Abstract book for the following conferences:
2013 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Science (ICBBS 2013)
2013 2nd International Conference on Environment, Energy and Biotechnology (ICEEB 2013)
2013 2nd International Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering (ICCPE 2013)
2013 2nd Journal Conference on Environmental Science and Development (JCESD 20132nd)
The conferences was held at Concorde Inn Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia on 09 June 2013
Mohammad Hafiz Bin Hamzah winning Thomson Reuters Web of Science Discovery Quiz : Discover The Research On Solar Energy 2014/2015 from 1 October 2014 to 31 March 2015 in Malaysia. The quiz was organized to embrace solar energy research. Every hour the sun beams onto Earth more than enough energy to satisfy global energy needs for an entire year. Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and make it useable. It is predicted that by 2025 solar will be the largest source of energy on the planet.
Thanks to improvements in photo-voltaic technology, chemical bonding, photo-catalysts and three-dimensional nanoscale heterojunctions, the use of the sun as the world’s primary source of energy will be no longer be for the environmentally conscious; it can be made more accessible to the masses.
Welcome to the 5th UM-NUS-CU Trilateral Mini Symposium and Scientific Meeting 2014!! We are especially proud to be given the opportunity to organize this symposium in the Department of Chemistry, UM this year.
Since the initiation of this symposium in 2009 in Bangkok, Thailand, we have strived both to focus and broaden the scope of the symposium. The focus has been to establish collaborative research and networking among the academics from the top research universities in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.
This year, the symposium is held on the 11th and 12th February 2014. The program on the first day of the event is packed with oral presentations by 12 distinguished speakers from the three univeristies. As before, the symposium is structured to allow close interaction among the participants; hence together with the formal presentations, there will be social occasions such as dinner at Eastin Hotel, where the academics and attendees will get together and know each other better to enhance opportunities for scientific intercourse. Besides, we have also arranged a short tour for our guests to Rimba Ilmu, which means Forest of Knowledge in the malay language. Rimba Ilmu is a tropical botanical garden, set up in the University of Malaya campus in Kuala Lumpur. It is modelled after a rain forest garden concept rather than a formal flower garden. It emphasises the flora of the Asean region with living collections of over 1,600 species. The Rimba Ilmu also houses the University of Malaya herbarium (acronym KLU) and has its own Environmental Education Programme.
An administrative or annual meeting between the three institutes has also been arranged and it will be held on the second day of this event to discuss matters associated to research student exchange, collaboration, MoU, etc. With all these programs in line, I greatly hope that we can make full use of our time and resources in the next two days to discuss and deliberate on research issues, and at the same time paving the way towards a more sustainable and resilient research collaborations.
Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography (RF-GC) is a relatively new technique to determine the physicochemical properties of solute. So far, RF-GC has been used to determine the diffusion coefficient of various solvents. However, the used of RF-GC in other applications such as environmental studies have not been reported. In this study, RF-GC which is a part of flow-perturbation gas chromatography was used to investigate the rate of evaporation of methanol in the presence surfactant (Triton X-100). Waste methanol is considered as an ignitable hazardous waste by US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) when its concentrations is equal to or greater than 24% in water. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant to suppress evaporation rate of methanol. The result of this study indicated that the evaporation rate of methanol was found to be retarded by the presence of Triton X-100. The percentage of retardation was found to increase with increasing concentration of Triton X-100.
