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1. 1

2. Countries
Ankur Kejriwal Akshay Chopra
• Bolivia • Chile
• The Bahamas • Ecuador
2

3. Content
• Introduction
• GDP
• Population
• Age Structure
• Independence
• Export & Import (Commodities & Partners)
• Military Expenditure
• Disputes
• Illicit Drugs
• Foreign Policy (Today’s Discussion)
3

4. Ankur Kejriwal
Bolivia The Bahamas
4

5. • Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon
BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825;
much of its subsequent history has consisted of a
Introduction series of nearly 200 coups and countercoups.
Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982,
Bolivia but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-
seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug
production. In December 2005, Bolivians elected
Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo
MORALES president - by the widest margin of any
leader since the restoration of civilian rule in 1982 -
after he ran on a promise to change the country's
traditional political class and empower the nation's
poor, indigenous majority. However, since taking
office, his controversial strategies have
exacerbated racial and economic tensions
between the Amerindian populations of the
Andean west and the non-indigenous communities
of the eastern lowlands. In December 2009,
President MORALES easily won reelection, and
his party took control of the legislative branch of
the government, which will allow him to continue
his process of change. In October 2011, the
country held its first judicial elections to appoint
judges to the four highest courts.
5

6. • Lucayan Indians inhabited the islands when
Christopher COLUMBUS first set foot in the New
World on San Salvador in 1492. British settlement
Introduction of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a
colony in 1783. Since attaining independence from
The Bahamas the UK in 1973, The Bahamas has prospered
through tourism and international banking and
investment management. Because of its
geography, the country is a major transshipment
point for illegal drugs, particularly shipments to the
US and Europe, and its territory is used for
smuggling illegal migrants into the US.
6

7. GDP(Purchasing Power Parity)
Bolivia The Bahamas
• 50.94 billion $ (2011) • 10.60 billion $ (2011)
7

8. Population
Bolivia The Bahamas
• 10,290,003(July 2012) • 3,16,182(July 2012)
8

9. Population Growth Rate
Bolivia The Bahamas
• 1.664%(2012) • 0.904%(2012)
9

10. Age Structure
Bolivia The Bahamas
• 00-14 years(34.2%) • 00-14 years(24.0%)
• 15-64 years(61.0%) • 15-64 years(69.5%)
• 64-above years(04.7%) • 65-above years(06.5%)
10

11. Independence
Bolivia The Bahamas
• 6th August 1825 • 10th July 1973
• (From Spain) • (From UK)
11

12. Export (Commodities)
Bolivia The Bahamas
• Natural Gas • Mineral product
• Soybeans & Soya • Salt
Products • Animal Product
• Crude Petroleum • Rum
• Zinc Ore • Chemicals
• Tin • Fruits
• Vegetables
12

13. Export (Partners)
Bolivia The Bahamas
• Brazil • Singapore
• South Korea • US
• Peru • Ecuador
• Argentina • Switzerland
• Japan • Dominican Republic
13

14. Import (Commodities)
Bolivia The Bahamas
• Petroleum Product • Machinery
• Plastic • Transport Equipment
• Paper • Manufacturers
• Aircraft & Aircraft Parts • Chemicals
• Prepared Food • Mineral Fuels
• Automobiles • Food
• Insecticides • Live Animals
14

15. Import (Partners)
Bolivia The Bahamas
• Chile • US
• Brazil • India
• Argentina • South Korea
• Peru • Venezuela
• China • Singapore
• China
15

16. Military Expenditure
Bolivia The Bahamas
• 1.3% of GDP (2009) • 0.7% 0f GDP (2009)
16

17. Disputes
Bolivia The Bahamas
• Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's • Disagrees with the US on the
reactivated claim to restore the alignment of the northern axis of a
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in potential maritime boundary.
1884, but Chile offers instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime
access through Chile for Bolivian
natural gas; contraband smuggling,
human trafficking, and illegal narcotic
trafficking are problems in the porous
areas of the border with Argentina.
17

