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France, moving away from nuclear technology?
The document provides an overview of France's energy policy, emphasizing a transition from nuclear energy, which currently represents 77% of electricity production, towards renewable sources. Key targets include a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and an increase in renewable energy share to 32% by the same year. The energy transition bill also aims to cap nuclear energy's share at 50% by 2025, reflecting a shift towards more sustainable energy practices.
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France, moving away from nuclear technology?
- 1. France, moving awayfrom nuclear technology? José Daniel Fasolino, Hans De Keulenaer and Fernando Nuño November 23rd, 2015
- 2. About this series High-leveloverviews of country energy statistics & policies: 1. Germany November 12 2. Spain today Nov 16 3. France November 23 4. Italy December 10 5. UK to be announced 6. Belgium “ 7. Poland “ 8. Mexico “ 9. Indonesia “ 10. Denmark “ 11. Other countries TBD | Country Profile France2
- 3. Process per country |Country Profile France3 Data tables Literature review Summarize conclusions Expert interviews Webinar Based on detailed energy balance & published indicators National energy plans & subsidiary plans for renewables, energy efficiency, infrastructure expansion Key features that make the country unique Verify & refine findings Public interactive webinar for wider input & review
- 4. Content Introduction Energy Policy Governance Supply Demand Prices Summary: energybalance & indicators, specifics & issues | Country Profile France4
- 5. Introduction Country snapshot innumbers Indicator Unit Year of Estimate Value Land area Thousand sq.km 2014 547.6 Forest area % of land area 2012 29.3 Population Millions 2013 66.0 Population density People per sq.km 2013 120.6 GDP per capita PPP 2011 $ 2014 44,747 Industry value-added % of GDP 2013 19.8 Inflation CPI % 2013 0.9 Rents (mineral, oil, coal, gas) % of GDP 2012 0.0 | Country Profile France5 Source: World Bank – World Development Indicators
- 6. Introduction Wind and Solarresources | Country Profile France6
- 7. Introduction Topography Average altitude 375meters Abundant hills convenient for wind energy Pyrenees and high Alps above 3000 m high Many mountain chains with heights around 1000 m | Country Profile France7
- 8. Introduction International waters | CountryProfile France8
- 9. Introduction Resources | Country ProfileFrance9 The French power mix is dominated by nuclear energy, which in 2014 accounted for 49% of total installed capacity (129 GW) and 77% of electricity production It also has a significant amount of hydropower, 20% of installed capacity and 13% of production in 2014 The share of renewables’ has been continuously rising over the past years and in 2014 they represented 11.3% of installed capacity and 5.3% of electricity production Coal, natural gas and oil are generally used as backup GW Source: World Energy Resources – 2013 Survey 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Wind PV Hydro Available Renewable Capacity
- 10. Energy Policy National energyplan - Targets According to the president Hollande the two main work sites ahead are the energetic renovation of buildings and cleaner transport The Energy Transition Bill for Green Growth adopted on August, 2015 (Transition énergétique pour la croissance verte) foresees the following: • 40% reduction of GHG by 2030 • Reduction of final energy consumption of 50% in 2050 • 32% renewables’ in final energy consumption by 2030 • Reduction of fossil energy sources of 30% by 2030 (in comparison to 2012) • Reduction of nuclear electricity share to 50% by 2025 (77% in 2014) - Cap nuclear capacity at its current level (63.2 GW) • Increase on carbon tax from 14.5€/ton to 56€/ton in 2020 and 100€/ton in 2030 • Supporting actions totalling 10Bn€ - Interest-free credits for private buildings renovation - Subsidies for switching from diesel to electric cars | Country Profile France10
- 11. Energy Policy Renewable Energy TheNREAP is based on Grenelle de l’Environnement 1 and 2 • 23% RE share by 2020 confirmed by National Assembly with targets, incl. 10% in biofuels, according to EU target - 27% RE in electricity (12,729 ktoe) - 33% RE share in heating & cooling (19,732 ktoe) - 10.5% share in the transportation sector (4,062 ktoe) • Financial measures, e.g. - Heat fund (“fond chaleur”) for heat facilities - Feed-in tariffs guarantee, incl. purchase obligation best technology promotion, especially for biomass, wind and PV • Regulatory measures, e.g. call for tender to control sector growth and prevent potential conflicts between users of the same resources • Regional/ local plans & planning law, e.g. SRCAE (Schéma Régional du Climat, de l’Air et de L’Energie) | Country Profile France11