1. FORMULA-FORMULA BAHAGIAN B
(IMBANGAN AKAUN) EXAMONLINESPA,
PTD M41 19 JANUARI 2016
FORMULAMAKROEKONOMI
BIL KONSEP EKONOMI FORMULA
1 Gunatenaga =Buruh - Penganggur
2 Kadar gunatenaga = Gunatenaga X 100
Buruh
3 Kadar pertumbuhan
gunatenaga
= Gunatenaga baru - Gunatenaga asal X 100
Gunatenaga asal
4 Penganggur = Buruh – gunatenaga
5 Kadar pengangguran = Penganggur X 100
Buruh
6 Buruh = Gunatenaga + Penganggur
7 Kadar inflasi = IH 1 - IHo X 100
IHo
8 Kadar pertumbuhan
ekonomi / KDNK
Kadar perumbuhan
ekonomi /KNK
= KDNK benar 1 - KDNK benar o X 100
KDNK benar o
Atau
= KNK benar 1 - KNK benar o X 100
KNK benar o
9 Kadar pertumbuhan
kebajikan
masyarakat
= PPK benar 1 - PPK benar o X 100
PPK benar o
PPK = pendapatan per kapita
Keluaran Negara
Kasar
KNK = KDNK + Yb atau
KNK = KDNK + YL - BL
10 Pendapatan faktor
bersih luar negeri,
Yb
= pendapatan faktor dari luar negara – pembayaran
faktor luar negara (asing)
=YL - BL
2. 11 Keluaran Dalam
Negara Kasar
(kaedah
perbelanjaan)
KDNK = perbelanjaan penggunaan + pelaburan +
perbelanjaan kerajaan + perubahan
inventori + eksport – import
KDNK = C + I + G + Δi + X – M
12 Eksport bersih, Xn = Eksport – Import
Harga pasaran
Kos faktor
= kos faktor + cukai tak langsung – subsidi
Hp= Kf + CTL – SUB
= harga pasaran – cukai tak langsung + subsidi
Kf = Hp – CTL – SUB
13 Keluaran Negara
Kasar kos faktor
KNK kf = KNK hp - cukai tak langsung + subsidi
14 Keluaran Negara
Bersih
KNB = KNK – susutnilai
15 Pelaburan bersih ,In =pelaburan kasar – susutnilai
In = Ig – susustnilai
16 KNK benar Yo = IHo X Y1 Y1 =KNK nominal atau
IH1 KNK semasa
17. Bunga bersih
(bunga atas modal)
=Bunga kasar – bunga atas pinjaman kerajaan –
bunga atas pinjaman pengguna
18. Pendapatan
persendirian
=Pendapatan Negara + Bunga pinjaman (kerajaan +
pengguna) + Bayaran pindahan – Untung tidak
dibahagikan – cukai keuntungan syarikat – caruman
KWSP
PP = PN + b2 - UCK
19. Pendapatan boleh
guna,
Yd
=Pendapatan persendirian – cukai pendapatan
perseorangan
=Y – T
20. Pendapatan per
kapita, PPK
=pendapatan negara
------------------------
Jumlah penduduk
21. PPK benar =Pendapatan negara benar
-----------------------------
Jumlah penduduk
22. Pendapatan Negara
(kaedah pendapatan)
KNB kf =Upah dan gaji + Sewa + Bunga bersih +
keuntungan syarikat + Pendapatan perusahaan
persendirian
3. KNK kf = SU2BP
23 Fungsi penggunaan C= a + bYd
a=perbelanjaan autonomi
b=kecenderungan mengguna sut (MPC)
Yd= pendapatan boleh guna = (Y-T)
24 Fungsi tabungan S = -a + (1-b)Yd
-a = tabungan negatif untuk membiayai
perbelanjaan autonomi
(1-b) = kecenderungan menabung sut = MPS
Yd= pendapatan boleh guna = (Y-T)
25 Kecenderungan
mengguna sut
b = MPC = ΔC
ΔY
26 Kecenderungan
mengguna purata
APC = C
Y
27 Kecenderungan
menabung sut
1 – b = MPS = ΔS
ΔY
28 Kecenderungan
menabung purata
APS = S
Y
Kadar cukai, t t=ΔT
ΔY
Fungsi cukai, T T = tY
29 Pengganda ,m
Pengganda ekonomi
2 sektor
Pengganda ekonomi
3 sektor
m = ΔY
ΔAE
m = ΔY
ΔI
m = 1 = 1 = 1
-------- --------- -----------
1- MPC 1 – b MPS
m = 1
