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Arianne Ford, Katie Peters, Peter Downes,
Phil Blevin, John Greenfield, Brenainn Simpson
Mineral Potential Mapping
as a Strategic Planning Tool
in the Eastern Lachlan Orogen, NSW
Project Background
• Produce mineral potential maps that can be used for strategic land-use planning
by NSW government, and to promote mineral exploration through the delivery of
value-added pre-competitive geoscience data to industry.
• Five mineral system models were developed for the eastern Lachlan Orogen
• Macquarie Arc: Porphyry Cu-Au
• Eastern Lachlan Orogen: Polymetallic Skarn, Kanimblan Orogenic Au, Tabberabberan Orogenic Au, VAMS
• Development of the models included
• Review and compilation of available data (GSNSW and Kenex)
• Mineral system research (GSNSW)
• Development of spatial data table and training data (GSNSW and Kenex)
• Preparation of predictive maps (Kenex)
• Spatial analysis to create weights and test correlations (Kenex)
• Selection of maps for final models (GSNSW and Kenex)
• Mineral potential maps created for each mineral system (Kenex)
• Validation of mineral potential maps (Kenex)
• Reporting and delivery (Kenex)
Data
• All of the datasets for the project were provided by GSNSW
• Review of data undertaken by Kenex and any noted issues discussed with
GSNSW and changes made where appropriate
Data type GSNSW source database Zone 55E (ELO)
Radiometric ages Geobank radiogenic isotopes 1727 analyses
Whole-rock geochemistry Geobank whole rock geochemistry 6133 analyses
Mineral occurrences Geobank MetIndex 12169 observations
Petrographic observations Geobank petrology 56126 observations
Field observations Geobank field observations 94548 observations
Structure points Geobank field observations, MetIndex and seamless geology 37945 compass readings
Fold axes Geobank field observations and seamless geology 2864 recorded
Drillholes (including lithology logs) Geobank drillholes and wells 45448 logged
Drillhole assays Geobank assay results 2903474 analyses
Surface major element analyses (pXRF) Geobank assay results 12763 analyses
Surface trace element analyses (soil, stream sed, pXRF) Geobank assay results 62367 analyses
Reactive rocks layer Seamless geology Complete
Igneous metal fertility Seamless geology, whole rock geochemistry Calculated and complete
Fault attribution Seamless geology 50740 mapped
Metamorphic map Seamless geology Complete
Geology Seamless Geology Complete
Geophysics Statewide 50m grid magnetics, gravity, radiometrics, mag and grav worms Surveyed and complete
Mineral System Models
• Mineral system models for porphyry Cu-Au, polymetallic skarn, orogenic Au
(Kanimblan and Tabberabberan), and VAMS mineralisation were prepared by
GSNSW staff.
• Models used as a basis for determining the key predictive variables for each style of
mineralisation in the eastern Lachlan Orogen.
• Key predictive variables were grouped by mineral system component: source,
transport, trap, or deposition/preservation.
Mineral Potential Mapping
• Weights of evidence (WofE) approach was used:
• Statistically-driven, but user retains control over
model.
• Quantifies spatial association between training points
(known mineral occurrences) and predictive maps (e.g.
distance to felsic intrusion, fault density).
• Training data selected by GSNSW experts for each
mineral system.
• Predictive maps generated and WofE used to
quantify spatial association with training points
for each mineral system.
• Selection of predictive maps for inclusion in
mineral potential maps and running models for
each mineral system:
• Maps need to be statistically valid, geologically
meaningful, and practically useful.
• Testing efficiency of classification for each mineral
potential map produced.
Porphyry Cu-Au
Mineral System
• Ordovician to early Silurian porphyry Cu-Au mineralisation
associated with fertile magmas within the Macquarie Arc.
• The mineral systems knowledge tested using spatial analysis:
• 215 spatial variables tested
• 164 produced a statistically valid result
• 80 correlated well with the training points
Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables
Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap
Ordovician-Silurian (Benambran Cycle) geology in the
Macquarie Arc: fertile magma, oxidised and K-enriched
magma, shoshonitic/high-K subaqueous volcanics, reactive
rocks.
Mineral occurrences Source/Deposition
Known occurrences of associated epithermal or skarn
mineralisation; clustering of Au, Cu, Ag, or Zn occurrences.
Petrology Source/Transport/Trap Magnetite and sericite alteration.
Faults Transport/Trap
Fault subsets including: Benambran contraction faults and 4th
order faults; point datasets derived from the fault dataset,
particularly fault intersections, jogs, and bends; fault and vein
density.
Magnetics/Gravity Source/Trap/Deposition Magnetic RTP high.
Magnetic/Gravity worms Transport
Gravity worms with a height of 17916 m. More value could
potentially be extracted from the worm data with further
processing.
Rock chip and drillhole
geochemistry
Deposition
Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Ag, As, Au, Cu,
Mo, Pb, Sb, or Zn.
