Freehand sketching
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This document discusses different types of lines that can be drawn in freehand sketching. It describes how to sketch horizontal, vertical, inclined, and perpendicular lines. Horizontal lines are drawn parallel to the bottom edge from left to right in a single stroke. Vertical lines are drawn from top to bottom and require examining the distance between points to keep the line straight. Inclined lines are neither horizontal nor vertical and are generally drawn from left to right. Perpendicular lines intersect at 90 degree angles. The document also briefly mentions how to sketch arcs and circles.
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2) To draw a box in one point perspective, the artist first draws a square below the horizon line and connects each corner to the vanishing point with straight lines.
3) These connecting lines, called orthogonals, cause the sides of the box farther from the viewer to appear narrower, mimicking how three dimensional objects appear smaller in the distance.
Perspective drawing
This document discusses linear perspective techniques used during the Renaissance to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. It explains that Renaissance artists developed mathematical and observational methods like establishing a horizon line and single or double vanishing points. Lines converging on the vanishing point make distant objects appear smaller to trick the eye into seeing depth. The document provides instructions for creating a basic two-point perspective drawing and encourages practicing the technique to build fantasy cityscapes using boxes, buildings, and other forms.
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The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
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3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Freehand sketching
- 2. FREEHAND SKETCHING OR DRAWING Is made without the use of any drawing instruments or straight-edged objects except pencil and drawing paper. An individual may communicate and convey his ideas more effectively by means of freehand sketches or drawings. One may also find it better to organize his thoughts and record such ideas by means of freehand drawing.
- 3. LINE SKETCHING Is a skill in drawing the various types of lines in freehand. A line refers to the shortest distance between two points. It has no breadth but has length. Lines may be straight or curved. They may be horizontal, vertical, parallel, or perpendicular.
- 4. Sketching a Horizontal Line A line parallel to the lower edge of the drawing is called horizontal line. It is sketches with a free arm movement in single stroke. It is drawn from left to right;
- 5. Sketching a Vertical Line A line perpendicular to the plane of the horizon usually 90˚ he distances a vertical line. It is sketched from top to bottom. To sketch a vertical line, it is necessary to examine first the distance between two points in order to keep the line straight.
- 6. Sketching a Inclined Line A line neither horizontal nor vertical is inclined. It is generally sketched from left to right
- 7. Sketching a Perpendicular Line Perpendicular lines are those that make an angle of 90˚ with each other. Horizontal and vertical lines can be drawn perpendicular to one another. 90˚ 90˚
- 8. Sketching an Arc and a Circle A circle is a plane figure bounded by a circumference, all the points of which are equidistant from the center. A circle is the most difficult shape to sketch