18. Illicit Drugs
Bolivia The Bahamas
• World's third-largest cultivator of coca • Transshipment point for cocaine and
(after Colombia and Peru) with an marijuana bound for US and Europe;
estimated 35,000 hectares under offshore financial center.
cultivation in 2009, an increase of ten
percent over 2008; third largest
producer of cocaine, estimated at 195
metric tons potential pure cocaine in
2009, a 70 percent increase over
2006; transit country for Peruvian and
Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil,
Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and
Europe; weak border controls; some
money-laundering activity related to
narcotics trade; major cocaine
consumption (2008)
18

19. Foreign Policy • Bolivia’s colonial past and historical ties mean that relations with the
continent tend to be led by the Spanish. There are also significant Spanish
Bolivia interests in Bolivia with investments in areas including hydrocarbons and
energy, airports, finance, cinemas, and tourism. The EU is the second
EUROPE largest trading partner for Bolivia after the US and is a leading investor in the
region, accounting for a significant share of FDI. Relations are important with
Europe’s biggest economies - Germany and France are significant investors
(French company Total has major investments in oil and gas), Swiss
company Glencore International has interests in the mining sector and
several European countries have bilateral aid programmes.
• For their part, UK companies participate in Bolivia’s natural gas industry (BG
Group operates several gas fields and is a partner in others), as well as in
the health services sector (BUPA), energy (Rurelec) and consumer goods
(Unilever). The UK’s main exports to Bolivia are beverages, industrial
equipment and power generating equipment. British companies in Bolivia sell
mining equipment and specialised machinery to the hydrocarbons sector,
and provide a range of financial services to the banking and insurance
sectors. Official figures put UK exports to Bolivia for 2010 at £15.5 million
while UK imports totalled £14.6 million.
19

20. Foreign Policy • While the UK used to have a bilateral aid programme with Bolivia, this was
closed in 2008. UK aid to Bolivia is now channelled through the World Bank,
Bolivia Inter-American Development Bank and indirectly through grants to UK
NGOs. The UK also contributes to the European Union (EU) aid programme
EUROPE for Bolivia, currently budgeted at €243 million over 6 years. A significant part
of this aid programme is directed to supporting the Bolivian government in its
fight against cocaine production and trafficking.
• As well as aid, relations with the EU are focused on trade and political
relations, including election observation and human rights monitoring. Bolivia
was engaged in the negotiation of a trade deal with the European Union as
part of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) trade bloc, however,
Bolivia’s opposition to conditions of the agreement, on the grounds that it
was designed to serve European rather than Bolivian interests (particularly in
the area of intellectual property rights), along with objections from Ecuador,
meant that negotiations with the CAN were put on hold (the EU has since
concluded bilateral negotiations with Peru and Colombia, undermining the
principle of negotiating bloc to bloc with developing countries).
20

21. Foreign Policy • Bolivia's relationship with the United States has historically
Bolivia
oscillated between mutual hostility /suspicion and accommodation
to Washington’s desires. In the years after the 1952 revolution, the
US government regarded Bolivia as a potential communist threat in
UNITED STATES
the Americas. Under the right-wing military governments of the
1960s and 1970s, that threat was assuaged. By the 1980s and
1990s, coca had replaced communism as Washington’s main
concern. The bilateral relationship was at its most harmonious
under the Banzer government of 1997-2001 with its 'zero-coca'
policy. The US embassy in La Paz, one of its largest in the
Americas, forged a close working relationship with Banzer and his
successors, but was wary of the political clout of the coca farmers
of the Chapare. In 2002 Manuel Rocha, then US ambassador in La
Paz, warned Bolivians not to vote for Morales. His intervention
simply swelled support for Morales, who only narrowly missed
topping the poll.
21