Porphyry Cu-Au
Mineral Potential Map
• Prior probability: 0.000606
• Prospective area (post prob > prior prob): 15.2% of Macquarie Arc
study area
• Highly prospective area: 0.13% of study area
• 13/14 training points in prospective area
• 1 training point (Kaiser) falls below the prior probability
• Efficiency of classification: 96.0%
Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=14) C StudC
Source
Association with Ordovician-
Silurian intrusions (Benambran)
800 m 9 2.59 4.64
Association with fertile magma
(oxidised and K-rich)
Moderately to very
strongly oxidised AND
med- to ultra high-K
10 1.45 2.44
Shoshonitic/high K subaqueous
volcanics
4600 m 10 2.48 4.19
Transport
Fault age (Benambran
Contraction)
1400 m 8 2.01 3.71
Trap
Reactivity Contrast – All 850 m 8 1.42 2.63
Fault Bends-Jogs-Splays 1550 m 12 2.36 3.09
Magnetics (RTP high) Class>=6 (mag high) 9 1.94 3.48
Deposition
Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Cu-Au
anomaly
Combined drillhole-rock
Au>=0.04 ppm and
Cu>=1260 ppm
14 3.88 3.72
Au, Cu, Ag, Zn occurrence density
(constrain by age)
Class>=2 (high density) 10 2.17 3.67
• Most highly prospective areas around the
Cadia and Cowal districts.
• Cadia East, Ridgeway, Copper Hill, Cowal, E39,
Gidginbung in highly to very highly prospective
area
• Cargo, Combella, Peak Hill, Marsden, Yiddah in
moderately prospective area
• Other highly prospective areas are located
around Gidginbung, Copper Hill, and
Glendale.
• Northparkes highlighted as weakly
prospective.
• Lack of faults mapped in the district
• Deposit geometry at E26
• Kaiser is in an unprospective area
• Absence of mapped intrusions and structures.
• Seamless is being updated to resolve this.
Porphyry Cu-Au
Mineral Potential
• Tested 33 different
magma fertility
parameters
• Modelling results
emphasise importance of
moderately to very
strongly oxidised magmas
that were also K-enriched.
• Regional-scale faults
showed only moderate
correlation with training
points.
• Some areas haven’t had
the same intensity of
historic exploration and
may represent
opportunities.
Porphyry Cu-Au Mineral Potential
Polymetallic Skarn
Mineral System
• Mid-Silurian to mid-Carboniferous polymetallic skarn mineralisation
associated with Tabberabberan and Kanimblan Cycle intrusions.
• Skarns related to Benambran Cycle intrusions(e.g. Big Cadia) and
metamorphic reaction skarns (e.g. Red Hill) were excluded.
• The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis:
• 228 spatial variables evaluated
• 153 produced a valid predictive map
• 89 correlated well with the training points
Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables
Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap
Silurian-Carboniferous (Tabberabberan-Kanimblan Cycle)
geology: metamorphic aureoles, fertile magma, I-type intrusions,
lithological contacts, reactive (calcareous) rocks.
Faults Transport/Trap
Fault subsets including: reactivated faults, thrust faults,
Tabberabberan contraction faults, Kanimblan contraction faults,
NNW oriented faults, 4th order faults and veins; point datasets
derived from the faults (i.e. intersections, jogs, bends, and
splays); fault and vein density.
Petrology Source/Transport/Trap Carbonate-chlorite-epidote alteration; sulfides.
Radiometrics Deposition/Source Th radiometric highs.
Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition
Catchments containing stream sediment samples with
anomalous Pb and Zn.
Rock chip and drillhole
geochemistry
Deposition
Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu,
Fe, Mo, Pb, S, Sn, W, and Zn.
Polymetallic Skarn
Mineral Potential Map
• Prior probability: 0.000055
• Prospective area (post prob > prior prob): 6.7% of eastern Lachlan
Orogen study area
• Highly prospective area: 0.12% of study area
• All training points in prospective area
• 10/16 training points in highly prospective area
• Efficiency of classification: 99.4%
Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=16) C StudC
Source
Metamorphic aureoles 50m 14 4.21 5.56
Association with gabbro, diorite,
granodiorite, granite
1050 m 14 3.16 4.18
Association with metamorphic
aureole intersecting limestone
units
650 m 14 5.04 6.66
Transport
NNW oriented Tabberabberan
and Kanimblan contraction faults
2050 m 10 2.58 4.99
Intrusion contacts (age
constrained)
250 m 10 3.35 6.49
Trap
Combined Fault and Vein Density Class>=4 (high density) 11 2.75 5.16
Reactivity Contrast 250 m 16 5.35 14.39
Deposition
Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Pb-Zn or
Cu-Au or Cu-As or Sn-W anomaly
Drillhole-rock (Pb>=334ppm and
Zn>=550ppm) OR (Cu>=372ppm and
Au>=0.04ppm) OR (Cu>=372ppm and
As>=500ppm) OR (Sn>=13.9 ppm and
W>=12ppm)
15 2.74 2.63
Polymetallic Skarn
Mineral Potential
• Prospective area is typically within
1km of causative intrusion and
within the pluton’s contact
metamorphic aureole.
