FROM RITUAL TO RECORDFROM RITUAL TO RECORD-The Ideological

FROM RITUAL TO RECORDFROM RITUAL TO RECORD
-The Ideological Origins of Modern Sport-The Ideological
Origins of Modern Sport
KNES 381: History of Sport,
Games and Culture
THE BIRTH OF THE “MODERN” WORLD AND THE BIRTH
OF THE “MODERN” WORLD AND
MODERN SPORTS AND RECREATIONSMODERN SPORTS
AND RECREATIONS
1. Reviewing the Contrast Between Traditional Sports
and Modern Sports
conditions of competition ascribed versus achieved
status

1. The Origins of Modernity1. The Origins of Modernity
WHEN DOES THE MODERN WORLD BEGIN?
Modern World System
The Globe in 1500--The Great Centers of World Civilization
since the
Neolithic Revolution, ca. 10,000 BC as they were
about
1500 ACE
A) China
B) India and the Indus Civilizations
C) Islamic Kingdoms of the Middle East, North Africa, Europe,
and South and
Southeast Asia
D MesoAmerica–the Aztecs and Mayas
E) Peru–the Incas
F) African Kingdoms
G) Western Civilization
1. The Origins of Modernity--continued1. The Origins of
Modernity--continued
2) Why Then? (in

1500?)
Hegemony
trade routes and foreign
markets
2. The Collision of Four Continents and 2. The Collision of
Four Continents and
Civilizations–Western Civilization and the Origins of
Civilizations–Western Civilization and the Origins of
the Modern Worldthe Modern World
System”
cultural customs, goods,
technologies, foodstuffs, and
religions.
Views–The Renaissance,
the Reformation and the
Scientific Revolution

2. Collision of the Four Continents- Cultural 2. Collision of the
Four Continents- Cultural
ImperialismImperialism
3. The Fate of Indigenous Games3. The Fate of Indigenous
Games
The Extinction of Native American Sports–Two Patterns
A) The MesoAmerican Ball Game
Aztec Maya Toltec
Mixtec Zapotec Hohokam
Mound Builders
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-RW4JJZvDs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-RW4JJZvDs
3. The Fate of Indigenous Games--continued3. The Fate of
Indigenous Games--continued

B) “The Little War”
Shinny Lacrosse
Algonquians
Iroquois
Muskhogeans
Cherokee, Choctaw,
Creek, Chickasaw,
Seminole
3. The Fate of Indigenous Games--continued3. The Fate of
Indigenous Games--continued
C) gusimbuka
practice
high jumping
,
sacred, militaristic,
and carnival spirit of
Rwandan body-culture
4. The Renaissance- Old Ideas about Sport and 4. The
Renaissance- Old Ideas about Sport and
New Theories of ManhoodNew Theories of Manhood

= “Rebirth” (Intellectual
Reawakening)
Complete cultural shift in art,
religion , philosophy and attitudes
towards the human body.
4. The Renaissance (Cont.)4. The Renaissance (Cont.)
return to the Greek
Ideal, now described
as the
“Renaissance
Man”
= Achilles meets
James Bond 007
4. The Renaissance–Old Ideas about Sport and 4. The
Renaissance–Old Ideas about Sport and
New Theories of ManhoodNew Theories of Manhood
–the
“whole man”
socially adept
sensitive to aesthetic values
skilled in weaponry
strong of body
learned in letters

politically astute
pleasing to the eye
4. 4. The Renaissance–The Influence of The Renaissance–The
Influence of The The
CourtierCourtier
A) Baldasare Castiglione, The
Courtier (1528)
Castiglione and the English
“public” schooling (1440)
Governour (1531)
Scholemaster: Shewing a Plain
and Perfect Way of Teaching
Languages (1570)
5. The Reformation and Religious Debates 5. The Reformation
and Religious Debates
Over SportOver Sport
A. Frowning
Protestants?
authority of the church in

a “modern” world
the “body”
“play”
5. The Reformation and Religious Debates 5. The Reformation
and Religious Debates
Over SportOver Sport
◦ “Godly” Sport
◦ “Wicked Amusements”
Puritan Model
◦ Protestant
“Spoilsports” or the
Inventors of “Modern”
Attitudes toward
Physical Activity?
6. The Scientific Revolution and the 6. The Scientific
Revolution and the
Development of Modern Attitudes About Development of
Modern Attitudes About
Human Nature and SportHuman Nature and Sport