22. Foreign Policy • Relations accordingly became tense with the election of Evo
Bolivia
Morales and the MAS government in 2005. The United States sees
Morales as 'soft' on coca. It also dislikes the links that he has
developed between Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela. The MAS victory
UNITED STATES
reflected a resurgence in the spirit of Bolivian nationalism, which
tends, today as in the past, to rail against perceived US
interventionism. The administration has rejected trade liberalisation
with the United States. It has also demanded the extradition of
former president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (who fled to the
United States after his ouster in 2003), on human rights grounds.
In December 2006 Morales enacted a policy placing visa
requirements on US citizens entering the country, following the
principle of reciprocity in diplomatic relations between the two
countries.
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23. Foreign Policy • In September 2008, following the attempts in the eastern lowlands to bring
down the government and the subsequent massacre of
Bolivia indigenous campesinos in the northern department of Pando, Evo Morales
declared Ambassador Philip Goldbergpersona non grata and expelled him
UNITED STATES from Bolivia. Morales accused Goldberg of colluding with the opposition and
involvement in the destabilising actions, which he referred to as a “civic
coup”. The US immediately responded by asking the Bolivian Ambassador
in Washington, Gustavo Guzmán, to leave the country. Bolivia then expelled
the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) personnel from Bolivia.
The Bush administration “decertified” Bolivia in 2009 for what it said was a
failure to meet its “obligations under international counter-narcotics
agreements”. This was followed by the cancellation of the Andean Trade
Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) trade preferences for
Bolivia.
Little progress has been made so far under the Obama administration.
Although there were initial signs of good will from both sides - Morales
expressed optimism in Obama after they met at the Summit of the Americas
in Trinidad and Tobago – there has been no substantive change in relations
yet. Bolivia has sought to negotiate a ‘framework agreement’ to govern
bilateral relations, but this has yet to be accepted by Washington.
23

24. Foreign Policy • The United States established diplomatic relations with The
The Bahamas
Bahamas in 1973 following its independence from the United
Kingdom. As a neighbor, The Bahamas and its political stability are
especially important to the United States. The U.S. and the
U.S.-BAHAMAS
RELATIONS
Bahamian Government have worked together on reducing crime
and addressing illegal migration issues. With the closest island
only 45 miles from the coast of Florida, The Bahamas often is used
as a gateway for drugs, weapons and illegal aliens bound for the
United States. The United States and The Bahamas cooperate
closely to address these threats. U.S. assistance and resources
have been essential to Bahamian efforts to mitigate the persistent
flow of illegal narcotics, guns, and migrants through the
archipelago. The United States and The Bahamas also actively
cooperate on law enforcement, civil aviation, marine research,
meteorology, and agricultural issues. The U.S. Navy operates an
underwater research facility on Andros Island.
24

25. Foreign Policy • U.S. foreign assistance to The Bahamas supports the key goals of
The Bahamas
bolstering law enforcement and counternarcotics efforts, including
demand reduction, strengthening the criminal justice system, and
improving interdiction capabilities. Regional security programs
U.S. Assistance to The
Bahamas
complement bilateral aid, providing further assistance for law
enforcement, citizen safety, and rule-of-law programs. Additional
support provided through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS
Relief (PEPFAR) funds programs in HIV prevention and
awareness and stigma mitigation.
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26. Foreign Policy • The Bahamian economy is driven by tourism and financial
The Bahamas
services. Most of the U.S.-affiliated businesses operating in The
Bahamas are associated with tourism and banking. Historically, a
majority of the 4-5 million tourists visiting The Bahamas each year
Bilateral Economic
Relations
have been from the United States. The Bahamas imports nearly all
its food and manufactured goods from the United States, although
it is beginning to diversify its supply chain to include Asian and
Latin American suppliers. U.S. goods and services tend to be
favored by Bahamians due to cultural similarities and exposure to
U.S. advertising. Due to its dependence on U.S. tourism and trade,
the Bahamian economy is affected by U.S. economic performance.
The Bahamas is a beneficiary of the U.S.-Caribbean Basin Trade
Partnership Act. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's
Bureau of Customs and Border Protection maintains
"preclearance" facilities at the airports in Nassau and Freeport.
Travelers to the U.S., including business people and tourists, are
interviewed and inspected before departure, allowing faster
connection times in the U.S.
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27. Foreign Policy • The Bahamas and the United States belong to a number of the
The Bahamas
same international organizations, including the United Nations,
Organization of American States, International Monetary Fund,
International Maritime Organization, and the World Bank. The
The Bahamas'
Membership in
Bahamas also is an observer to the World Trade Organization.
International
Organizations
• There is currently no U.S. Ambassador to The Bahamas; the U.S.
Charge d'Affaires is John Dinkelman. Other principal embassy
Bilateral officials are listed in the Department's Key Officers List.
Representation
• The Bahamas maintains an embassy in the United States at 2220
Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008
(tel: 202-319-2660).
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28. Thank you!
28