- 12. Energy Policy Renewable Energy Expectedelectricity production and capacity by 2020 | Country Profile France12 Capacity 2014 (MW) Capacity 2020 (MW) Production 2014 (GWh) Production 2020 (GWh) Biomass 1,478 3,007 8,001 17,171 Geotermal 0 80 0 475 Hydro 25,644 28,300 69,069 71,703 Solar 4,700 5,400 4,663 6,885 Wave / tidal 0 380 0 1,150 Wind 9,285 25,000 16,888 57,900
- 13. Energy Policy Energy Efficiency The2014 NEEAP targets annual energy savings of 1.5% compared to 2010- 2012 average: • Lowered energy savings target (<20%) based on Senate vote on May 3rd, 2015 • NEEAP foresees reduction of final energy consumption (to 131.4 Mtep by 2020) and primary energy consumption (236.3 Mtep by 2020) • Main mechanisms include financial incentives and auditing procedures The housing energy efficiency improvement plan (PREH) reflects the willing of renovating 500.000 dwellings per year by 2017 Both the State and territorial authorities play a crucial role in the management of GHG emissions and EE. This approach should help achieve the fixed objective of 40% reduction on energy consumption France implemented the Energy efficiency obligation scheme (or ‘white certificates’) | Country Profile France13
- 14. Energy Policy Electricity French wholesaleelectricity market adheres to the West European design, with producers, suppliers and traders able to buy and sell energy bilaterally via brokered contracts or on the EPEX and EEX • Trading takes place in the forward, day-ahead spot and intra-day timeframes With the Nome law, a capacity market has to be introduced with supply bidding beginning in 2015 in preparation for the first delivery period • The Nome law eliminates regulated tariff for industrial customers (‘yellow and green tariffs) - Only 21% of the sector do not operate with the regulated market Regulated tariffs are maintained for household customers (‘blue tariff’) • Most customers remain in the regulated sector (alternative suppliers represent 7%) • Three choices of rate structure (flat, peak and variable) Transmission, distribution and generation is generally controlled by EDF under different subsidiaries that work independently | Country Profile France14 Source: ENTSO-E – SO&AF 2014-2030
- 15. Energy Policy Gas Operators, energytraders or financial players active across the gas chain must secure their supply and control costs in order to guarantee the continuity of the gas supply under proper conditions for end customers Gas is generally purchased: • By mutual agreement, via traditional long-term contracts used to import the majority of gas from Russia, Algeria and Norway • Via brokerage, which includes the organised market (Powernext) and traders/brokers Gas is not a commodity subject to captive use in the same way as electricity or oil. Gas is rated according to price developments by its substitutes (oil products) via indexing mechanisms • Since 2008 wholesale market prices are lower than the long-term contract prices indexed to oil products | Country Profile France15 Source: Commission – Single market progress report
- 16. Energy Policy Nuclear On June13th 2006 Act the various categories of regulatory or individual resolutions are listed: • Regulatory resolution of a technical nature for implementation of decrees or orders issued concerning nuclear safety and radiation protection • Basic nuclear installation commissioning authorisation • Authorisations or approvals concerning the carriage of radioactive substances or medical facilities and equipment using ionising radiation The National Plan on management of radioactive materials and waste (PNGMDR) applies to the Government to draw up every three years (last one published for 2013-2015 period) a national plan with the purpose of : • Drawing up a balance on existing management of radioactive materials • Making an inventory of foreseeable needs for storage and waste disposal • Indicating necessary capacities for such installations and the duration of storage | Country Profile France16
- 17. Energy Policy Climate Long-term Frenchenergy and climate policies are framed through a set of successive laws: • The 2005 POPE law establishes a 3% GHG emission reduction annually, with the long-term objective of reaching 75% by 2030. It also introduces: - 2.5% of final energy intensity reduction from 2016 to 2030 - National climate plan, updated every two years • Grenelle laws set the additional goal of reducing energy consumption in buildings by 38% before 2020 • The energy transition bill also aims to reducing CO2 emissions by 40% by 2030 (when compared to 1990 levels) among other objectives that would indirectly provoke a positive climate effect and GHG reduction. | Country Profile France17
