by the landscape of Italy but not so on the Italian paintings. From his painter, he gave us insights to the peasant life and their relationship with nature of 16C in the Low Countries. He was an educated man, well able to associate with his distinguished clients sophisticated enough disguised his political opinions as a biblical story.
Summer (with Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Édouard Manet)guimera
Monet and Renoir painted scenes of bathers at La Grenouillère, a popular summer resort on the Seine River outside Paris in 1869. Their paintings depicted the lively atmosphere of people relaxing and boating. Other artists like Manet captured Parisians enjoying summer activities in the city, such as concerts in the Tuileries Gardens. Throughout the 1860s-1880s, Impressionist artists frequently depicted leisure scenes of summer outings, capturing the effects of light and atmosphere in their works.
The legend of Faust tells the story of a scholar who makes a deal with the devil, trading his soul for unlimited knowledge and pleasures. This legend has been adapted and reinterpreted through many literary, artistic, and musical works over time. Two seminal versions are Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus from the 16th century and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 19th century play Faust, which complicates the moral message of earlier versions. F.W. Murnau also directed a famous silent film adaptation of Faust in 1926 featuring impressive special effects.
Venus and Tannhäuser Part II : from 1886 to 1910K. Bender
The iconography of "Venus and Tannhäuser in the Venusberg" as seen by 49 visual artists. Slide presentation in three parts:
I from 1852 to 1885
II from 1886 to 1910
III from 1911 to 2005
Slides were uploaded as PDFs generated in the corresponding 'myHistro story'
View the timeline of all artists in my post of January 30, 2015 'Tannhäuser the villain! He has been in the Venusberg!'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/2015/01/tannhauser-villain-he-has-been-in.html
There the myHistro story is automatically shown with 1) text (read more) and references to the information source(s), 2) pictures, 3) videos and 4) geo-maps.
You can also move the timeline with the cursor and click any name in the timeline graph; or you can click any icon on the geo-maps.
Adolphe Charles Adam was a prolific 19th century French composer best known for his ballets Giselle (1844) and Le Corsaire (1856). He composed over 40 operas and 14 ballets. Though he focused on pleasing audiences rather than innovation, his works like Giselle, Le Postillon de Lonjumeau (1836 opera), and Christmas carol "O Holy Night" (1847) remain popular today. He had a successful early career but faced financial difficulties later from his failed Opera-National theatre venture.
STUCK, Franz von, Featured Paintings in Detailguimera
The document provides details on 15 paintings by Franz von Stuck, including title, date, medium, dimensions and location. For each painting there are 3-5 images labelled as details. Brief descriptions are provided for some of the paintings, discussing themes of mythology, biblical stories, and symbolism in von Stuck's works. The paintings include Lucifer, The Kiss of the Sphinx, The Sin, Wounded Amazon, Salome, Golgotha, Pietà, Wild Chase, Inferno, The Murderer, and Sphinx.
Venus and Tannhäuser Part III : from 1911 to 2005K. Bender
The iconography of "Venus and Tannhäuser in the Venusberg" as seen by 49 visual artists. Slide presentation in three parts:
I from 1852 to 1885
II from 1886 to 1910
III from 1911 to 2005
Slides were uploaded as PDFs generated in the corresponding 'myHistro story'
View the timeline of all artists in my post of January 30, 2015 'Tannhäuser the villain! He has been in the Venusberg!'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/2015/01/tannhauser-villain-he-has-been-in.html
There the myHistro story is automatically shown with 1) text (read more) and references to the information source(s), 2) pictures, 3) videos and 4) geo-maps.
You can also move the timeline with the cursor and click any name in the timeline graph; or you can click any icon on the geo-maps.
Dadaism was an early 20th century avant-garde art movement that originated in Zurich and flourished in several European cities. It rejected reason and logic, emphasizing nonsense, irrationality and chance. Key figures included Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia. Dadaism used techniques like found objects, cut-up words and absurdist performances to mock bourgeois values and protest World War I. While short-lived, Dadaism had a lasting influence on later movements like Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art that embraced aspects of chance, absurdity and anti-art sentiments.
Richard Wagner was a German composer known for his epic operas who was born in 1813 in Leipzig, Germany. He wrote his first opera at age 21 called "The Fairies" and went on to compose 13 stage works that reformed opera by making it continuous without breaks between scenes. Some of his most famous and influential works included "The Ring of the Nibelung" and "Tristan and Isolde." Wagner had a controversial political image as a revolutionary socialist and some of his writings were later cited as an influence on Hitler, though his music remained widely popular after his death in 1883.
Part I of a series of posts exploring how 'love and music' is depicted in art history, with special reference to the iconography of Aphrodite-Venus, the Greek-Roman Goddess of Love. Music cannot be far away because 'music is the food of love'.
For a full discussion, see Blog 'Iconography in Art History'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/?view=magazine
ERNST, Max, Featured Paintings in Detail (1)guimera
The document describes four paintings by surrealist artist Max Ernst:
1) Temptation of St. Anthony (1945) housed at the Wilhelm-Lehmbruck-Museum in Duisburg, Germany.
2) The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child (1926) housed at the Museum Ludwig in Cologne, Germany.
3) Napoleon in the Wilderness (1941) housed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
4) The Antipope (1942) housed at the Peggy Guggenheim Foundation in Venice, Italy. For each painting, details and background information are provided.
Venus and Tannhäuser Part I : from 1852 to1885K. Bender
The iconography of "Venus and Tannhäuser in the Venusberg" as seen by 49 visual artists. Slide presentation in three parts:
I from 1852 to 1885
II from 1886 to 1910
III from 1911 to 2005
Slides were uploaded as PDFs generated in the corresponding 'myHistro story'
View the timeline of all artists in my post of January 30, 2015 'Tannhäuser the villain! He has been in the Venusberg!'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/2015/01/tannhauser-villain-he-has-been-in.html
There the myHistro story is automatically shown with 1) text (read more) and references to the information source(s), 2) pictures, 3) videos and 4) geo-maps.
You can also move the timeline with the cursor and click any name in the timeline graph; or you can click any icon on the geo-maps.