• Highly prospective area around Cow
Flat area and Young Granodiorite.
Polymetallic Skarn Mineral Potential
• Exploration heat map
indicates areas of high
prospectivity which are
underexplored
(relatively) for skarn-
type mineralisation.
• Represents exploration
opportunities.
Polymetallic Skarn
Mineral Potential
• Identifies skarns at Leadville, Ryans, and
Collector
• Skarns laterally distal to causative plutons
• Mineral system model specific to
Tabberabberan and Kanimblan Cycle
magmatism
• Skarns related to Benambran Cycle magmatism are
not highlighted
• Metamorphic reaction skarns are not highlighted
• Modelling does not highlight Hawkins
Volcanics or probable skarns under Sydney
Basin
• Improved mapping of limestone lenses and
metamorphic aureoles critical
• Challenge with range of skarn types in model
• Magma fertility parameters are different
• Geochemical signatures are different
Kanimblan Orogenic Au
Mineral System
• Low sulfide structurally controlled quartz veins related to Early
Carboniferous Kanimblan Orogeny within/adjacent to Hill End Trough.
• The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis:
• 174 spatial variables tested
• 126 produced a statistically valid result
• 90 correlated well with the training points
Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables
Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap
Kanimblan Cycle geology: mafic and ultramafic rocks, deep
marine units, pyritic rocks, breccias; pre-existing Macquarie Arc;
Fe reactive rocks; reactivity and competency contrasts.
Metamorphic type Source Kanimblan age contact metamorphism.
Mineral occurrences Deposition Density of known Au mineral occurrences; Placer Au deposits.
Faults/Folds Transport/Trap
Fault subsets including: reverse and thrust faults, reactivated
faults, N-S trending faults; lower order faults; fault density;
point datasets derived from the fault dataset, particularly fault
intersections, bends, jogs, and splays; folds and fold density;
fault and vein density.
Veins Transport/Trap Vein density and proximity to mapped veins.
Petrology Source/Transport/Trap Carbonate-sericite; white mica; pyrite; chlorite; phengite.
Magnetic/Gravity worms Transport
Magnetic and gravity worms at mid- to deeper crustal levels.
More value could potentially be extracted from the worm data
with further processing.
Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition
Stream sediment samples with anomalous Au in a regolith
carbonate unit.
Rock chip and drillhole
geochemistry
Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Au and As.
Kanimblan Orogenic Au
Mineral Potential Map
• Prior probability: 0.000035
• Prospective area: 4.3% of study area
• Highly prospective area: 0.16% of study area
• All training points in prospective area
• 7/10 training points fall in highly prospective area
• Efficiency of classification: 99.8%
Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID # TP (N=10) C StudC
Source
Association with Macquarie Arc and deep
marine units
50 m 10 3.56 3.37
Kanimblan greenschist metamorphism 3950 m 7 3.99 5.78
Transport
Reverse and thrust faults of Kanimblan age 250 m 7 4.01 5.82
N-S Orientated Faults 1200 m 8 3.58 4.53
Trap
Fault Order - 3rd order Kanimblan (also
possible transport)
900 m 6 3.37 5.22
Folds 2950 m 8 3.55 4.49
Deposition
Au mineral occurrence density (excludes any
intrusion related)
Class>=2 (high
density)
9 4.73 4.49
Placer Au deposits (excludes any intrusion
related)
2000 m 8 4.95 6.26
Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Au anomaly Drillhole-rock
Au>=0.04 ppm
10 1.79 1.69
Narrow phengite-chlorite-pyrite-carbonate
halo around quartz veins
500 m 7 5.44 7.87
Kanimblan Orogenic Au Mineral Potential
• Highly prospective area
around training points and
known past producers.
• Exploration heat map
indicates some moderate
to highly prospective areas
are relatively
underexplored.
• Other highly prospective
area highlighted with no
known Au occurrences.
• Model limits prospective
area to the west.
• Differentiates between
Kanimblan and
Tabberabberan systems.
Tabberabberan Orogenic Au
Mineral System
• Low sulfide structurally controlled quartz veins related to Middle
Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny, predominantly near the Gilmore
and Parkes thrust systems.
• The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis:
• 168 spatial variables tested
• 112 produced a statistically valid result
• 64 correlated well with the training points
Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables
Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap
Tabberabberan Cycle geology: intermediate to mafic composition
rocks, deep marine units, syn-metamorphic intrusions; pre-existing
Benambran Cycle units; competency and reactivity contrast; reactivity
contrast; Fe reactive rocks.
Metamorphism Source Tabberabberan greenschist facies metamorphism
Mineral occurrences Deposition Density of known Au mineral occurrences; Placer Au deposits.
Faults/Folds Transport/Trap
Fault subsets including: strike slip faults, Benambran contraction faults,
Bindian contraction or Tabberabberan extension faults, higher order
faults; dip variance along strike; fault density; point datasets derived
from the fault dataset (i.e. intersections, bends, and splays).
Veins Transport/Trap Vein density and proximity to mapped veins.