- 18. Supply Simplified Energy Balance |Country Profile France18 ktoe 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 Primary Production 45,297 50,092 52,600 111,869 130,726 135,340 135,869 134,467 135,956 Imports 45,142 124,563 164,709 139,392 162,843 161,389 158,142 155,084 152,974 Exports -6,643 -12,661 -15,708 -20,015 -30,204 -30,360 -32,778 -30,957 -29,229 Bunkers -327 -1,530 -1,895 -3,146 -5,086 -5,508 -5,801 -5,639 -5,962 Stock changes -2,108 -3,337 -3,982 -1,655 -3,513 2,591 -1,385 1,700 665 Gross inland consumption 79,222 153,352 191,770 224,006 251,974 261,158 251,589 252,330 252,287 Available for final consumption 58,354 121,693 141,285 143,154 163,213 162,714 151,600 154,947.. Industry 24,940 46,835 41,211 32,964 34,743 29,108 29,067 27,890.. Transport 11,647 19,216 30,310 38,607 45,038 43,800 43,623 44,274.. Residential 14,644 21,595 22,598 35,742 40,742 43,730 38,213 42,035.. Services 4,188 19,691 30,208 18,072 18,135 23,280 21,621 22,524.. Agriculture 794 2,471 3,239 3,471 3,833 4,058 4,053 4,131.. Non-energy uses 2,138 11,581 13,411 13,361 16,166 12,143 12,323 11,953.. Efficiency of transformation 73.7% 79.4% 73.7% 63.9% 64.8% 62.3% 60.3% 61.4% Energy independence 57.2% 32.7% 27.4% 49.9% 51.9% 51.8% 54.0% 53.3% 53.9% Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries
- 19. Supply Overview | Country ProfileFrance19 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 Mtoe Production TPES Energy independence Historical primary energy supply and energy independence
- 20. Supply Total Primary EnergySupply | Country Profile France20 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries Electricity represents close to 50% of total primary energy supply 5% 28% 15% 45% 7% Total Primary Energy Supply Solids Oil Gas Electricity Biofuels & Waste
- 21. Supply Electricity | Country ProfileFrance21 Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data 1% 3% 4% 1% 13% 74% 4% Electricity production by source Oil Gas Coal Biomass Hydro Nuclear Wind, solar, geothermal 10% 8% 5% 1% 19%47% 10% Power capacity by source Oil Gas Coal Biomass Hydro Nuclear Wind, solar, geothermal Nuclear energy is the main electricity generation source in France
- 22. Supply Interconnectors France is interconnectedwith Belgium, UK, Germany, Spain, Italy and Switzerland • France takes part in four of the seven Electricity Regional Initiatives defined by the European Commission: Central-West, Central-South, South-West and France-UK- Ireland The market is integrated with neighbouring markets to varying degrees • Coupled with Belgian, German and UK power markets • Intra-day interconnection allocation mechanism with Italy, Switzerland and Spain France is a significant exporter of electricity, with a net balance of 47 TWh in 2013 • The greatest volume of contractual exports flow to Switzerland and Italy • France is a net electricity importer from Germany. After being reluctant for several years, France has accepted to develop more interconnections with Spain | Country Profile France22
- 23. Supply Gas France is thefourth-largest gas market in Europe, with consumption of around 10% of EU demand Gas production is negligible 98% of France’s gas supply is imported • Approximately 70% through gas pipelines and 30% by LNG • Gas supply is very diversified but Norway and Russia are its main sources France has the third largest LNG storage capacity of Europe Longest gas transmission network in Europe, as a result of its borders with 5 EU countries | Country Profile France23
- 24. Demand Overview | Country ProfileFrance24 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 20% 31% 16% 30% 3% Energy consumption by sector Industry Transport Services Residential Agriculture 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1970 1990 2010 2012 Energy consumption, Mtoe
- 25. Demand Industry | Country ProfileFrance25 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 11% 19% 30% 35% 4% 1% Industry energy consumption by source Coal Oil Gas Electricity Biofuels & waste Heat Electricity and natural gas are the main consumption sources
- 26. Oil is themost important source of consumption in the transport sector Demand Transport | Country Profile France26 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 91% 0% 3% 6% Transport energy consumption by source Oil Gas Electricity Biofuels & waste
- 27. Demand Services | Country ProfileFrance27 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 0% 12% 30% 53% 2% 3% Service sector energy consumption Coal Oil Gas Electricity Biofuels & waste Heat Electricity is the most relevant consumption in the service sector