Physical Data
–The Senses
and the New Science
Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey
6. The Scientific Revolution (Cont.)6. The Scientific Revolution
(Cont.)
alike were fascinated
by the anatomical
structure and
physiological function
of the human body
FROM RITUAL TO RECORD -The Ideological Origins of
Modern SportTHE BIRTH OF THE “MODERN” WORLD AND
MODERN SPORTS AND RECREATIONS1. The Origins of
Modernity1. The Origins of Modernity--continued2. The
Collision of Four Continents and Civilizations–Western
Civilization and the Origins of the Modern World2. Collision of
the Four Continents- Cultural Imperialism3. The Fate of

Indigenous GamesPowerPoint PresentationSlide 9Slide 10Slide
113. The Fate of Indigenous Games--continuedSlide 134. The
Renaissance- Old Ideas about Sport and New Theories of
Manhood4. The Renaissance (Cont.)4. The Renaissance–Old
Ideas about Sport and New Theories of Manhood4. The
Renaissance–The Influence of The Courtier5. The Reformation
and Religious Debates Over Sport5. The Reformation and
Religious Debates Over Sport6. The Scientific Revolution and
the Development of Modern Attitudes About Human Nature and
Sport6. The Scientific Revolution (Cont.)Slide 22Slide 23Slide
24
INTRODUCTION:
BODIES, BRAINS, AND PHYSICAL
CULTURE
KNES 381: History of Sport, Games and
Culture
THE UNIVERSAL NATURE OF THE
HISTORY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE
3
STADE AT OLYMPIA
ROMAN COLISEUM

MESO -AMERICAN BALL GAME
MEDIEVAL TOURNAMENT
THE UNIVERSAL NATURE OF THE
HISTORY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE
T H E U N IVE R S AL N AT U R E OF T H E H IST ORY O
F
P H Y SIC A L C U LT U R E
• Sport in Contemporary
Global Culture
• The world’s two most popular
television programs
• Michael Jordan: a global sporting icon
• A global “common language”?
HOW DID SPORT GROW TO BECOME
A GLOBAL COMMON LANGUAGE?

HUMAN ORIGINS AND PHYSICAL
CULTURE
• Physical features
• Opposable thumbs
• Bipedalism
• Thermo-regulatory capacity
• Stereoscopic, color vision
• Intellectual features
• Language and cognitive skills
• Social features
• Humans as social beings
HUMAN ORIGINS AND PHYSICAL
CULTURE
• Hunting/warfare
• Learning survival/martial skills
through physical contests
• Religion

• Honoring the Gods through
physical contests
• Leisure
• Sport and contest as a form of fun/
entertainment
ANCIENT VS. MODERN SPORT
ANCIENT/PRE-MODERN SPORT
• A) sacred
• B) martial
• C) local
• D) durable
• E) unequal
MODERN SPORT
• A) secularism
• B) equality of opportunity to compete and in
the conditions of competition
• C) specialization of roles

• D) rationalization
• E) bureaucratic organization
• F) quantification
• G) the quest for records
THE END
Questions? Comments?
Slide 1The Universal Nature of the History of Physical
CultureStade at OlympiaRoman ColiseumMeso-american ball
gameMedieval TournamentThe Universal Nature of the History
of Physical CultureThe Universal Nature of the History of
Physical CultureHow did sport grow to become a global
common language?Human origins and physical cultureHuman
origins and physical cultureAncient vs. Modern
SportAncient/Pre-modern sportModern SportThe End
SPORT IN THE AGE OF EMPIRE AND
MODERNITY
-TEAMS TAKE THE FIELD
Games and Culture