Petrology Source/Transport/Trap
White mica-carbonate-pyrite; muscovite-pyrite; chlorite; sericite/white
mica; phengite.
Magnetics/Gravity Deposition/Trap Spatially coincident magnetic and gravity highs at depth.
Magnetic/Gravity worms Transport Magnetic worms with upward continuation of 33376 m.
Stream sediment
geochemistry
Deposition Catchments containing stream sediment samples with anomalous Au.
Rock chip and drillhole
geochemistry
Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Au.
Tabberabberan Orogenic Au
Mineral Potential Map
• Prior probability: 0.000049
• Prospective area: 10.7% of study area
• Highly prospective area: 0.2% of study area
• 13/14 training points are in prospective area
• 1 training point (Harden) falls below the prior probability
• 10/14 training points fall in highly prospective area
• Efficiency of classification: 98.6%
Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=14) C StudC
Source
Association with Benambran Cycle units
with intermediate to mafic composition.
6000 m 12 3.08 4.03
Spatially coincident magnetic and
gravity highs at depth
11300 m 6 1.47 2.72
Greenschist facies metamorphism 50m 13 2.54 2.45
Transport
4th order faults and veins (also possible
trap)
500 m 14 5.70 5.46
1st and 2nd order fault of Benambran or
Bindian age
2500 m 10 3.21 5.42
NNW oriented faults 4350 m 7 1.84 3.45
Trap
Reactivity Contrast - Iron 1150 m 9 2.61 4.68
Lineation/1st-2nd order fault dip variance 1350 m 7 2.84 5.31
Deposition
Au mineral occurrence density (excludes
any intrusion related)
Class>=2 (high density) 11 3.84 5.89
Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Au anomaly Drillhole-rock Au>=0.04ppm 14 2.16 2.07
Narrow phengite-chlorite-pyrite-
carbonate halo around quartz veins
1950 m 11 3.58 5.49
Tabberabberan Orogenic Au Mineral Potential
• Highly prospective area
around Tomingley, Adelong,
Parkes, and Wyalong.
• Other highly prospective
area around Cowarra.
• Almost all moderately to
highly prospective area is
covered by known Au
occurrences.
• Limited moderate to highly
prospective area that is not
already well explored.
• Model highlights areas
under cover.
• Harden is located in an
unprospective area
• Different structural setting to
other training points
Kanimblan vs. Tabberabberan Orogenic Au Potential
• Similar source maps used in each model
• Both mineral systems relate to greenschist
facies metamorphism
• Higher grade during Tabberabberan,
making it difficult to map for Kanimblan
• Kanimblan system uses pre-existing
structures from Tabberabberan
• Both models use the same exploration
geochemistry data
• Use of placer occurrences for Kanimblan
model can differentiate due to lack of
topographic relief in areas where most of
the Tabberabberan age mineralisation is.
• Parts of Hill End Trough prospective for
Tabberabberan orogenic Au despite
dominant event being Kanimblan in the
area.
• Timing of many occurrences is not well
constrained there is some uncertainty
about which system some training points
belong to.
VAMS Mineral System
• Stratabound accumulations of sulfide minerals hosted in deep-water
extensional basins that formed in the Middle Silurian (Tabberabberan
Cycle).
• The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis:
• 138 spatial variables tested
• 101 produced a statistically valid result
• 89 correlated well with the training points
Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables
Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap
Tabberabberan Cycle geology: stratigraphy, volcano-sedimentary
basins, deep marine sediments, calc-alkaline volcanics, breccias;
sediment-volcanic contacts; reactivity and competency contrasts;
N-S trending linear stratigraphic units.
Mineral occurrences Deposition Density of known metallic mineral occurrences.
Petrology Source/Trap/Deposition
Chlorite-epidote; silicification, cherts, jasper; Fe, Mn, and siliceous
exhalates; sulphides (using pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite,
tetrahedrite, tennantite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite).
Faults Transport/Trap
Faults sub-sets including: N-S and NNW oriented faults, basin
bounding faults, extensional faults within the basins; fault density;
point datasets derived from the fault dataset, including fault
intersections, bends, jogs, and splays; structural complexity.
Magnetics/Gravity Deposition/Trap
Magnetic RTP lows along early fault zones; high magnetic RTP
gradient in volcanic rocks.
Radiometrics Deposition/Source U, Th, and K radiometric highs.
Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition
Stream catchments containing stream sediment samples with
anomalous Ag, Au, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn.
Rock chip and drillhole
geochemistry
Deposition
Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous with anomalous Ag,
As, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Tl, and Zn.