--------------
1-b (1-t)
Fungsi import M = Mo + mY
Kecenderungan
mengimport sut
m=ΔM
ΔY
30 Suntikan = Bocoran
Ekonomi 2 sektor
J = W
I = S
4. Ekonomi 3 sektor
Ekonomi 4 sektor
I + G = S + T
I + G + X = S + T + M
31 Perbelanjaan
agregat (AE)
Ekonomi 2 sektor
Ekonomi 3 sektor
Ekonomi 4 sektor
AE = C + I
AE = C + I + G
AE = C + I + G + X - M
32 Indeks nilai wang
(tahun semasa)
IW 1 = IHo
----- X 100
IH1
33 Peratus perubahan
nilai wang,
% Δ W = IW1 - IWo
----------------- X 100
Iwo
34 Wang dalam edaran =wang kertas + wang syiling
35 Bekalan wang ,M1 M1=wang kertas + syiling + deposit semasa
M1=wang dalam edaran + deposit semasa
36 Bekalan wang , M2 M2 = M1 + separa wang
= M1 + deposit tabungan dan deposit tetap bank
perdagangan + sijil deposit boleh niaga + sijil
Bank Negara Malaysia
37 Nisbah rizab
berkanun
=deposit di bank pusat @ jum. rizab berkanun X 100
Jumlah deposit semasa
38 Nisbah rizab tunai =jumlah rizab tunai X 100
Deposit semasa
39 Nisbah harta cair
(nisbah mudah tunai)
= jumlah harta cair X 100
Deposit semasa
40 Pengganda wang = 1
----------------- X 100
Nisbah rizab
41 Selepas tamat
proses penggandaan
wang
1.Jumlah deposit semasa = deposit semasa asal X
pengganda wang
2.Jumlah rizab = rizab asal X pengganda wang
3.Jumlah kredit pinjaman dicipta = pinjaman asal X
pengganda wang
4.Tambahan bekalan wang = jumlah deposit semasa –
deposit wang tunai
41 Nisbah rizab =nisbah rizab berkanun + nisbah tunai +
nisbah harta cair
42 Teori Kuantiti Wang
Fisher
MV = PT
M= bekalan wang / penawaran wang
5. V= halaju pusingan wang
P= tingkat harga umum
T= jumlah urusniaga
43 Halaju pusingan
wang, V
V = Y
M
44 Analisis Cambridge M = k PT
M = penawaran wang
k = bahagian pendapatan negara dalam bentuk wang
tunai
P = tingkat harga umum
T = jumlah urusniaga
45 Lompang Deflasi /
Lompang Inflasi
Jurang KNK @
jurang pendapatan
negara
LD / LI = Jurang KNK
Pengganda
= Yf – Ye
1
-----------------------
1-b (1-t)
Jurang KNK = ΔY = Yf – Ye
46 Kadar syarat
perdagangan
KSP = Indeks harga eksport X 100
Indeks harga import
KSP = Px X 100
Pm
47 Akaun Semasa =Jumlah hasil – perbelanjaan mengurus
48 Nisbah hutang
negara
=jumlah hutang negara X 100
Jumlah eksport
FORMAT PENGIRAAN IMBANGAN PEMBAYARAN
Butiran RM RM
Eksport barang / nampak X
Tolak : Import barang / nampak - X
IMBANGAN DAGANGAN X
Perjalanan X
Pengangkutan X
Tambang dan Insurans X
Urusniaga Kerajaan X
Perkhidmatan Lain X
IMBANGAN PERKHIDMATAN X
Pendapatan pelaburan X
6. Pampasan Pekerja X
IMBANGAN PENDAPATAN X
Penerimaan Pindahan X
Tolak : Pembayaran Pindahan - X
PINDAHAN BERSIH X
AKAUN SEMASA X
Butiran RM RM
Modal jangka panjang X
Pelaburan korporat + X
AKAUN MODAL (AKAUN
KEWANGAN)
X
IMBANGAN ASAS = AKAUN SEMASA + AKAUN MODAL JANGKA PANJANG
IMBANGAN KESELURUHAN = IMBANGAN ASAS + MODAL SWASTA BERSIH +
RALAT DAN KETINGGALAN
PENGIRAAN PENDAPATAN NEGARA (KAEDAH PENDAPATAN)
Jenis Pendapatan RM juta RM juta
Upah dan gaji XX
Bunga kasar
Tolak : (-) Bunga pinjaman pengguna
: (-) Bunga pinjaman kerajaan
Bunga bersih
X
-X
-X
XX