1. Teams Take the Field–Nineteenth-Century
Urban Life and the Rise of Modern Team Sports
i) The Shape of the New Urban
Western Civilization
and The Move from Farm to
City
Working, Middle and Leisure
Classes
Quest for Community
(fraternity)
1. Teams Take the Field--continued
Leisure Patterns
--the print press and modern sport
2. Modern Sports and the Industrial Revolution
and Play Space

--before 1850
--after 1850 (The Factory Act)
-Labor Industrial Laws
-City Beautiful Movement
2. Modern Sports and the Industrial
Revolution
Workingmen–The
Sporting Fraternity
-Pub Games
-Pedestrianism
-Horse Racing
-Rowing
-Cricket
-Prize Fighting
3. The Fate of Traditional Sports: Football
Death of the Farmer’s
Football

Football in the British
“Public” Schools
Cambridge’s Football
“Problem”
http://youtu.be/FE5AZHY10gQ
http://youtu.be/RSdlWtk1grI
http://youtu.be/FE5AZHY10gQ
http://youtu.be/RSdlWtk1grI
3. The Fate of Traditional Sports: Football
A) Feet or Hands?
Hands
i) The Rugby Game and
Muscular Christianity
for the Middle Classes
--Rugby Boys Write
Down Their Rules
(1845)
--The Rugby Football
Union (1871)
3. The Fate of Traditional Sports: Football--

continued
A) Feet or Hands?
Feet
ii) The “Footie” Version–
Association Football
The “Cambridge Rules”
(1848)
The Football Association
(1863)
SPORT IN THE AGE OF EMPIRE AND MODERNITY -Teams
Take the Field1. Teams Take the Field–Nineteenth-Century
Urban Life and the Rise of Modern Team Sports1. Teams Take
the Field--continued2. Modern Sports and the Industrial
RevolutionSlide 53. The Fate of Traditional Sports:
FootballSlide 73. The Fate of Traditional Sports: Football --
continued
FROM RITUAL TO RECORD
-THE RISE OF MODERN SPORT
Games and Culture
1. THE RISE OF MODERN SPORT
1. The English Create New Standards for Old Sports—from the

Restoration (1660) to the Rise of Pax Britannica (the 1800s)
A) The Characteristics of Modern Sport
B) The Great Paradox: Rationalizing Athletic Behavior to
Protect
Irrational Economic Behavior
2. Transforming the ‘Sport of Kings’
Horse Racing Contracts:
Written Rules and
the Protection of
Wagers
• James Weatherby’s
Racing Calendar
• The Jockey Club
3. Organizing Cricket
Gambling, Written Rules and Organized Clubs
• Class and Cricket
• “Articles of Agreement” (1727)
• Hambledon (1750)

• M.C.C. (Marylebone Cricket Club, 1787)
4. Creating Bureaucracies in Golf
Clubs and Rule-Making by
the “Ruling Classes”
• Honourable Company of
Edinburgh Golfers (1744)
• Royal and Ancient Golf
Club (1754)
5. The “Manly Art”
• Origins of The “Manly Art”: Boxing,
Cudgeling, Swordplay
• James Figg, “Master of the Noble
Science of Defence”
• Figg vs. Ned Sutton (1727)
• Jack Broughton, the “Father of
Scientific Boxing”
• “Broughton’s Rules” (1741)
5. The “Manly Art”--continued

Pushing the “Manly Art” Underground: Banning Prize Fighting
• The Broughton vs. Jack Stack (1750)
• London Prize-ring Rules (1838) Queensbury Rules (1867)
• Fencing and French Culture
FROM RITUAL TO RECORD -The Rise of Modern Sport1.
THE RISE OF MODERN SPORTPowerPoint Presentation2.
Transforming the ‘Sport of Kings’3. Organizing Cricket4.
Creating Bureaucracies in Golf5. The “Manly Art”5. The
“Manly Art”--continued
KNES 381: History of Sport, Games and Culture
Grading Rubric
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Thesis
The book’s Thesis is insightful, plausible and original
The book’s Thesis is plausible with some good insight
The book’s Thesis is plausible but not insightful or original
The book’s Thesis is not plausible or insightful
/5