VAMS Mineral Potential Map
• Prior probability: 0.000049
• Prospective area: 8.31%
• Highly prospective area: 0.44%
• All training points in prospective area
• 10/14 training points in highly prospective area
• Efficiency of classification: 99.5%
Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=14) C StudC
Source
Hill End Trough and Goulburn Basin,
Tumut Trough volcano-sedimentary
units (Tabberabberan Cycle units)
50 m 14 5.34 5.12
Transport
NNW Oriented Faults 3050 m 10 3.14 5.31
Extensional faults within the basins 5900 m 11 3.66 5.62
Basin bounding faults 4100 m 14 5.09 4.88
Trap
Relationship to syn-volcanic
sediments
50 m 13 4.28 4.12
Fe-rich, Mn rich and siliceous
exhalites
3700 m 9 4.53 8.11
Sulfide-bearing epiclastic units 550 m 14 3.82 3.66
Presence of silicification or cherts,
jasper*
3900 m 10 3.10 5.24
Deposition
Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Cu anomaly Drillhole-rock Cu>=372 ppm 9 2.22 3.70
Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Pb-Zn
anomaly
Drillhole-rock Pb>=334 ppm
and Zn>550 ppm
10 3.59 5.44
Sulphide Mineralogy 2400 m 13 1.63 1.57
VAMS Mineral Potential
• Highly prospective area around Mount Costigan to
Wet Lagoon.
• Low to moderate prospectivity to south of Bathurst
Batholith
• Elevated prospectivity in the Tumut Trough
highlights untapped potential.
• Modelling confirms key ideas about basin
bounding and extensional faults, exhalative
horizons, and syn-volcaniclastic sedimentary
rocks.
• Challenge to map the causative heat
sources/intrusions for the mineral system.
VAMS Mineral Potential
• Exploration heat map
indicates there are still
some relatively
underexplored areas
with moderate to high
VAMS potential.
• May represent
exploration
opportunities for
industry.
Results Summary
• Excellent quality datasets
• Mineral system descriptions for five key mineral systems in the eastern Lachlan Orogen
• Predictive variables linked to the mineral systems
• Detailed statistics from spatial analysis recorded in a spatial data table
• 923 spatial variables tested
• 656 maps with valid statistics
• 412 maps correlate well with training points
• List of key predictive variables determined from spatial analysis
• Mineral potential mapped for each of the five key mineral systems
• Assessment of statistical confidence due to “missing data areas” in the inputs used to produce each
mineral potential map – increases confidence that we aren’t just mapping data availability
• Mineral System Atlas for eastern Lachlan Orogen delivered as a digital data package,
which includes: predictive maps, weights tables, mineral potential models, unique
conditions and data confidence maps, spatial data tables, and a summary report
Conclusions
• A Mineral System Atlas for the eastern Lachlan Orogen has been delivered and is
downloadable as a digital data package from DIGS:
• https://search.geoscience.nsw.gov.au/product/9253
• The mineral potential maps and a selection of predictive maps are also available to view on
MinView
• A wide range of predictive maps for the porphyry Cu-Au, polymetallic skarn, Kanimblan and
Tabberabberan orogenic Au, and VAMS mineral systems have been created and many have
not been used for the final mineral potential models.
• New models can be created by choosing different combinations of the predictive maps listed
in the spatial data table and combining them using the ArcSDM weights of evidence tools.
• New and/or improved datasets can easily be incorporated into the models.
• Mineral potential maps in this project are being used for strategic land-use planning,
however industry can utilise the results for exploration targeting or to produce their own
mineral potential maps using the files in the Mineral System Atlas.
Our Business Is To Help Companies
Discover New Opportunities
www.kenex.com.au

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Mineral potential mapping as a strategic planning tool in the eastern Lachlan Orogen, NSW

  • 1. Arianne Ford, Katie Peters, Peter Downes, Phil Blevin, John Greenfield, Brenainn Simpson Mineral Potential Mapping as a Strategic Planning Tool in the Eastern Lachlan Orogen, NSW
  • 2. Project Background • Produce mineral potential maps that can be used for strategic land-use planning by NSW government, and to promote mineral exploration through the delivery of value-added pre-competitive geoscience data to industry. • Five mineral system models were developed for the eastern Lachlan Orogen • Macquarie Arc: Porphyry Cu-Au • Eastern Lachlan Orogen: Polymetallic Skarn, Kanimblan Orogenic Au, Tabberabberan Orogenic Au, VAMS • Development of the models included • Review and compilation of available data (GSNSW and Kenex) • Mineral system research (GSNSW) • Development of spatial data table and training data (GSNSW and Kenex) • Preparation of predictive maps (Kenex) • Spatial analysis to create weights and test correlations (Kenex) • Selection of maps for final models (GSNSW and Kenex) • Mineral potential maps created for each mineral system (Kenex) • Validation of mineral potential maps (Kenex) • Reporting and delivery (Kenex)
  • 3. Data • All of the datasets for the project were provided by GSNSW • Review of data undertaken by Kenex and any noted issues discussed with GSNSW and changes made where appropriate Data type GSNSW source database Zone 55E (ELO) Radiometric ages Geobank radiogenic isotopes 1727 analyses Whole-rock geochemistry Geobank whole rock geochemistry 6133 analyses Mineral occurrences Geobank MetIndex 12169 observations Petrographic observations Geobank petrology 56126 observations Field observations Geobank field observations 94548 observations Structure points Geobank field observations, MetIndex and seamless geology 37945 compass readings Fold axes Geobank field observations and seamless geology 2864 recorded Drillholes (including lithology logs) Geobank drillholes and wells 45448 logged Drillhole assays Geobank assay results 2903474 analyses Surface major element analyses (pXRF) Geobank assay results 12763 analyses Surface trace element analyses (soil, stream sed, pXRF) Geobank assay results 62367 analyses Reactive rocks layer Seamless geology Complete Igneous metal fertility Seamless geology, whole rock geochemistry Calculated and complete Fault attribution Seamless geology 50740 mapped Metamorphic map Seamless geology Complete Geology Seamless Geology Complete Geophysics Statewide 50m grid magnetics, gravity, radiometrics, mag and grav worms Surveyed and complete
  • 4. Mineral System Models • Mineral system models for porphyry Cu-Au, polymetallic skarn, orogenic Au (Kanimblan and Tabberabberan), and VAMS mineralisation were prepared by GSNSW staff. • Models used as a basis for determining the key predictive variables for each style of mineralisation in the eastern Lachlan Orogen. • Key predictive variables were grouped by mineral system component: source, transport, trap, or deposition/preservation.