29. Akshay Chopra
Chile Ecuador
29

30. • Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th
century, the Inca ruled northern Chile while the
indigenous Mapuche inhabited central and
Introduction southern Chile. Although Chile declared its
independence in 1810, decisive victory over the
Chile Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In the War of
the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and
Bolivia and won its present northern regions. It
was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche Indians
were completely subjugated. After a series of
elected governments, the three-year-old Marxist
government of Salvador ALLENDE was
overthrown in 1973 by a military coup led by
Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until a freely
elected president was installed in 1990. Sound
economic policies, maintained consistently since
the 1980s, have contributed to steady growth,
reduced poverty rates by over half, and have
helped secure the country's commitment to
democratic and representative government. Chile
has increasingly assumed regional and
international leadership roles befitting its status as
a stable, democratic nation.
30

31. • What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern
Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533.
Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial
Introduction government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of
New Granada in 1717. The territories of the
Ecuador Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia),
Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence
between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation
known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in
1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of
the "Republic of the Equator." Between 1904 and
1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of
conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru
that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although
Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in
2004, the period was marred by political instability.
Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term
ouster of three of Ecuador's last four
democratically elected Presidents. In late 2008,
voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's
20th since gaining independence. General
elections, under the new constitutional framework,
were held in April 2009, and voters re-elected
President Rafael CORREA.
31

32. GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
Chile Ecuador
• 299.5 billion $ (2011) • 127.4 billion $ (2011)
32

33. Population
Chile Ecuador
• 17,067,369 (July 2012) • 15,223,680 (July 2012)
33

34. Population Growth Rate
Chile Ecuador
• 0.88% (2012) • 1.419% (2012)
34

35. Age Structure
Chile Ecuador
• 00-14 years(21.4%) • 00-14 years(29.5%)
• 15-64 years(69.2%) • 15-64 years(63.9%)
• 64-above years(09.4%) • 64-above years(06.6%)
35

36. Independence
Chile Ecuador
• 18th September 1810 • 24th May 1822
• (From Spain) • (From Spain)
36

37. Export (Commodities)
Chile Ecuador
• Copper • Petroleum
• Fruit • Banana
• Fish Product • Cut Flower
• Paper & Pulp • Coffee
• Chemical • Wood
• Wine • Fish
• Cacao
37

38. Export (Partners)
Chile Ecuador
• China • US
• US • Panama
• Japan • Peru
• Brazil • Venezuela
• South Korea • Chile
• Netherland • Russia
38

39. Import (Commodities)
Chile Ecuador
• Petroleum • Industrial Material
• Petroleum Product • Fuels & Lubricants
• Chemicals • Non Durable Consumer
• Electrical & Goods
Telecommunication
Equipment
• Vehicles
• Natural Gas
• Industrial Machinery
39

40. Import (Partners)
Chile Ecuador
• US • US
• China • China
• Brazil • Columbia
• Germany • Panama
• Argentina • Peru
• Brazil
• South Kore
40

41. Military Expenditure
Chile Ecuador
• 2.7% of GDP (2009) • 0.9% 0f GDP (2009)
41

42. Disputes
Chile Ecuador
• Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated • Organized illegal narcotics operations
claim to restore the Atacama corridor, in Colombia penetrate across
ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has Ecuador's shared border, which
offered instead unrestricted but not
sovereign maritime access through Chile to
thousands of Colombians also cross to
Bolivian natural gas; Chile rejects Peru's escape the violence in their home
unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal country.
maritime boundary with Chile to an
equidistance line with a southwestern axis
favoring Peru; in October 2007, Peru took
its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ;
territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean
Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps
Argentine and British claims; the joint
boundary commission, established by Chile
and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and
demarcate the delimited boundary in the
inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field
(Campo de Hielo Sur).
42