This document provides summaries of important musicals in the development of Broadway and American musical theatre. It covers musicals from the late 19th century beginnings with operettas like Pirates of Penzance to more modern musicals like Cats, Les Miserables, Rent, and Hamilton. Many of the early musicals integrated European forms and explored social issues like race and counterculture themes. Over time, musicals utilized more complex scores, plots, staging, and themes to push the boundaries of what a musical could be.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) was a prolific French poet, novelist, and dramatist who was a leading figure in the Romantic movement in France. He wrote famous works like The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Misérables. Hugo had a turbulent political career, going into exile for nearly 20 years after opposing Napoleon III's coup. He was revered as an advocate for democracy and humanitarian causes. Upon his death at age 83, over 2 million people participated in his state funeral procession in Paris, honoring his legacy as one of France's greatest writers.
The document summarizes Greek loan words that have been incorporated into the English language relating to art forms. It lists common words like music, poem, sculpture, museum, drama, theatre, and act. It then provides equivalent terms for these words in other European languages like Portuguese, Spanish, Polish, and Croatian. Finally, it includes a word cloud of additional terms incorporated from Greek such as mythology, abstract, hero, and narrative.
Power point presentation by a 4th ESO student. Based on Il Bacio (The kiss) by Francesco Hayez. Contents: Analysis of the picture, other paintings by Hayez, short biography.
This document summarizes the development of Hispanic, Asian American, and LGBTQ theatre in the United States since 1970. It identifies key playwrights, theatre companies, and plays for the primary forms of Chicano/Mexican, Puerto Rican/Nuyorican, Cuban, Asian American, and LGBTQ theatre. Some of the major playwrights and companies mentioned include Luis Valdez and El Teatro Campesino for Chicano/Mexican theatre, Miguel Piñero and the Nuyorican Poets Cafe for Puerto Rican/Nuyorican theatre, and Tony Kushner and his landmark play Angels in America for LGBTQ theatre.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756 in Salzburg and showed musical talent from a young age, playing instruments and composing by the age of 4. He traveled extensively through Europe with his family as a child musical prodigy, performing in places like Paris and London. Mozart composed many famous works across many genres during his life, including operas like The Marriage of Figaro and The Magic Flute, and symphonies, masses, and solo piano works. However, he died prematurely in 1791 at the young age of 35 in Vienna, with the circumstances surrounding his death remaining something of a mystery.
O filme "Tempos Modernos" mostra a vida de um trabalhador, Carlitos, em uma fábrica na década de 1930. A produção em massa explorava os funcionários, que trabalhavam longas jornadas em condições precárias. Carlitos acaba ficando doente devido ao trabalho repetitivo. Ele tenta outros empregos, mas tem dificuldades por ter sido alienado em sua função anterior. O filme critica as condições de trabalho da época e mostra os primeiros movimentos grevistas.
The document provides an overview of important artists and works from the Northern Renaissance period, including Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Hans Holbein the Younger, and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. It discusses their contributions to painting, printmaking, and other genres, as well as the religious and political context of the time. Major works mentioned include Van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece and Arnolfini Portrait, Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights triptych, Durer's print series and self-portraits, and Bruegel's paintings of peasant life and biblical scenes.
Wanderers, wayfarers, pilgrims have walked through the countryside, over mountain passes …
Some have sought wisdom or spiritual enrichment, others just a bite to eat and somewhere
The greatest Flemish artist of 16th century. This realistic and landscape painter, gives us a gleam of life in the Low Country 400 years ago. His paintings are full of details & messages and.so interesting to look at. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c1525/30-69), nicknamed ‘Peasant Bruegel’, was the most important satirist in the Netherlands after Bosch and one of the greatest landscape painters. After he became Master in the Antwerp Guild in 1551, he went to France and Italy, travelling as far south as Sicily. He was impressed by the landscape of Italy but not so on the Italian paintings. From his painter, he gave us insights to the peasant life and their relationship with nature of 16C in the Low Countries. He was an educated man, well able to associate with his distinguished clients sophisticated enough disguised his political opinions as a biblical story.
Summer (with Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Édouard Manet)guimera
Monet and Renoir painted scenes of bathers at La Grenouillère, a popular summer resort on the Seine River outside Paris in 1869. Their paintings depicted the lively atmosphere of people relaxing and boating. Other artists like Manet captured Parisians enjoying summer activities in the city, such as concerts in the Tuileries Gardens. Throughout the 1860s-1880s, Impressionist artists frequently depicted leisure scenes of summer outings, capturing the effects of light and atmosphere in their works.
The legend of Faust tells the story of a scholar who makes a deal with the devil, trading his soul for unlimited knowledge and pleasures. This legend has been adapted and reinterpreted through many literary, artistic, and musical works over time. Two seminal versions are Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus from the 16th century and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 19th century play Faust, which complicates the moral message of earlier versions. F.W. Murnau also directed a famous silent film adaptation of Faust in 1926 featuring impressive special effects.
Venus and Tannhäuser Part II : from 1886 to 1910K. Bender
The iconography of "Venus and Tannhäuser in the Venusberg" as seen by 49 visual artists. Slide presentation in three parts:
I from 1852 to 1885
II from 1886 to 1910
III from 1911 to 2005
Slides were uploaded as PDFs generated in the corresponding 'myHistro story'
View the timeline of all artists in my post of January 30, 2015 'Tannhäuser the villain! He has been in the Venusberg!'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/2015/01/tannhauser-villain-he-has-been-in.html
There the myHistro story is automatically shown with 1) text (read more) and references to the information source(s), 2) pictures, 3) videos and 4) geo-maps.
You can also move the timeline with the cursor and click any name in the timeline graph; or you can click any icon on the geo-maps.
Adolphe Charles Adam was a prolific 19th century French composer best known for his ballets Giselle (1844) and Le Corsaire (1856). He composed over 40 operas and 14 ballets. Though he focused on pleasing audiences rather than innovation, his works like Giselle, Le Postillon de Lonjumeau (1836 opera), and Christmas carol "O Holy Night" (1847) remain popular today. He had a successful early career but faced financial difficulties later from his failed Opera-National theatre venture.