  • 5. Mineral Potential Mapping • Weights of evidence (WofE) approach was used: • Statistically-driven, but user retains control over model. • Quantifies spatial association between training points (known mineral occurrences) and predictive maps (e.g. distance to felsic intrusion, fault density). • Training data selected by GSNSW experts for each mineral system. • Predictive maps generated and WofE used to quantify spatial association with training points for each mineral system. • Selection of predictive maps for inclusion in mineral potential maps and running models for each mineral system: • Maps need to be statistically valid, geologically meaningful, and practically useful. • Testing efficiency of classification for each mineral potential map produced.
  • 6. Porphyry Cu-Au Mineral System • Ordovician to early Silurian porphyry Cu-Au mineralisation associated with fertile magmas within the Macquarie Arc. • The mineral systems knowledge tested using spatial analysis: • 215 spatial variables tested • 164 produced a statistically valid result • 80 correlated well with the training points Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap Ordovician-Silurian (Benambran Cycle) geology in the Macquarie Arc: fertile magma, oxidised and K-enriched magma, shoshonitic/high-K subaqueous volcanics, reactive rocks. Mineral occurrences Source/Deposition Known occurrences of associated epithermal or skarn mineralisation; clustering of Au, Cu, Ag, or Zn occurrences. Petrology Source/Transport/Trap Magnetite and sericite alteration. Faults Transport/Trap Fault subsets including: Benambran contraction faults and 4th order faults; point datasets derived from the fault dataset, particularly fault intersections, jogs, and bends; fault and vein density. Magnetics/Gravity Source/Trap/Deposition Magnetic RTP high. Magnetic/Gravity worms Transport Gravity worms with a height of 17916 m. More value could potentially be extracted from the worm data with further processing. Rock chip and drillhole geochemistry Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Ag, As, Au, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, or Zn.
  • 7. Porphyry Cu-Au Mineral Potential Map • Prior probability: 0.000606 • Prospective area (post prob > prior prob): 15.2% of Macquarie Arc study area • Highly prospective area: 0.13% of study area • 13/14 training points in prospective area • 1 training point (Kaiser) falls below the prior probability • Efficiency of classification: 96.0% Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=14) C StudC Source Association with Ordovician- Silurian intrusions (Benambran) 800 m 9 2.59 4.64 Association with fertile magma (oxidised and K-rich) Moderately to very strongly oxidised AND med- to ultra high-K 10 1.45 2.44 Shoshonitic/high K subaqueous volcanics 4600 m 10 2.48 4.19 Transport Fault age (Benambran Contraction) 1400 m 8 2.01 3.71 Trap Reactivity Contrast – All 850 m 8 1.42 2.63 Fault Bends-Jogs-Splays 1550 m 12 2.36 3.09 Magnetics (RTP high) Class>=6 (mag high) 9 1.94 3.48 Deposition Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Cu-Au anomaly Combined drillhole-rock Au>=0.04 ppm and Cu>=1260 ppm 14 3.88 3.72 Au, Cu, Ag, Zn occurrence density (constrain by age) Class>=2 (high density) 10 2.17 3.67
  • 8. • Most highly prospective areas around the Cadia and Cowal districts. • Cadia East, Ridgeway, Copper Hill, Cowal, E39, Gidginbung in highly to very highly prospective area • Cargo, Combella, Peak Hill, Marsden, Yiddah in moderately prospective area • Other highly prospective areas are located around Gidginbung, Copper Hill, and Glendale. • Northparkes highlighted as weakly prospective. • Lack of faults mapped in the district • Deposit geometry at E26 • Kaiser is in an unprospective area • Absence of mapped intrusions and structures. • Seamless is being updated to resolve this. Porphyry Cu-Au Mineral Potential
  • 9. • Tested 33 different magma fertility parameters • Modelling results emphasise importance of moderately to very strongly oxidised magmas that were also K-enriched. • Regional-scale faults showed only moderate correlation with training points. • Some areas haven’t had the same intensity of historic exploration and may represent opportunities. Porphyry Cu-Au Mineral Potential
  • 10. Polymetallic Skarn Mineral System • Mid-Silurian to mid-Carboniferous polymetallic skarn mineralisation associated with Tabberabberan and Kanimblan Cycle intrusions. • Skarns related to Benambran Cycle intrusions(e.g. Big Cadia) and metamorphic reaction skarns (e.g. Red Hill) were excluded. • The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis: • 228 spatial variables evaluated • 153 produced a valid predictive map • 89 correlated well with the training points Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap Silurian-Carboniferous (Tabberabberan-Kanimblan Cycle) geology: metamorphic aureoles, fertile magma, I-type intrusions, lithological contacts, reactive (calcareous) rocks. Faults Transport/Trap Fault subsets including: reactivated faults, thrust faults, Tabberabberan contraction faults, Kanimblan contraction faults, NNW oriented faults, 4th order faults and veins; point datasets derived from the faults (i.e. intersections, jogs, bends, and splays); fault and vein density. Petrology Source/Transport/Trap Carbonate-chlorite-epidote alteration; sulfides. Radiometrics Deposition/Source Th radiometric highs. Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition Catchments containing stream sediment samples with anomalous Pb and Zn. Rock chip and drillhole geochemistry Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, S, Sn, W, and Zn.