Organization
And Explosion
Thesis is clearly stated
Each Paragraph has a clear
topic
Argument progresses in a logical order
Progress through the arguments is clearly signposted
Effectively links course material to the major themes discussed
in the book
Skillfully weaves personal sport history into the narrative
Effectively weighs up the strengths and weaknesses of the book
Thesis is clearly stated
A few paragraphs
lack focus
A few ideas are
out of order
Some transitions are
lacking
Attempts to link course material to the major themes discussed
in the book
Attempts to weave personal sport history into the narrative
Attempts to weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of the book
Thesis is somewhat clearly stated
Several paragraphs lack focus

Ideas are not always
presented in the best order
Argument wanders, lacks transitions
Makes a limited attempt to link course material to the major
themes discussed in the book
Makes a limited attempt to weave personal sport history into the
narrative
Makes a limited attempt to weigh up the strengths and
weaknesses of the book
No clear thesis stated
Many paragraphs are
unfocused
Major organizational problems
No clear flow or
argument
Makes no attempt to link course material to the major themes
discussed in the book
Makes no attempt to weave personal sport history into the
narrative
Makes no attempt to weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of
the book
/10
Use and citation
of evidence
(APA Referencing Style)
All major arguments are supported by scholarly evidence from
the book
Evidence is appropriately chosen, formatted and cited

Evidence is specific and
directly relevant to the topic
Nearly all major arguments are supported by scholarly evidence
from the book
A few minor errors in format and citation are present
In a few cases
the evidence provided does not support the argument
Most major arguments are supported by real-world or scholarly
evidence
Several minor errors in format and citation are present
Scholarly sources are established, peer reviewed publications
and resources
In several cases
evidence provided does not support the argument
Several major arguments lack evidentiary support
Many errors in format or
citation are present
Inappropriate (i.e. not peer-reviewed) resources are used
Sources are not cited frequently enough
Evidence cited is not relevant
/2
Mechanics
(double-spaced with a font of 12)
Paper is nearly free of stylistic, grammatical, or punctuation
errors
Nearly all sentences are clear and easy to understand
A few stylistic, grammatical, or punctuation errors are present

A few sentences are
unclear or hard to understand
Many stylistic, grammatical, or punctuation errors are present
Many sentences are unclear
or hard to understand
Very frequent grammatical, or punctuation errors
Very frequent unclear
sentences
/3
Running head: ENRON SCANDAL
1
ENRON SCANDAL 5
Enron Scandal
Communication and responsibility are critical requirements
in the overall running of a company. Organizations should
portray these ethical values if they are to remain competitive
and to achieve their goals. In the article explaining Enron:
Communication and responsible leadership, Mathew Seeger and
Robert Ulmer () identify responsibility and communication as
fundamental elements in organizational ethics. On the one hand,
responsibility as a value directs individuals to have morally
based obligations and duties to others. This means that the
individual also has an obligation to moral codes and standards.
In the Enron case, it is clear that the participants and
perpetrators of the scandal, who were largely the top-level
executives, lacked these moral based obligations. They also
lacked concern for other’s welfare seeing that they engaged
knowingly in a scandal that was milking investors’ off their

