The document discusses the Fourier series expansion of a mathematical function that describes musical harmony and the Pythagorean tuning system. It shows that the ratios between notes in the Pythagorean scale can be expressed as a linear sequence of powers of 2 and 3. This allows the ratios to be written as terms of a Fourier series expansion, with a periodic nature where the exponential resets every time the integer value increases by the period. The Fourier coefficients are then calculated through integration to express the function in its Fourier form.