  • 11. Polymetallic Skarn Mineral Potential Map • Prior probability: 0.000055 • Prospective area (post prob > prior prob): 6.7% of eastern Lachlan Orogen study area • Highly prospective area: 0.12% of study area • All training points in prospective area • 10/16 training points in highly prospective area • Efficiency of classification: 99.4% Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=16) C StudC Source Metamorphic aureoles 50m 14 4.21 5.56 Association with gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, granite 1050 m 14 3.16 4.18 Association with metamorphic aureole intersecting limestone units 650 m 14 5.04 6.66 Transport NNW oriented Tabberabberan and Kanimblan contraction faults 2050 m 10 2.58 4.99 Intrusion contacts (age constrained) 250 m 10 3.35 6.49 Trap Combined Fault and Vein Density Class>=4 (high density) 11 2.75 5.16 Reactivity Contrast 250 m 16 5.35 14.39 Deposition Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Pb-Zn or Cu-Au or Cu-As or Sn-W anomaly Drillhole-rock (Pb>=334ppm and Zn>=550ppm) OR (Cu>=372ppm and Au>=0.04ppm) OR (Cu>=372ppm and As>=500ppm) OR (Sn>=13.9 ppm and W>=12ppm) 15 2.74 2.63
  • 12. Polymetallic Skarn Mineral Potential • Prospective area is typically within 1km of causative intrusion and within the pluton’s contact metamorphic aureole. • Highly prospective area around Cow Flat area and Young Granodiorite.
  • 13. Polymetallic Skarn Mineral Potential • Exploration heat map indicates areas of high prospectivity which are underexplored (relatively) for skarn- type mineralisation. • Represents exploration opportunities.
  • 14. Polymetallic Skarn Mineral Potential • Identifies skarns at Leadville, Ryans, and Collector • Skarns laterally distal to causative plutons • Mineral system model specific to Tabberabberan and Kanimblan Cycle magmatism • Skarns related to Benambran Cycle magmatism are not highlighted • Metamorphic reaction skarns are not highlighted • Modelling does not highlight Hawkins Volcanics or probable skarns under Sydney Basin • Improved mapping of limestone lenses and metamorphic aureoles critical • Challenge with range of skarn types in model • Magma fertility parameters are different • Geochemical signatures are different
  • 15. Kanimblan Orogenic Au Mineral System • Low sulfide structurally controlled quartz veins related to Early Carboniferous Kanimblan Orogeny within/adjacent to Hill End Trough. • The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis: • 174 spatial variables tested • 126 produced a statistically valid result • 90 correlated well with the training points Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap Kanimblan Cycle geology: mafic and ultramafic rocks, deep marine units, pyritic rocks, breccias; pre-existing Macquarie Arc; Fe reactive rocks; reactivity and competency contrasts. Metamorphic type Source Kanimblan age contact metamorphism. Mineral occurrences Deposition Density of known Au mineral occurrences; Placer Au deposits. Faults/Folds Transport/Trap Fault subsets including: reverse and thrust faults, reactivated faults, N-S trending faults; lower order faults; fault density; point datasets derived from the fault dataset, particularly fault intersections, bends, jogs, and splays; folds and fold density; fault and vein density. Veins Transport/Trap Vein density and proximity to mapped veins. Petrology Source/Transport/Trap Carbonate-sericite; white mica; pyrite; chlorite; phengite. Magnetic/Gravity worms Transport Magnetic and gravity worms at mid- to deeper crustal levels. More value could potentially be extracted from the worm data with further processing. Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition Stream sediment samples with anomalous Au in a regolith carbonate unit. Rock chip and drillhole geochemistry Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Au and As.