money without any obligation to compensate them for their
troubles. In this regard, the executives applied to be der egulated
knowing very well that they wanted to use this as a cushion to
protect them from their corporate crimes.
On the other hand, Seeger and Ulmer propose that
organizations and individuals must ensure that they engage in
external conversations with stakeholders. Communication in
this sense is important because it is used as an illustration of the
values the individual holds. In the Enron case, it is clear that
the company executives intentionally failed to communicate
clearly to the public and other stakeholders as part of their
scandal to hide their corporate crimes and misappropriations.
Indeed, if the executives had communicated to the stakeholders
about the ongoing financial crisis, it would be unlikely that the
company would collapse because there would have been
mediations to rectify the situations. Most importantly,
communicating to the public would have showed transparency
rather than intent to commit corporate crime. There was also an
apparent refusal by the executives to remain open after they saw
the first signs of problems. Instead, they devised crooked
methods to hide the problems and to achieve financial gain in
the process. The scandal reflects a company which had mastered
the art of exploiting loopholes and manipulating markets using
inflated profit figures. Indeed, the Enron Scandal was a case of
failures in corporate ethics and personal greed. All these
failures in communication and responsibility among the Enron
executives suggest a high level of irresponsible leadership.
The personal integrity model of ethical decision-making
best applies to the Enron case. The model is a combination of
philosophical works from philosophers including Lawrence
Kohlberg, Plato, and Aristotle. Specifically, the model of
personal integrity has a subcategory called the virtue ethics,
which basically focus on the character of the individual or
decision maker. In this model, the decision maker has an
attitude that guides their moral and ethical decision making.
These guides of moral reasoning should be based on positive

virtues such as prudence, justice temperance, and courage or
fortitude. However, if the actions are guided by vices such as
greed, envy, lust, or anger then the decision are unethical. This
basic guide to ethical decision making was embraced by early
philosophers because they saw it as the true mender of the
social fabric, meaning that this model is a guide to having a
society or community with good values. Indeed, in the modern
world the decisions people make are influenced by their
character and their understanding of vices versus virtues.
In the Enron case, the company executives were clearly
disregarding in terms of assessing their virtues. The executives
can best be described as greedy since they did almost anything
for their personal gain, and this was often at the expense of
other people’s suffering. For instance, they decided to seek
deregulation just so that they could milk the investors’ monies
without suspicion. CEO Ken Lay was the best illustration of an
individual who uses his pose as a confident and accomplished
man to trick investors into pampering his company with more
money while knowing too well that all that was a fake show and
a trick to seek trust. Indeed, based on the model of virtue ethics
it is clear that Enron caused all the problems it caused due to
the absolute lack of virtues to guide decision making in the
company.
Moral values are significant in the process of making decisions
and judgments on business and individual decision making.
There exist different sources which offer a guide on ethical
decision making, which include the religious books and
philosophies. However, the basic guideline of ethics is the
individual’s conscience which often tells the individual what to
do and it also determines how they feel after they have made the
decision. The teleological (consequentialism) perspective of
moral judgment is one of the models which would be used in
making judgments for a case such as Enron’s. According to this
perspective, an individual should consider the end result before
making a decision (Malloy, Ross, and Zakus, 2002). In this
regard, the individual should make a decision bearing in mind

that the end result will affect them. In the case for Enron, there
was a clear disregard for consequences as the executives seemed
to assume that they would continue living on corrupt money
indefinitely. Therefore, based on this perspective I would
charge each and every one of them with a sentence equivalent to
the crimes they committed, and proportionate to the pain they
caused the employees, investors, and all stakeholders.
The deontological (non-consequentialism) perspective makes an
argument contrary to consequentialism. It points to the
principles and personal duties of the individual as the guides of
their moral conduct, meaning that regardless of their perception
of the consequences an individual should act with the guide of
their own rules and adherence. Furthermore, there exists social
codes of conduct which are agreements on the acceptable way to
act. As such, everyone knows that it is bad to be greedy or
dishonest. In the Enron case, the executives clearly disregarded
these accepted social standards when they engaged in
malpractices of greed and exploit others (Malloy, Ross, and
Zakus, 2002). Furthermore, the perspective of non-
consequentialism holds that an individual should have an innate
set of rules that characterize them. As such, the Enron
executives are seen as immoral and greedy individuals who are
willing to overlook all social values for personal gain.
Therefore, I would punish them with sentences and fines which
were proportionate to their lack of respect for social values and
virtues to ensure that they were an example for other
corporatize criminals. Based on the existentialism perspective, I
would sentence each of the executives for terms proportionate
to their failure to have regard for other people’s rights. This
perspective proposes that the individuals should have been
observers of the law and accounting guidelines regardless of
their priorities.
In the summer of 2001 Enron severely exploited loopholes
in the California energy market. It began by the use of Special
Purpose Entities (SPEs) which were independent firms which
Enron used to hide its debt. These ‘entities’ were run by Enron