Pendapatan sewa XX
Pendapatan perusahaan persendirian XX
: (+) Dividen
: (+) Keuntungan tidak dibahagikan
: (+) Cukai pendapatan syarikat
Keuntungan syarikat (perusahaan)
X
+X
+X
XX
KNB kos faktor (Pendapatan Negara) XXX
PENGIRAAN PENDAPATAN NEGARA (KAEDAH PERBELANJAAN)
Komponen / Jenis perbelanjaan RM juta
Perbelanjaan isirumah, C X
Perbelanjaan kerajaan, G X
Pelaburan kasar (swasta dan awam), I X
Perubahan stok /inventori , Ai X
Eksport barang dan perkhidmatan, X X
Import barang dan perkhidmatan, -M -X
7. KDNK harga pasar XX
Pendapatan faktor pengeluaran dari luar negeri, YL
Tolak :
Pendapatan/ perbelanjaan faktor ke luar negeri, BL
X
-X
KNK harga pasar XX
Tolak: (-)Cukai tak langsung
Tambah : (+)subsidi
-X
+X
KNK kos faktor X
tolak : (-) susutnilai X
KNB kos faktor (Pendapatan Negara ) XX
PENGIRAAN PENDAPATAN NEGARA (KAEDAH KELUARAN)
Sektor-sektor ekonomi RM juta
Pertanian, perikanan,ternakan dan perhutanan X
Perlombongan dan kuari X
Perkilangan X
Pembinaan X
Perkhidmatan Elektrik, gas dan air X
Pengangkutan,penyimpanan dan perhubungan X
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, hotel dan restoran X
Kewangan, insurans, hartanah dan perkhidmatan
perniagaan
X
Perkhidmatan kerajaan X
Perkhidmatan lain X
Tolak : (-) bayaran perkhidmatan bank -X
Tambah : (+) cukai import +X
KDNK harga pasaran XX
PERHATIAN : GANTIKAN SIMBOL XX PADA RUANGAN RM JUTA JIKA SOALAN
MEMERLUKAN ANDA MENUNJUKKAN CONTOH BERANGKA YANG SESUAI
8. FORMULAMIKROEKONOMI
BIL KONSEP MIKRO
EKONOMI
FORMULA
1 Kos lepas Kos lepas barang X = perubahan barang Y
Perubahan barang X
Kos lepas barang Y = perubahan barang X
PerubahanbarangY
2 Fungsi /persamaan
permintaan individu
dan pasaran
Dalam sebutan P
P= R - SQ
Dalam sebutan Q
Qd = a – bP
3 Fungsi / persamaan
penawaran firma dan
pasaran
Dalam sebutan P
P = c + dQ
Dalam sebutan Q
Qs= n + mP
4 Keseimbangan
pasaran
Melalui persamaan fungsi permintaan dan
penawaran, keseimbangan dicapai apabila
Qs = Qd
5 Keanjalan
permintaan harga.
Ed = % perubahan kuantiti diminta
%perubahan harga
Q1-Qo ΔQ
Qo Qo
Ed= -------- atau Ed= -------
P1-Po ΔP
Po Po
6 Darjah-darjah
keanjalan
permintaan harga
Atau
darjah-darjah
keanjalan penawaran
harga
Permintaan anjal ( ∞ > Ed > 1 )
Permintaan tidak anjal ( 1 > Ed > 0 )
Permintaan anjal satu ( Ed = 1 )
Permintaan anjal sempurna ( Ed = ∞ )
Permintaan tidak anjal sempurna ( Ed = 0 )
Nota :Simbol Ed digantikan dengan Es untuk
keanjalan penawaran harga
9. 7 Keanjalan
permintaan silang
Es =%perubahan kuantiti X yang diminta
% perubahan harga barang Y
E silang= %ΔQd x = QX1 – QXo ÷ PY1 - PYo
%ΔP y QXo Pyo
8 Keanjalan
permintaan
pendapatan
EY = % perubahan kuantiti yang diminta
% perubahan pendapatan
Ey= %ΔQd = Q1 – Qo ÷ Y1 - Yo
%ΔY Qo Yo
9 Keanjalan penawaran Es=% perubahan kuantiti ditawarkan
% perubahan harga
Es= %ΔQs = Q1- Qo ÷ P1 – Po
%ΔP Qo Po
10 Utiliti Sut
Utiliti Sut per
ringgit setiap brg,
MU
P
Jumlah Utiliti
Utiliti Sut = Perubahan Jumlah utiliti
Perubahan kuantiti
MU = ΔTU
ΔQ
Bagi kes satu barang Utiliti Sut = Harga