STUCK, Franz von, Featured Paintings in Detailguimera
The document provides details on 15 paintings by Franz von Stuck, including title, date, medium, dimensions and location. For each painting there are 3-5 images labelled as details. Brief descriptions are provided for some of the paintings, discussing themes of mythology, biblical stories, and symbolism in von Stuck's works. The paintings include Lucifer, The Kiss of the Sphinx, The Sin, Wounded Amazon, Salome, Golgotha, Pietà, Wild Chase, Inferno, The Murderer, and Sphinx.
Venus and Tannhäuser Part III : from 1911 to 2005K. Bender
The iconography of "Venus and Tannhäuser in the Venusberg" as seen by 49 visual artists. Slide presentation in three parts:
I from 1852 to 1885
II from 1886 to 1910
III from 1911 to 2005
Slides were uploaded as PDFs generated in the corresponding 'myHistro story'
View the timeline of all artists in my post of January 30, 2015 'Tannhäuser the villain! He has been in the Venusberg!'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/2015/01/tannhauser-villain-he-has-been-in.html
There the myHistro story is automatically shown with 1) text (read more) and references to the information source(s), 2) pictures, 3) videos and 4) geo-maps.
You can also move the timeline with the cursor and click any name in the timeline graph; or you can click any icon on the geo-maps.
Dadaism was an early 20th century avant-garde art movement that originated in Zurich and flourished in several European cities. It rejected reason and logic, emphasizing nonsense, irrationality and chance. Key figures included Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia. Dadaism used techniques like found objects, cut-up words and absurdist performances to mock bourgeois values and protest World War I. While short-lived, Dadaism had a lasting influence on later movements like Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art that embraced aspects of chance, absurdity and anti-art sentiments.
Richard Wagner was a German composer known for his epic operas who was born in 1813 in Leipzig, Germany. He wrote his first opera at age 21 called "The Fairies" and went on to compose 13 stage works that reformed opera by making it continuous without breaks between scenes. Some of his most famous and influential works included "The Ring of the Nibelung" and "Tristan and Isolde." Wagner had a controversial political image as a revolutionary socialist and some of his writings were later cited as an influence on Hitler, though his music remained widely popular after his death in 1883.
Part I of a series of posts exploring how 'love and music' is depicted in art history, with special reference to the iconography of Aphrodite-Venus, the Greek-Roman Goddess of Love. Music cannot be far away because 'music is the food of love'.
For a full discussion, see Blog 'Iconography in Art History'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/?view=magazine
ERNST, Max, Featured Paintings in Detail (1)guimera
The document describes four paintings by surrealist artist Max Ernst:
1) Temptation of St. Anthony (1945) housed at the Wilhelm-Lehmbruck-Museum in Duisburg, Germany.
2) The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child (1926) housed at the Museum Ludwig in Cologne, Germany.
3) Napoleon in the Wilderness (1941) housed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
4) The Antipope (1942) housed at the Peggy Guggenheim Foundation in Venice, Italy. For each painting, details and background information are provided.
Venus and Tannhäuser Part I : from 1852 to1885K. Bender
The iconography of "Venus and Tannhäuser in the Venusberg" as seen by 49 visual artists. Slide presentation in three parts:
I from 1852 to 1885
II from 1886 to 1910
III from 1911 to 2005
Slides were uploaded as PDFs generated in the corresponding 'myHistro story'
View the timeline of all artists in my post of January 30, 2015 'Tannhäuser the villain! He has been in the Venusberg!'
http://kbender.blogspot.be/2015/01/tannhauser-villain-he-has-been-in.html
There the myHistro story is automatically shown with 1) text (read more) and references to the information source(s), 2) pictures, 3) videos and 4) geo-maps.
You can also move the timeline with the cursor and click any name in the timeline graph; or you can click any icon on the geo-maps.
This document provides summaries of important musicals in the development of Broadway and American musical theatre. It covers musicals from the late 19th century beginnings with operettas like Pirates of Penzance to more modern musicals like Cats, Les Miserables, Rent, and Hamilton. Many of the early musicals integrated European forms and explored social issues like race and counterculture themes. Over time, musicals utilized more complex scores, plots, staging, and themes to push the boundaries of what a musical could be.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) was a prolific French poet, novelist, and dramatist who was a leading figure in the Romantic movement in France. He wrote famous works like The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Misérables. Hugo had a turbulent political career, going into exile for nearly 20 years after opposing Napoleon III's coup. He was revered as an advocate for democracy and humanitarian causes. Upon his death at age 83, over 2 million people participated in his state funeral procession in Paris, honoring his legacy as one of France's greatest writers.
The document summarizes Greek loan words that have been incorporated into the English language relating to art forms. It lists common words like music, poem, sculpture, museum, drama, theatre, and act. It then provides equivalent terms for these words in other European languages like Portuguese, Spanish, Polish, and Croatian. Finally, it includes a word cloud of additional terms incorporated from Greek such as mythology, abstract, hero, and narrative.
Power point presentation by a 4th ESO student. Based on Il Bacio (The kiss) by Francesco Hayez. Contents: Analysis of the picture, other paintings by Hayez, short biography.
This document summarizes the development of Hispanic, Asian American, and LGBTQ theatre in the United States since 1970. It identifies key playwrights, theatre companies, and plays for the primary forms of Chicano/Mexican, Puerto Rican/Nuyorican, Cuban, Asian American, and LGBTQ theatre. Some of the major playwrights and companies mentioned include Luis Valdez and El Teatro Campesino for Chicano/Mexican theatre, Miguel Piñero and the Nuyorican Poets Cafe for Puerto Rican/Nuyorican theatre, and Tony Kushner and his landmark play Angels in America for LGBTQ theatre.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756 in Salzburg and showed musical talent from a young age, playing instruments and composing by the age of 4. He traveled extensively through Europe with his family as a child musical prodigy, performing in places like Paris and London. Mozart composed many famous works across many genres during his life, including operas like The Marriage of Figaro and The Magic Flute, and symphonies, masses, and solo piano works. However, he died prematurely in 1791 at the young age of 35 in Vienna, with the circumstances surrounding his death remaining something of a mystery.