executives and though they did not exist in the real sense,
nobody would notice because the company had been de-
regulated (Youtube). This meant that it operated independently
and even chose the reports to show to the public. In this regard,
the company kept to itself the true reports and instead it
published reports which had inflated and falsified profits. In
this way, more investors were willing to pour in more money so
that they could also enjoy the benefits. This was in the real
sense a con because the company was continuously undergoing
losses as the monies invested went into the executives’ pockets.
Over time, the free markets and de-regulation created more
loopholes where the executives to channel more money into
their accounts in a classic case of greed and unethical business
conduct.
Regulation is critical for a market because it would have
otherwise revealed the scandal early enough. Regulation exists
so that company executives do not hold matters into their hands,
often making decisions that impact each and every stakeholder.
In a case of de-regulation, the concerned agents would ensure
that there are external audits conducted within the firm. This
would ensure that the company publishes only the true figures
concerning profitability or any losses. Therefore, even though
operating in a de-regulated status the company would still be
subject to external audits and assessments regarding its
transparency and the ethical conduct within its management.
Enron CEO Ken Lay had been very supportive of the
Astros club even before the construction of the Enron Stadium.
Lay played a prominent role in raising money for the stadium,
and it was clear early enough that the company would be getting
the naming rights for the stadium. Eventually, the park was
opened in April 1999, and immediately Enron acquired the
naming rights for a 30-year period at a cost of $100 million
(Jensen and Butler, 2007). The Park had over 300 signs of
Enron and it changed names from the Houston Astros New
Ballpark to Enron Field. The Enron scandal came out later and
in December 2001 the company filed the biggest bankruptcy

proceedings that had been witnessed in the U.S.A. Astros
immediately filed legal action wanting Enron to honor its
naming rights, to which Enron refused and asked to be paid
back. Astros was in a dilemma not knowing whether to retain
the name or to give back the money to Enron. The team quickly
experienced backlash from the public who felt that they did not
want to be associated with a company that had been engaged in
financial fraud.
The Astros team paid back $2.1 million to Enron to
reclaim the naming rights. They were keen to avoid any
negative effect on the team as the new season was approaching.
The dilemma ended with this reclaiming of naming rights from
Enron (Jensen and Butler, 2007). However, there was still a
question of whether it would be risky to commercialize naming
rights owing to the fact that the Enron encounter had shown that
this could negatively affect the team’s performance and past
glory.
The public relations issues in this case emanated from the
decision by Astros to give signing rights to a company that had
been charged with outright corporate crimes. Astros was facing
backlash from the public who felt that it had gambled with the
club’s glory to achieve financial gain. However, I feel that the
team handled the situation well. It decided to repossess the
naming rights even though it meant paying back Enron. This
move to dissociate the team with Enron was a good move. The
team later sold the naming rights to Minute Maid at a cost of
over $170 million. This move reflected a closer analysis of the
new company, and also a concern for not only the financial gain
but also the reputation of the team.
References
Jensen, R., & Butler, B. (2007). Is sport becoming too
commercialised? The Houston Astros' public relations
crisis. International Journal of Sports Marketing and
Sponsorship, 9(1) , 18-27.
Malloy, D. C., Ross, S., & Zakus, D. H. (2002). Sport ethics:
Concepts and cases in sport and recreation.

Seeger, M. W., & Ulmer, R. R. (2003). Explaining Enron:
Communication and responsible leadership.
Management Communication Quarterly, 17(1), 58-84.
Youtube>Smartest Guys in the Room. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2f7FunDuTU

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