- 28. Demand Residential | Country ProfileFrance28 Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries 0% 16% 30% 33% 18% 3% Energy consumption in Residential sector Coal Oil Gas Electricity Biofuels & waste Heat Electricity and gas are the most relevant consumption sources for residential consumers
- 29. Prices National Energy Bill(B€) 29 Fuel Industry Transport Households & Services Total Coal 1 - 0 1 Oil 1 60 11 72 Gas 3 - 15 19 Electricity 9 - 42 51 Heat 0 - 2 2 Total 15 60 70 145 | Country Profile France
- 30. Prices Electricity prices w.r.t.neighbours | Country Profile France30 Constant price in US$cents05 of electricity in industry (taxes incl.) Unit 1980 2013 2014 Unit 1980 2013 2014 Belgium USc05/kWh 11.1 10.1 9.9 Z-score 0.1 0.3 0.1 France USc05/kWh 11.5 10.0 9.9 Z-score 0.2 0.3 0.1 Germany USc05/kWh 11.5 13.9 14.8 Z-score 0.2 1.2 1.2 Italy USc05/kWh 14.6 25.6 25.9 Z-score 0.8 4.0 3.8 Spain USc05/kWh 9.9 13.1 14.3 Z-score -0.12 1.0 1.1 Switzerland USc05/kWh 13.4 9.5 9.5 Z-score 0.6 0.2 0.0 Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data
- 31. Prices Gas prices w.r.t.neighbours | Country Profile France31 Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data Constant price in US$05 of natural gas in industry (taxes incl.) GCV Unit 1980 2013 2014 Unit 1980 2013 2014 Belgium USc05/kWh 2.5 3.9 3.3 Z-score -0.4 0.1 -0.2 France USc05/kWh 2.9 4.3 4.1 Z-score -0.3 0.4 0.3 Germany USc05/kWh 2.7 4.1 3.8 Z-score -0.3 0.2 0.2 Italy USc05/kWh 3.3 4.2 4.0 Z-score -0.1 0.3 0.3 Spain USc05/kWh 4.3 3.6 3,6 Z-score 0.15 -0.03 -0.01 Switzerland USc05/kWh 5.0 5.2 5.2 Z-score 0.4 0.8 1.0
- 32. Summary A few specifics Top5 in overall energy efficiency according to ACEEE scorecard • Energy efficiency in buildings as main focus of EED adoption in France - Renovation of all public and tertiary sector buildings to improve energy performance - Mandatory energy performance certificates for buildings - Building permits require energy report Strong technology position in nuclear power (4th generation) and waste management • Fast neutrons and a closed fuel cycle (with sodium or gas coolant) • Very high temperature 600 MWth reactor Not a technology leader in renewable energies – moderate PV/ solar and wind power growth and installed capacity, e.g. compared to Germany Major player in biofuels within the EU | Country Profile France32
- 33. Summary Technology General research focusbased on Article 19 Grenelle 1 and “Future Investments” plan (PIA) on low carbon technologies and energies France has a mandated generation adequacy standard of 3 hours for the loss of load expectation a year 3 million smart meters by 2016 and 35 million by 2020 (5€Bn investment) Nuclear energy share must be reduced to 50% before 2025 and the capacity must be capped at current levels, 63GW. A number of grid reinforcements are planned or are under research phase to address internal security issues, connect new generation capacity and accommodate demand growth • Increased interconnection capacity with Spain to reach 4000 MW • Additional HVDC 1000 MW interconnector with the UK before 2020 • New interconnector with Belgium • Increase interconnection with Italy by 1200 MW, before 2017 | Country Profile France33
- 34. Summary Issues Uncertainty around energytransition law based on political controversy • Revised/ lowered targets compared to originally defined Nuclear power as key element in France’s energy independence and energy price competitiveness • Limited incentives for needed development and growth of renewable to meet 2020 and 2050 targets Gas-fired cycle power plants need to back up fluctuating renewable energy Inconsistent incentives for renewable energies Fracking for shale gas has been banned since 2011 Sustained high investment in (smart) grid development to meet to achieve EU interconnectivity goal RTE forecasts difficulties meeting the generation adequacy standard in 2015 and 2016 winters due to planned decommisioning of fuel and coal- fired facilities | Country Profile France34
- 35. Conclusions Nuclear investment hasdelayed RE development and has led to a very centralized system in the country Nuclear installations are now limited but this could vary if there’s a political change Improvements in EE are more constant and less affected by any political change Renewables participation on electricity generation is increasing gradually and some new technologies have being recently developed, such as off- shore wind French energy prices are still regulated but this could change in the short- term Buildings efficiency should increase to 38% by 2020 | Country Profile France35
- 36. Hans.dekeulenaer@copperalliance.eu Thank you | CountryProfile France36 For more Information please contact