O filme "Tempos Modernos" mostra a vida de um trabalhador, Carlitos, em uma fábrica na década de 1930. A produção em massa explorava os funcionários, que trabalhavam longas jornadas em condições precárias. Carlitos acaba ficando doente devido ao trabalho repetitivo. Ele tenta outros empregos, mas tem dificuldades por ter sido alienado em sua função anterior. O filme critica as condições de trabalho da época e mostra os primeiros movimentos grevistas.
To redesign Cragslist Web as well as mobile home page: this was a small exercise I did in the Information Design I extended learning course offered by SFSU (San Francisco State University)
A Biblioteca da Universidade Federal de São Paulo está realizando uma campanha solidária para arrecadar materiais para confecção de álbuns de histórias de vida para crianças acolhidas por uma ONG. Usuários com livros atrasados poderão doar um kit de scrapbooking e ter sua suspensão removida. Os itens arrecadados serão doados para estudantes que irão produzir os álbuns para o projeto "Historiando" da ONG Instituto Fazendo História.
This document asks which type of clothes you like from a list of options including UNIQLO, g.u., Forever21, H&M, and other. It then provides numbers 3, 5, 1, 4, and 3 as possible responses.
This document provides details on various aspects of a scene from a movie filmed in a cave setting. It summarizes that the interior cave scenes were filmed at Pinewood Studios in Scotland to make the setting look dark and ominous. The costumes consisted of climbing gear suited to exploring caves, while prosthetics were used for the creatures. Lighting used night vision cameras to achieve a greenish, low-light appearance and strategic lighting helped make the creatures seem threatening. The actresses' reactions to the creatures were genuine since they did not see the actors in creature prosthetics beforehand.
Professional Thesis - How to reach audiences in a fragmented Media Environmen...Romain VILLA
This document provides an overview of the media landscape and how it has changed with the rise of digital technologies and a more fragmented audience. It discusses how traditional media like print, radio, television have had to adapt their business models to this new environment, with many pursuing a freemium model online. It also introduces the concept of programmatic advertising and real-time bidding as new technologies that allow media agencies to better target audiences across devices in real-time. The challenges facing media agencies in this changing landscape are also presented.
The student used their iPad daily for taking notes in class, studying at home, and writing papers. They found the iPad more useful than their iTouch due to its larger screen size. Taking notes and writing papers on the iPad helped improve the student's verbal and visual learning styles. The iPad's portability and note-taking apps made it easier for the student to be organized and efficient. While games occasionally distracted the student, overall the iPad enhanced their learning process and made their last semester of college easier.
Los alumnos comprenderán que los judíos dedicaban sus hijos primogénitos a Dios en reconocimiento a que ellos les pertenecían a Él, por haberlos salvado de la muerte. Que cada persona debe aprender a reconocer la intervención redentora de Dios en su vida y darle gracias. Que Jesús presentado, como el hijo primogénito de sus padres terrenales, cumplió la esperanza del advenimiento de un rey Mesías para el pueblo de Dios.
Este documento presenta los horarios semanales de las asignaturas para los diferentes cursos de 2° grado en el colegio. Detalla los días de la semana, las asignaturas y los profesores a cargo de cada clase para los grupos de 2° A a 2° K.
Air-cured and fermented sausages have a long history as a preservation method involving curing, fermenting, smoking, drying, and storage. Curing with salt and nitrates prevents bacterial growth like botulism. Fermentation uses salt to encourage beneficial bacteria like lactobacilli that produce lactic acid, lowering the pH and inhibiting other bacteria. Commercial starter cultures began in 1957 and include fast or slow cultures for different styles. Controls on time, temperature, acidity, moisture, and salt levels are used to reduce spoilage and pathogenic bacteria growth while encouraging beneficial bacteria during the process. Traditional styles vary regionally in Europe and Asia.
Jervy I. Cristobal is seeking a position to meet company targets and enhance his knowledge. He has a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Martinez Memorial Colleges. His work experience includes positions as a dispatch checker, sales clerk, stock clerk, and sales utility clerk. He provides his contact information, educational background, work history, personal details, references, and signature.
El documento habla sobre el lanzamiento de la nueva marca de shampoo Savital en Perú. Savital es un shampoo cosmético con una fórmula exclusiva basada en sábila, un ingrediente natural muy valorado por las consumidoras peruanas. La empresa planea una agresiva campaña publicitaria para posicionar a Savital como una de las marcas líderes en el mercado peruano, ofreciendo un alto valor a precios accesibles.
Mahmoud Fouad Abd-Elmonem is seeking employment and has experience in civil engineering projects including bridge and building construction as well as materials testing from prior internships. He graduated from Benha University in 2016 with a degree in Civil Engineering and has strong technical skills in AutoCAD, SAP2000, AutoCAD Civil 3D, and Primavera.
The art of form versus the art of emotion in thomas mann's death in venice (f...Jesullyna Manuel
This document provides a summary and analysis of Thomas Mann's novella Death in Venice. It discusses how the novella explores the conflict between form (rationality and discipline) versus emotion through the story of Gustav von Aschenbach. Von Aschenbach is a repressed writer who becomes obsessed with a young Polish boy named Tadzio while vacationing in Venice. His obsession leads to his dissolution and death, representing the dangers of giving in to one's passions. The document also analyzes how Venice represents sensuality and decline, and how the story uses mythology and Freudian concepts to examine this theme of rationality versus emotion.
The document provides information about modern Austrian literature and its history. It discusses how the journal Modern Austrian Literature has evolved since 1961 to cover Austrian literature and culture beyond Austria's borders. It notes that within the last century, Austrian writing has had a significant influence on German language literature, comparable to how Irish and Southern US writing influenced their respective literatures. It also mentions debates within Austria over whether the country has a distinct literature, as some scholars promote a pan-Germanism that is hostile to contemporary Austrian writers.
This document provides biographical information on several individuals:
- Pol Medina Jr., a Filipino cartoonist best known for creating the comic strip "Pugad Baboy".
- Bob Ong, a pseudonymous Filipino author known for humorously depicting life as a Filipino using conversational Filipino.
- Cristina S. Canonigo, a Filipino author who has written over 100 books, most notably on teaching Cebuano language.
- Gary Lising, a Filipino actor, comedian and writer known for his work with comedian Bob Hope.
