Francis Dacosta's book 'Rethinking the Internet of Things' argues for a paradigm shift in how we understand IoT by introducing the concept of 'chirps'—short messages exchanged between devices that do not require data collection or storage. Dacosta critiques traditional networking protocols like IPv6, suggesting they are inadequate for the diverse, autonomous machines expected in the future. He emphasizes the potential for real-time interactions without human intervention, drawing inspiration from natural systems to envision a more efficient IoT environment.

1. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 1/7
Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things
Do you think you know all about the Internet of Things? Think again. Francis daCosta
tells us why it's time to rethink the Internet of Things.
Top programming languages: Java takes an unexpected leap forwards
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Posted in Consumerization: BYOD
on May 14, 2014
| Topic: Hardware
Rethinking the Internet of Things
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2. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 2/7
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1430257407/ref=s9_simh_gw_p14_d0_i1?
pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-
2&pf_rd_r=0XKVKJ8VEP21ZSSY0FWG&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=1688200382&pf_rd_i=507846). What, too soon?
Not according to engineer, CTO, and author Francis daCosta. To him, it's the perfect time to
step back and rethink what we're doing and what we're going to do with the Internet of Things
(IoT). Franci daCosta, Intel, and Apress Media have published a definitive analysis of the
current and future state of IoT in a book titled, "Rethinking the Internet of Things: A Scalable
Approach to Connecting Everything".
What's so significant about this book is that daCosta redefines machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications between simple devices as "chirps". These chirps are nothing more than
short feedback messages between devices such as "ON", "OFF", "START", "STOP", and similar.
They contain no usable data. These communications do not need to be stored or analyzed.

3. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 3/7
As daCosta states in his Preface,
"I didn’t set out to develop a new architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT). Rather, I
was thinking about the implications of control and scheduling within machine social
networks in the context of Metcalfe’s Law. The coming tsunami of machine-to-machine
interconnections could yield tremendous flows of information – and knowledge. Once
we free the machine social network (comprised of sensors and an unimaginable
number of other devices) from the drag of human interaction, there is tremendous
potential for creating autonomous communities of machines that require only
occasional interaction with, or reporting to, humans."
But developing a new architecture, whether it's for the Internet of Things or for programming
user interfaces, is a good thing. It's the people who present ideas in new ways that truly
revolutionize a field or a conventional practice.
M2M and the Internet of Things: How secure is it?
(https://www.zdnet.com/article/m2m-and-the-internet-of-things-
how-secure-is-it/)
Machine-to-machine technology looks set to take off, but are businesses running to it without considering
the security aspects? We spoke to the industry about what security implications exist and how serious
they are.
Read More (https://www.zdnet.com/article/m2m-and-the-internet-of-things-how-secure-is-it/)
I rather like the concept of "chirps" between devices. I like the idea that machines can have
conversations based on what is happening right now that doesn't involve data collection. An
example of such a M2M conversation that wouldn't need to be saved is between a humidity
sensor and an actuator that pumps dry air into a room to maintain a particular level of
humidity. The sensor detects that the humidity in the room exceeds 32 percent and signals
(https://www.zdnet.com/article/m2m-and-the-internet-of-things-how-secure-is-it/)
READ THIS

4. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 4/7
"...traditional IP peer-to-peer relationships lock out much of the potential richness of the
Internet of Things."
the actuator on an air pump that opens to allow dry air to enter the room. That "OPEN" signal
doesn't need to be saved to a database.
The reasons it doesn't need to be saved are that the humidity data is likely collected and the
volume of air through the pump is also likely collected. So, by knowing those two data points,
you know that the sensor sent signals to the air pump switch that caused dry air to flow.
This chirp between the sensor and actuator is a real time stimulus-response action that needs
no analysis or collection because the data verifies that the signals (chirps) took place.
Mr. daCosta also introduces the idea of "throw away" sensors, which I really like. I like that we
can have sensors that are single use devices. Single use and throw away sensors open up a
whole new world for collecting bits of data that otherwise would be too expensive to gather.
Their uses would be limited to a single function and for a very limited amount of time. An
example of such a sensor might be to measure the chemistry of someone's digestive system.
The patient swallows a vitamin-sized sensor and the sensor sends feedback to a medical
device that connects to the patient in order to alter the acidity and alkalinity as it passes
through the digestive system. That sensor measures pH, chirps a signal ("HIGH" "LOW"
"NORMAL") to the delivery system, and no human interaction is needed.
Data collected from the delivery system informs doctors and nurses of the digestive tract's
environment. And the swallowed sensor's "data" isn't required.
I think you see the point and grasp the concept by now.
As you might expect, chirps do not require a heavy TCP/IP protocol or an elaborate operating
environment in which to work. In fact, daCosta's most controversial statements in the book
refer to not using IPv6 for such communications.
The problem is that conventional thinking and device design are all based on the arrival of
IPv6.

5. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 5/7
"The conventional wisdom is that the expansive address space of IPv6 solves the IoT
problem of myriad end devices. But the host-to-host assumptions fossilized into the IP
protocol in the 1970s fundamentally limited its utility for the very edge of the IoT
network. As the Internet of Things expands exponentially over the coming years, it will
be expected to connect to devices that are cheaper, dumber, and more diverse.
Traditional networking thinking will fail for multiple reasons.
First, although IPv6 provides an address for these devices, the largest population of
these appliances, sensors, and actuators will lack the horsepower in terms of
processors, memory, and bandwidth to run the bloated IP protocol stack.
Second, the conventional implementation of IP protocols implies networking
knowledge on the part of device manufacturers: without centrally authorized MAC IDs
and end-to-end management, IP falls flat.
Third, the data needs of the IoT are completely different from the global Internet.
Fourth, when there are real-time sensing and response loops needed in the Internet of
Things, traditional network architectures with their round-trip control loops will be
problematic.
Finally, and most importantly, traditional IP peer-to-peer relationships lock out much of
the potential richness of the Internet of Things."
Part of daCosta's reasoning is directly modeled after natural processes and natural
communications. For example, a bat that flies on a particular course looking for food sends
out the equivalent of chirps to locate obstacles and food. The bat uses this real time data as
feedback to "Fly up", to "Fly down", to "Fly left", to "Fly right", or to "Eat".
READ THIS

6. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 6/7
Cloud security still the missing link in M2M
(https://www.zdnet.com/article/cloud-security-still-the-missing-link-in-m2m/)
With cloud the main enabler of machine-to-machine communications, questions about data security that
remain unaddressed will continue to hinder wider deployment of Internet of Things.
Read More (https://www.zdnet.com/article/cloud-security-still-the-missing-link-in-m2m/)
The bat doesn't send out a signal and then ponder the response by analyzing the data at
length; he simply responds to changing conditions during flight. Mr. daCosta provides you
better examples in the book to illustrate his point. But the conclusion is that natural systems
scale to a point where he believes IoT is headed and we have to rethink what we're about to
do with the technology and the data.
Rethinking the Internet of Things is available on Amazon.com
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1430257407/ref=s9_simh_gw_p14_d1_i1?
pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-
2&pf_rd_r=1NYZ5D58Q59KN0P2PY81&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=1688200382&pf_rd_i=507846) as a free ebook or
for $37.71 for the paperback version. At just under 200 pages, it's a fairly quick read and in
language that just about anyone can understand. The author goes to great lengths to provide
rich examples and supporting arguments for his postulates.
I found the book and the concepts so intriguing that I asked daCosta to connect with me for a
podcast interview.
Podcast details:
Format: MP3. Length: 25:15 mins. Rating: G.
Francis da Costa - Rethinking the Internet of Things
(http://thefrugalnetworker.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/francis_dacosta_rethinking_the_internet_of_things.mp3)
(https://www.zdnet.com/article/cloud-security-still-the-missing-link-in-m2m/)

7. 3/14/22, 9:48 PM Francis daCosta rethinks the Internet of Things | ZDNet
https://www.zdnet.com/article/francis-dacosta-rethinks-the-internet-of-things/ 7/7
Related Stories:
Five security considerations for IoT implementations (/article/five-security-considerations-for-iot-implementations/)
Is IoT the new Y2K? (/article/is-iot-the-new-y2k/)
The Internet of Things outlook for 2014: Everything connected and communicating (/article/the-internet-of-
things-outlook-for-2014-everything-connected-and-communicating/)
S.Korea govt looks for profit in Internet of Things (/article/s-korea-govt-looks-for-profit-in-internet-of-things/)
Cloud security still the missing link in M2M (/article/cloud-security-still-the-missing-link-in-m2m/)
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