MU x = P x
Bagi kes dua barang atau lebih, syarat
keseimbangan pengguna ialah
1. MU x = MU y ........= MU z
P x P y P z
2. Jumlah pendapatan = jumlah
perbelanjaan
Y ≥ PxQx + PyQy+ ...PzQz
Jumlah Utiliti = Jumlah Utiliti X + Jumlah Utiliti Y
= TUx + TUy
11 Lebihan pengguna = ½ (P X Q)
12 Fungsi pengeluaran
jangka panjang
Qx = f (T,B,M,P)
13 Fungsi pengeluaran
jangka pendek
Qx =f (T,B)
10. (andaian hanya 2 faktor pengeluaran sahaja, tanah
dan buruh)
14 Keluaran Purata = Jumlah Keluaran
Jumlah Input Berubah
AP = TP
TVC
15 Keluaran Sut /
Marginal
= Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
Perubahan Jumlah Input Berubah
MP = ΔTP
ΔTVF
16 Jumlah Kos = Jumlah Kos Tetap + Jumlah Kos Berubah
TC = TFC + TVC
17. Kos Tetap Purata = Jumlah Kos Tetap
Jumlah Keluaran
AFC = TFC
Q
18. Kos Berubah Purata = Jumlah Kos Berubah
Jumlah Keluaran
AVC = TVC
Q
19. Kos Purata = Jumlah Kos
Jumlah Keluaran
AC = TC atau AC = TFC + TVC
Q Q
Atau AC = AFC + AVC
20. Kos Sut / Marginal = Perubahan Jumlah Kos
Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
MC = ΔTC atau MC = ΔTVC
ΔQ ΔQ
21. Jumlah Hasil = Harga X Kuantiti Keluaran
TR = P x Q
22. Hasil Purata =Jumlah Hasil AR = TR
Jumlah Keluaran Q
23. Hasil Sut = PerubahanJumlah Hasil
Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
MR = ΔTR = ΔP X ΔQ = ΔP
ΔQ ΔQ
24 Dalam pasaran
persaingan sempurna
Harga = Hasil Purata = Hasil Sut
P = AR = MR
11. 25 Keluaran Fizikal
Purata
= Jumlah Keluaran Fizikal
Jumlah Faktor Pengeluaran
APP = TPP
TF
26 Keluaran Fizikal Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran Fizikal
Perubahan Jumlah Faktor Pengeluaran
MPP= ΔTPP = TPP1 – TPP o
ΔTF TF 1 – TF o
27 Jumlah Hasil
Keluaran
=Jumlah Keluaran Fizikal X Harga Keluaran Fizikal
TRP= TPP X P
28 Keluaran Hasil
Purata
= Keluaran Fizikal Purata X Harga Keluaran Fizikal
ARP = APP X P Atau ARP = TRP
TF
29 Keluaran Hasil Sut =Keluaran Fizikal Sut X Harga Keluaran
MRP = MPP X P Atau
MRP= ΔTRP = TRP 1 – TRP o
ΔTF TF 1 – TF o
30 Jumlah Kos Faktor
Jumlah Kos faktor
(buruh)
= Bilangan faktor diminta X Harga faktor
TFC = TF X Pb
= bilangan buruh X harga / upah buruh
= Qf X Pf
31 Kos Purata Faktor = Jumlah Kos Faktor
Bilangan faktor
AFC = TFC
TF
32 Kos Sut Faktor = Perubahan Jumlah Kos Faktor
Perubahan faktor yang digunakan
MCF = ΔTFC = TFC 1 – TFC o
ΔTF TF 1 – TF o
Dalam pasaran persaingan sempurna,
ACF = MCF = P
33 Jumlah keuntungan
firma
Untung = TRP - TCF
34 Upah Benar = 100 X Upah Wang
Indeks Harga Tahun Semasa
Upah wang = upah nominal
35 Sewa Kuasi = Jumlah Hasil – Jumlah Kos Berubah
12. 36 Kadar Bunga =Jumlah Kos Meminjam (Jumlah Bunga) X 100
Jumlah Modal
37 Kadar Bunga Benar =Kadar Bunga Nominal – Kadar Inflasi
38 Untung Perakaunan = Jumlah Hasil – Jumlah Kos
39 Untung Ekonomi =Jumlah Hasil – (Kos Eksplisit + Kos Implisit)
References:
1. http://robiah1969.blogspot.my
Prepared by,
MOHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN HAMZAH
M. Sc. (Last updated: 13.01.2016)
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