It also recounts a funny story about the narrator and their siblings getting lost and having car troubles on the way home from the mall.
Theatre in Nazi Germany was tightly controlled by the Nazi government and used as a propaganda tool. After Hitler rose to power in 1933, the Ministry of Propaganda took control of cultural institutions and censored any productions that did not promote Nazi ideology. Jewish actors and writers were forced into exile or retirement. While some theatre continued under Nazi control, productions had to be approved by censors and often contained pro-Nazi or nationalist themes. Theatre was also used as propaganda in occupied territories during World War 2 to promote Nazi ideology.
Constantine and Methodius came to Great Moravia in 863, bringing the Old Slavonic language and creating the Glagolitic alphabet. They laid the foundations for connecting Christianity with the spread of literature in the region. Over subsequent centuries, literature was written in Old Slavonic, Latin, and Czech, including chronicles, legends, and dramas. Notable authors included Dalimil, who wrote the first Czech language chronicle, and Karel Jaromír Erben, known for his ballads in Kytice.
1) Michael West was a pioneering female abstract expressionist artist who faced significant challenges in the male-dominated art world of the 1940s-1950s.
2) She studied under influential teachers like Hans Hofmann and Raphael Soyer and was part of the early development of abstract expressionism in New York.
3) However, as the movement took shape and became defined by prominent male artists, West and other women were largely excluded from the historical narrative due to pervasive sexism in the art world at the time.
NIT Silchar Quiz Fest 2015 - Maut ka Kuan - The MELA Quiz - FinalsSandipan Goswami
Held on 3rd April 2015 at K.V. Auditorium NIT Silchar.
Winners:
1st - Anam Hilaly, Amlan Phukan, Nikhil Agarwal
2nd - Bedanga Kashyap Das, Aveek Baruah, Amit Oli
3rd - Tameem Salman, Ashish Dutta, Shrutimoy Das
Contents
Modernism
Realism
Henrik Ibsen
Henrik Ibsen’s Approach to Feminism
(Project #1)
“The Master Builder”
Epistemology, techniques, themes, characters
“The Master Builder”: A Kaleidoscopic Play
Autobiographical Elements in “The Master Builder”
Socialist Realism
George Bernard Shaw
“Heartbreak House”: as A Socialist Realist Play
Bibliography
Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian-American actress and inventor. She was born in 1914 in Vienna to a wealthy Jewish family. As a young woman, she began acting in films and became famous for her controversial role in Ecstasy where she performed the first nude scene in a mainstream film. She later escaped an abusive marriage and fled to America where she had a successful film career but also studied engineering. In the 1940s, she co-invented an early technique for spread spectrum communications and frequency hopping which laid the foundation for modern Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. She spent her later life in poverty despite the importance of her invention. Hedy Lamarr lived a remarkable life as both an actress and inventor
Richard Wagner, his work and influence on film, music and other artsHrvoje Hrsto
This document provides a biography of Richard Wagner, a famous German composer, and discusses his innovations and influences. It describes Wagner's early life and career, his years in exile due to political unrest, and his later return to Germany. It also examines some of Wagner's controversial views and the appropriation of his work by the Nazis. The document highlights Wagner's innovations like Gesamtkunstwerk and the leitmotif, and his influence on film scores like Star Wars. Finally, it discusses Wagner's lasting legacy and influence on other artists and art forms beyond just music.
This document provides information on several prominent composers of vocal music from the Romantic period:
- Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian composer known for operas like La Traviata and Aida that featured expressive vocal melodies.
- Giacomo Puccini composed famous Italian operas including La Boheme, Tosca, and Madame Butterfly that drew from everyday life.
- Franz Peter Schubert was an Austrian composer considered the last classical and first romantic composer; he wrote famous art songs including "Erlkonig" and "Ave Maria".
- Richard Wagner introduced new harmonic and formal ideas in his German operas known as "music dramas", such as T
This document provides brief biographies of eight famous Czech personalities from culture and history. It describes their dates of birth and death, occupations, major works, and awards for Jaroslav Hašek, Václav Havel, Karel Čapek, Miloš Forman, Karel Gott, Vlasta Burian, Antonín Dvořák, and Jiří Menzel.
ART HISTORY 132SymbolismSymbolism (c. 1865-1.docxdavezstarr61655
ART HISTORY 132
Symbolism
Symbolism
(c. 1865-1915)
term: applied to both visual & literary arts (e.g., Rimbaud)
aim: not to see things, but to see through them to significance & reality far deeper
definition: subjective interpretation reject observation of optical world fantasy forms based on imaginationcolor, line, & shapes used as symbols of personal emotions, rather than to conform to optical image
function: artist as visionaryto achieve seer’s insight, artists must become derangedsystematically unhinge & confuse everyday faculties of sense and reason
themes: religion, mythology, sexual desire (vs. Baudelairian everyday life)
Odilon Redon
(1840-1916)biography: born to a prosperous family
training: failed entrance exams at École des Beaux-Artsbriefly studied under Gérôme (1864)career: interrupted by Franco-Prussian War remained relatively unknown until cult novel by Huysmans titled Against Nature (1884 )story featured decadent aristocrat who collected Redon's drawingsmedia:early work charcoal & lithographylater work oilsaim: “… [to bring] to life, in a human way, improbable beings and making them live according to the laws of probability, by putting – as far as possible – the logic of the visible at the service of the invisible”subject matter: “fantastic” influenced by writings of Edgar Allen Poe strange amoeboid creatures, insects, plants w/ human heads, etc.themes: “fantastic” creaturesmythological scenes
(Left) Redon’s Symbolist Eye Balloon (1878)
and
(right) Crying Spider (1881)
Redon’s Symbolist Eye Balloon (1878)
vs.
Daumier’s Nadar (c. 1860)
Redon
Cyclops (1898)subject: mythologicalPolyphemus & Galateanarrative loving moment vs. jealouslytheme: psychologicalconscious vs. unconsciouswaking vs. sleepingtone: hauntingbrushwork: painterly (Impressionist) composition: dynamiccolor: vibrantwhimsical harmoniousperspective: aerial
Redon’s Symbolist Cyclops (c. 1900)
vs.