43. Illicit Drugs
Chile Ecuador
• Transshipment country for cocaine • Significant transit country for cocaine
destined for Europe and the region; originating in Colombia and Peru, with
some money laundering activity, much of the US-bound cocaine
especially through the Iquique Free passing through Ecuadorian Pacific
Trade Zone; imported precursors waters; importer of precursor
passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine chemicals used in production of illicit
consumption is rising, making Chile a narcotics; attractive location for cash-
significant consumer of cocaine placement by drug traffickers
(2008). laundering money because of
dollarization and weak anti-money-
laundering regime; increased activity
on the northern frontier by trafficking
groups and Colombian insurgents
(2008).
43

44. Foreign Policy •
On November 16, 2008, the Foreign Minister of Ecuador Maria Isabel
Ecuador Salvador met her counterpart, Pranab Mukherjee , with a close
relationship in oil and defence between these geographically distant
With “INDIA” countries high on the agenda. On the oil front, the new government
in Ecuador has reversed the earlier revenue-sharing arrangements
with western oil companies and is now keen on striking new
partnerships with state-owned ONGC Videsh of India.
• In the defence sector, Ecuador became the first country to sign a
contract for purchasing the Indian made Dhruv helicopters of which
one will be for use by its President. The Embassy here has expanded
its setup with the appointment of a Military Attache and prospects
appear bright for more defence exports as Ecuador has agreed to be
the servicing hub in South America for Indian defence equipment
44

45. Foreign Policy • Formal relations with the People's Republic of China started on 1980-
Ecuador 01-02. In July 1980, China set up its embassy in Ecuador. In July
1981, Ecuador set up its embassy in China. Since the establishment
With “CHINA” of diplomatic relations, Sino-Ecuadorian relations have been
advancing smoothly. The two sides maintain high level political
contacts and exchanges in fields of trade and economy, science and
technology, culture and education grow steadily. In international
affairs, the two countries understand and support each other.
• In September 2012, the two nations signed a Commercial and
Security Agreement. It allows Ecuador to easily sell seafood, cocoa
and bananas in China, with the Chinese agreeing to ease restrictions
on further food items. Additionally, China has established an $80
million line of credit for Ecuador with the EximBank to help Ecuador
build a road to the new Quito airport
45

46. Foreign Policy • Relations between the United Kingdom and Ecuador were traditionally regarded as
"low-key but cordial", especially before the election of Rafael Correa; the Prince of
Ecuador
Wales and Duchess of Cornwall visited the country in 2009, as part of a tour
celebrating the bicentenary of Charles Darwin. President Correa visited London in the
With “UK” same year, speaking mostly in English at the London School of Economics about the
changes his government was making.
• In 2012 relations came under strain when Julian Assange , founder of the Wikileaks
website, entered the Ecuadorian embassy in London and sought asylum; Assange
had recently lost a legal case against his extradition to Sweden on charges of sexual
assault and rape, but when within the embassy he was on diplomatic territory and
beyond the reach of the British police. The United Kingdom Foreign and
Commonwealth Office delivered a note to the Ecuadorian government in Quito
reminding them of the provisions of the Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987
which allow the British government to withdraw recognition of diplomatic protection
from embassies; the move was interpreted as a hostile act by Ecuador, with Foreign
Minister Ricardo Patiño stating that this "explicit threat" would be met with
"appropriate responses in accordance with international law". Assange was granted
diplomatic asylum on 16 August 2012, with Foreign Minister Patiño stating that
Assange's fears of political persecution were "legitimate"
46

47. Foreign Policy • The United States and Ecuador have maintained close ties based on
Ecuador mutual interests in maintaining democratic institutions;
combating cannabis and cocaine; building trade, investment, and
With “United States” financial ties; cooperating in fostering Ecuador's economic
development; and participating in inter-American organizations. Ties
are further strengthened by the presence of an estimated 150,000-
200,000 Ecuadorians living in the United States and by 24,000 U.S.
citizens visiting Ecuador annually, and by approximately 15,000 U.S.
citizens residing in Ecuador. The United States assists Ecuador's
economic development directly through the Agency for International
Development (USAID) program in Ecuador and through multilateral
organizations such as the Inter-American Development Bank and
the World Bank. In addition, the U.S.Peace Corps operates a sizable
program in Ecuador. More than 100 U.S. companies are doing
business in Ecuador.
47

48. No Policy ever satisfies its core objective. The Principle of Politics
is not to follow any principle.
48