Carracci’s Italian Baroque Polyphemus in the Farnese Gallery (c. 1600)
Henri Rousseau
(1844-1910)biography:served in French army bureaucrat in Paris Customs Office (1871-1893)took up painting as a hobby accepted early retirement in 1893 to devote himself to art
career: suffered ridicule & endured poverty
aesthetic: “naïve”
themes: jungle scenes
sources: claimed inspiration from his military experiences in Mexicoin fact, sources were illustrated books & visits to zoo/botanical gardens in Paris
Rousseau’s Sleeping Gypsy
(1897)
Rousseau’s The Dream
(1910)
James Ensor
(1860-1949)nationality: Belgian
personal crisis: family forbade him to marryplunged to depths of despair returned to painting religious subjects sold contents of his studio in 1890s
aesthetic: avant-garde Les XX (the Twenty)goal to promote new artistic developments throughout Europegroup’s leader/foundertreated harshly by art critics disbanded after a decade challenged rules of perspective free use of color and space and brus.
Christopher Isherwood's novel "Goodbye to Berlin" provides insights into Berlin society in the 1930s through the situations and dialogues described. While some events are not fully explained, literary critical approaches allow readers to construct the social context from representative situations. The narrator's objectivity is partially achieved through describing himself as "a camera" passiveley recording scenes. The novel reveals social discourses and ideologies that shaped the society in which it was written according to theories of sociological novel criticism.
Richard Wagner was a German composer born in 1813 in Leipzig. He was a revolutionary composer, conductor, music theorist and essayist who was influential in the development of opera. A defining moment was hearing Beethoven's symphony which inspired him to become a musician. He was also involved in the German nationalist movement and had to flee Germany after a failed revolution, spending 12 years in exile. Some of his most famous works include Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde, The Ring Cycle, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, The Flying Dutchman and his final opera Parsifal.
Benjamin Britten was an influential 20th century English composer known for his operas. He was a child prodigy who began composing at age 4 and studying music formally at age 11. Some of his most famous works include Peter Grimes, Billy Budd, and A Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra. Britten focused on themes of the individual versus society and often portrayed social outsiders. He lived with his partner Peter Pears and settled in a small fishing village, drawing inspiration from the landscape for his dramatic works. Britten composed up until his death in 1976 and is considered one of the most important English composers, known for elevating the use of the English language in opera.
Frank Wedekind was a German dramatist born in 1864 who was a precursor of Expressionism. He studied in Germany and Switzerland but did not complete his studies. He held various jobs before finding theatrical success in 1904 with his play Pandora's Box. His works centered around liberating sensual love from bourgeois conventions and morality. He influenced other writers like Brecht. Some of his notable works included Spring Awakening from 1891 and Pandora's Box from 1904.
The document discusses the history of British film, theater, and Shakespeare. It notes that the British film industry had a "golden age" in the 1940s and was influential in developing both commercial and artistic films. British theater is considered one of the country's great treasures due to William Shakespeare, who brought the art to prominence. Shakespeare wrote many famous tragedies and plays over his career that are still performed worldwide today. The West End of London and the Globe Theatre are highlighted as important historical theater locations in Britain.
The document provides a history of drama from its origins in ancient Greece to modern times. It notes that drama began as part of festivals honoring Dionysus in Greece, with the first genres being tragedy, comedy, and satyr plays performed by famous playwrights like Aeschylus and Aristophanes. Drama developed further in Rome and the Middle Ages before flourishing during the Renaissance with Shakespeare. Modern drama saw experimentation with forms and a shift from realism to symbolism and expressionism in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. Contemporary drama explores language and mirrors social issues.
Similar to 12_Coverstory_07_2016_DS_klein-2 copy (20)
1. Vienna’s dramatists have a long, brilliant
and turbulent history. But no year was
quite so momentous as 1929, the year
modernity was born
BY BRIAN HATFIELD
COVER STORY
Reimagining
The Self12 july | august 2016 july | august 2016 13
H
edwigKieslerwasde-
termined to act. She
had traveled all the
way to Berlin to
studyunderthegreat
Viennese director
Max Reinhardt. But
it seemed impossible to get an audition. So
during a rehearsal, she slipped into the emp-
ty theater and sat in the back to watch. Then
he spotted her, irritated, and called her up
onto the stage. She was very young – only 17
– with raven hair and penetrating green
eyes.“Ijustwantedtoseeyoudirect,”shelat-
er remembered saying.
“Do you speak English?” he barked. “Y...
yes,” she managed, thus winning herself the
partof“2ndAmericangirl”inReinhardt’sDas
schwächereGeschlecht(TheWeakerSex).
The young actress’s only notion of Ameri-
ca then was of a flotilla of states encircling
an island of magic called Hollywood. But
then, she came from Vienna, a city where
theater was part of life – a glasshouse of di-
rectors, actors, writers, teachers and psy-
chologists,spinningtalesofthehumanexpe-
rience out of logic, myth and madness. Act-
ing was almost second nature.
“I acted all the time,” she told an interview-
er in 1938. She copied the gestures and man-
nerisms of her mother, their dinner guests,
theservantsandpeopleonthestreet.“Iwasa
livingcopybook;Iwrotepeopledownonme.”
Still agonizing over the loss of an empire,
recovering from the upheavals of the war,
and torn apart by increasing hostility be-
tween the Socialists and Christian-Demo-
crats, Vienna was also the place where the-
atercouldanddidblossom,wildlyandvigor-
ously. Theatrical creativity, inspiration and
innovationseemedtosweepawayallthesor-
rows of the present. At least for some.
In this hotchpotch of misery and ambi-
tion, the ingenue Hedwig Kiesler was on her
way to Hollywood to become Hedy Lamarr,
her trajectory set, navigating the zeitgeist
that would carry the German-speaking
worldoutofonewarandintoanother,where
she herself would play an important role.
The young Viennese actress
Hedwig Kiesler was groomed by
Max Reinhardt to eventually
become the Hollywood superstar
known as Hedy Lamarr.
2. july | august 2016 15
FREUD AND THE THEATER
But perhaps they were not so far apart.
“What’s important to understand about
Freud is his classical, humanistic educa-
tion,” says Prof. Monika Meister of the
University of Vienna, “including the im-
portance of ancient Greek tragedy.” Mid-
way through The Interpretation of
Dreams, for example, he brings in Oedi-
pus, and refers to Sophocles’ recognition
of the unconscious back in the 5th centu-
ry B.C. “And Hofmannsthal’s Elektra was
seen as a study of Hysteria,” she con-
cludes. But theater in ancient times was
more than just diagnosis and observa-
tion; it was also medicine and therapy.
“Sophocles and Aristotle had discovered
theaterforcatharsis,purgingthecommu-
nity,”shesays,playingthesamepurifying
role as medicine.
After the Great War, Hofmannsthal’s
world fell apart. Unable to overcome the
dissolution of the monarchy, he became
more conservative, and while his produc-
tivity never slowed, he felt increasingly
out of step with his time. Still, he was
adored by the public. At the time of his
death in 1929, his most famous play,
Jedermann (Everyman), had just played
in the Salzburg Festival for its ninth con-
secutive year.
Schnitzler, on the other hand, was at
home in the new age, delving ever deeper
into psychology that was already basic to
his work. His most famous play, Reigen,
premiered in both Vienna and Berlin in
1920,unravelingaseriesofsexualencoun-
ters that shocked even liberal Vienna. The
ensuing scandal, including a lawsuit in
Berlin, culminated in Schnitzler with-
drawing the play for some eight years.
THE END OFAN ERA
But by then, Schnitzler, like Hofmanns-
thal, had lost a child to suicide, his be-
loved daughter Lilli. “On that July day,”
he wrote in his diary, “my life, too, came
to an end.”
In hindsight, Hofmannstal’s and
Schnitzler’s deaths so close together ap-
pear like an omen for the horrors that fol-
lowed, for a society whose creative glue
was coming unstuck, unhinging the city,
propelling artists and psychologists out
into the diaspora. By the end of World
War II, says Meister, “Jewish theater was
tabula rasa.”
It’s unlikely that Lamarr, at the age of
15, would have seen Reigen, but she was
no stranger to censorship. At 19, she
made love to her then boyfriend in the
Czech film Extase, the director had stuck
a safety pin into her buttocks to make the
love scenes look more passionate. The
film ruffled some feathers in both Europe
and America; but at least everyone knew
her name.
“I went to Prague because I was in love
withsomebody,”shetoldareporterin1970.
Sheneverregrettedit.
WhilethereisnorecordthatLamarrmet
either Hofmannsthal or Richard Strauss,
she did know the other of the Salzburg
greats – director Max Reinhardt, who pio-
neeredathirdpathofelaboratestagingand
setdesign,influencedbyRichardWagner’s
idea of a Gesamtkunstwerk. The doyen of
Austrian theater, he launched his still re-
nownedMaxReinhardtSeminarinVienna
in 1929, furthering a vision that found its
fullest expression in the director’s film
workinHollywood.
Reinhardt was against realism and the
declamatory style of the past, cultivating
inhisstudentsathoroughknowledgeand
deep respect for all aspects of stagecraft.
His innovations included special lighting
effects, revolving stages and sky-domed
ceilings, which he exploited to the hilt
and earned him the reputation as a mas-
ter of stage direction. After Lamarr ap-
peared in the lead as Sybil in Reinhardt’s
1931 production of Noel Coward’s Private
Lives at Theater in der Josefstadt, he pro-
claimed her “the most beautiful woman
in Europe.”
FINDING STANISLAVSKI
The year 1929 was also a seminal one in
philosophy, with the publication of the
manifestooftheViennaCircle.Theselog-
ical positivists were the antithesis of the
JungWienartists:Schnitzler,Hofmanns-
thal,ZweigandKarlKraus,“themasterof
venomous ridicule.”
Theater’s strongest new impulse, how-
ever, may have come from refugee Mi-
chael Chekhov, nephew of the Russian
playwright and former star of the famous
Moscow Arts Theatre. Chekhov had
sought out Reinhardt, hoping to play
Hamlet, but was instead offered a charac-
ter role in Artisten, at Theater in der Jo-
sefstadt in 1928. During the play, Chek-
hov had an experience of “double con-
sciousness” – of acting and watching one-
selfactatthesametime,leadinghismen-
tor Konstantin Stanislavski to fear for his
sanity – and reconsider his technique for
drawing out his actors. Artistic success,
he believed, could be found by working
from the insideout, or alternatively, from
the outside in, echoing Carl Jung’s theo-
ries on introverts and extroverts. Stan-
islavski’s insight led to his “Method of
PhysicalAction”,hisrelianceonthe“mag-
ic if” of reimagining the self.
Vienna’s passion for theater also
touched the young Adolf Hitler, who took
lessons from the stage hypnotist Erik Jan
Hanussen, a “clairvoyant” and charlatan.
Hitler’s talent was oratory, which he used
14 july | august 2016
ALLTHE WORLD’S A STAGE
The great names of that time have long
sincemadetheirexitsfromViennastreets.
But theater itself, suspending disbelief,
continues to lift the stories of our age, the
facts, figures and maps of our world, off the
page into reincarnate life.
“We’ve always had broad support,” says
RobertDressler,directorofthetheaterpro-
gram at the Deparment of Culture for the
City of Vienna. In the late 19th and early
20th century, Vienna’s theaters were pri-
vately sponsored by the nobility and the
newindustrialfortunesaspiringtobecome
a part of high society. Before that, Dressler
explained, theater was mostly confined to
the court and, to some extent, the church.
After three decades working in support
of the arts here, most notably at Vienna’s
venerableEnglishTheatre,hecaresdeeply
about keeping the tradition alive. “In the
late 1920s, along the Praterstraße, there
were quite a number of theaters,” he says,
“many for operetta, including Jewish the-
aters,” that had just begun to prosper by
1929. They would only have their brief but-
terfly day in the sun.
ECCE HOMO
The year 1929 also brought
heavylossesandunlikelyrec-
onciliations. Just two days af-
ter his son’s suicide, drama-
tist Hugo von Hofmannstal,
giant of the German-lan-
guage fin-de-siècle poetry and the Wiener
Moderne, himself succumbed, dying of a
broken heart.
And it was the irrepressible Stefan
Zweig who, despite years of petty jealou-
sies,deliveredtheeulogyatHofmannstal’s
funeral, before joining a procession that
led from the Burgtheater, past the Volks-
garten, and over Rudolf Geschwind’s fa-
mous roses, now petals strewn yellow,
damask and red.
Hofmannsthalhadbeenaphenomenon,
a prodigy already published by the age of
17,andfamousby25,oneofagroupofbohe-
mians who called themselves Jung Wien,
communing at around writer Hermann
BahratCaféGriensteidl.Outof“multiplic-
ity and indeterminacy [where] everything
fell into parts,” Hofmannsthal evolved his
theatrical “ceremony of the whole.” His
plays were brimming with
choruses, musicians, dancers
andevenanimals,unitingthe
audience in a “mystical
union” with the performers
onstage,principlesheusedin
his many librettos to the op-
eras of Richard Strauss.
Among Hofmannsthal’s Jung Wien co-
hortswasthegreatnovelistandplaywright
Arthur Schnitzler, who had about-faced
from medicine to literature. Medicine had
“sharpenedmyeyeandenlightenedmyin-
tellect,” he wrote in 1920, equipping him
brilliantly for diagnosing society and hu-
man relationships. A pioneer of the tech-
nique of the inner monologue long before
James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), his novella
Lieutenant Gustl (1900) was written the
same year as Freud’s Interpretation of
Dreams. Freud himself was in awe of
Schnitzler,whomhewasreluctanttomeet
for fear of encountering a doppelgänger.
“I have often wondered,” Freud wrote
Schnitzler in 1906, “how it is you possess
this or that piece of secret knowledge, that
for me has come only with years of study?”
COVER STORY
Max Reinhardt launched his Seminar
in Vienna in 1929, furthering a
vision that found its fullest expression
in his Hollywood films.
PHOTOS,APAPICTUREDESK:PREVIOUSPAGE:RONALDGRANTARCHIVE/MARYEVANS;LEFT:FOTOWILHELM/INTERFOTO;
RIGHT:FRIEDRICH/INTERFOTO
Before his death in
1929, Hugo von
Hoffmansthal's most
famous work,
Jedermann, played for
nine years at the
Salzburg Festival and
annually ever since.
3. 16 july | august 2016
tooptimumeffect.Herequired
a long warm-up, practicing his
gestures to perfection in a mir-
ror. He had a sonorous voice,
not always evident in the hys-
terical tone of his public re-
cordings. And like Reinhardt, his knowl-
edgeofstagingwasthoroughandconvinc-
ing–aconsummateperformer.
THEWORLD,ANIGHTMARE
By the spring of 1932 the young republics
in Germany and Austria were both fall-
ing apart. On January 30, 1933, Hitler
was appointed Chancellor of Germany,
and five years later, annexed Austria.
Overnight,halfofVienna’stheaterswere
closed; the cabarets and the Jews were
gone, most never to return.
The exodus gutted Viennese theater.
Hedy Lamarr herself was saved by Max
Reinhardt, with an introduction to Louis
B.MayerofMGM,escapingasuffocating
marriage to a wealthy armaments manu-
facturer and getting her out of Austria.
Vienna’s theatrical genius blossomed
anew in the lush garden of Hollywood, the
new medium, cinema. Directors Billy
Wilder, Otto Preminger, Fred Zinneman,
Fritz Lang and Michael Curtiz, actors
Peter Lorre, Paul Henried
and of course Hedy Lamarr,
as well as nearly 400 others
who left their stamp on Hol-
lywood, winning no fewer
than33AcademyAwardsin
thedecadesthatfollowed.
PSYCHOLOGY IS BACK
Today in 2016, times are uncertain; the
economyisturningaspopulationsareon
the move and technology is reshuffling
the cards. We are again in a time of ideas,
disturbing but also challenging. This is,
on the whole, good for theater.
In Vienna, says Dressler, new work is
again tackling political and social
themes,oftenwithpost-modern,concep-
tualapproachesthataremutable,thatre-
fusetomakefixedclaims,andwithmany
new aesthetics, often crossing or mixing
disciplines, materials and settings. It
mightbemultilingual,withouttradition-
al storytelling, with little text or none.
Playwrights are turning back to psy-
chology, terrain where Vienna has a long
tradition. “There’s very interesting work
being done on catharsis and theater as
therapy,” says Meister, particularly
through“thepsycho-physicalconnection,
as in dance, in movement that digs deep
into the psyche.”
Theater, now as ever, is a child of
change; it thrives on experiment, but it
also needs continuity and context as a
frame for meaning. Both are essential.
“Funding is split,” Dressler confirms,
“between an aging, more literary audi-
ence and a younger one [at home] with
new technology, who certainly won’t
watch Hamlet for five hours and aren’t
studying classical literature.” To serve
them, “there are new forms emerging.”
Launched in 1929, it was Hedy Lamarr
fromViennawhoanticipatedthedirection
oftheaterinthe21stcentury:themarriage
of art and technology. In 1942, in partner-
shipwithmodernistcomposerGeorgeAn-
theil,sheinventedaradioguidancesystem
for Allied torpedoes, using a frequency
hoppingprinciplethatlaterbecametheba-
sis for modern wireless and broadband
communicationstechnologies.
Thus the “most beautiful woman in Eu-
rope” made it to the big stage, the big
screen and the universe of big ideas – a
bridge from of the artists’ world of Jung
Wien, to that of the scientists, the Vienna
Circle–andhelpedlaythefoundationsfor
the modern world.
PHOTOS:LEFT:ARTURANDRZEJ/WIKIPEDIA;RIGHT:ROGERVIOLLET/PICTUREDESK.COM
COVER STORY
Billy Wilder (here
with Gloria Swanson
ca. 1950) was part of
the mass exodus of
Viennese talent to
Hollywood.
Otto Preminger fled to Hollywood,
here he directs John Wayne during the
shooting of In Harm’s Way in 1965.
“Funding is split between an aging, more literary audience
and a younger one with new technology, who certainly won’t
watch Hamlet for five hours.”
Robert Dressler, Director of the theater program at the Department of Culture for the City of Vienna