  • 16. Kanimblan Orogenic Au Mineral Potential Map • Prior probability: 0.000035 • Prospective area: 4.3% of study area • Highly prospective area: 0.16% of study area • All training points in prospective area • 7/10 training points fall in highly prospective area • Efficiency of classification: 99.8% Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID # TP (N=10) C StudC Source Association with Macquarie Arc and deep marine units 50 m 10 3.56 3.37 Kanimblan greenschist metamorphism 3950 m 7 3.99 5.78 Transport Reverse and thrust faults of Kanimblan age 250 m 7 4.01 5.82 N-S Orientated Faults 1200 m 8 3.58 4.53 Trap Fault Order - 3rd order Kanimblan (also possible transport) 900 m 6 3.37 5.22 Folds 2950 m 8 3.55 4.49 Deposition Au mineral occurrence density (excludes any intrusion related) Class>=2 (high density) 9 4.73 4.49 Placer Au deposits (excludes any intrusion related) 2000 m 8 4.95 6.26 Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Au anomaly Drillhole-rock Au>=0.04 ppm 10 1.79 1.69 Narrow phengite-chlorite-pyrite-carbonate halo around quartz veins 500 m 7 5.44 7.87
  • 17. Kanimblan Orogenic Au Mineral Potential • Highly prospective area around training points and known past producers. • Exploration heat map indicates some moderate to highly prospective areas are relatively underexplored. • Other highly prospective area highlighted with no known Au occurrences. • Model limits prospective area to the west. • Differentiates between Kanimblan and Tabberabberan systems.
  • 18. Tabberabberan Orogenic Au Mineral System • Low sulfide structurally controlled quartz veins related to Middle Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny, predominantly near the Gilmore and Parkes thrust systems. • The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis: • 168 spatial variables tested • 112 produced a statistically valid result • 64 correlated well with the training points Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap Tabberabberan Cycle geology: intermediate to mafic composition rocks, deep marine units, syn-metamorphic intrusions; pre-existing Benambran Cycle units; competency and reactivity contrast; reactivity contrast; Fe reactive rocks. Metamorphism Source Tabberabberan greenschist facies metamorphism Mineral occurrences Deposition Density of known Au mineral occurrences; Placer Au deposits. Faults/Folds Transport/Trap Fault subsets including: strike slip faults, Benambran contraction faults, Bindian contraction or Tabberabberan extension faults, higher order faults; dip variance along strike; fault density; point datasets derived from the fault dataset (i.e. intersections, bends, and splays). Veins Transport/Trap Vein density and proximity to mapped veins. Petrology Source/Transport/Trap White mica-carbonate-pyrite; muscovite-pyrite; chlorite; sericite/white mica; phengite. Magnetics/Gravity Deposition/Trap Spatially coincident magnetic and gravity highs at depth. Magnetic/Gravity worms Transport Magnetic worms with upward continuation of 33376 m. Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition Catchments containing stream sediment samples with anomalous Au. Rock chip and drillhole geochemistry Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous Au.
  • 19. Tabberabberan Orogenic Au Mineral Potential Map • Prior probability: 0.000049 • Prospective area: 10.7% of study area • Highly prospective area: 0.2% of study area • 13/14 training points are in prospective area • 1 training point (Harden) falls below the prior probability • 10/14 training points fall in highly prospective area • Efficiency of classification: 98.6% Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=14) C StudC Source Association with Benambran Cycle units with intermediate to mafic composition. 6000 m 12 3.08 4.03 Spatially coincident magnetic and gravity highs at depth 11300 m 6 1.47 2.72 Greenschist facies metamorphism 50m 13 2.54 2.45 Transport 4th order faults and veins (also possible trap) 500 m 14 5.70 5.46 1st and 2nd order fault of Benambran or Bindian age 2500 m 10 3.21 5.42 NNW oriented faults 4350 m 7 1.84 3.45 Trap Reactivity Contrast - Iron 1150 m 9 2.61 4.68 Lineation/1st-2nd order fault dip variance 1350 m 7 2.84 5.31 Deposition Au mineral occurrence density (excludes any intrusion related) Class>=2 (high density) 11 3.84 5.89 Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Au anomaly Drillhole-rock Au>=0.04ppm 14 2.16 2.07 Narrow phengite-chlorite-pyrite- carbonate halo around quartz veins 1950 m 11 3.58 5.49
  • 20. Tabberabberan Orogenic Au Mineral Potential • Highly prospective area around Tomingley, Adelong, Parkes, and Wyalong. • Other highly prospective area around Cowarra. • Almost all moderately to highly prospective area is covered by known Au occurrences. • Limited moderate to highly prospective area that is not already well explored. • Model highlights areas under cover. • Harden is located in an unprospective area • Different structural setting to other training points
  • 21. Kanimblan vs. Tabberabberan Orogenic Au Potential • Similar source maps used in each model • Both mineral systems relate to greenschist facies metamorphism • Higher grade during Tabberabberan, making it difficult to map for Kanimblan • Kanimblan system uses pre-existing structures from Tabberabberan • Both models use the same exploration geochemistry data • Use of placer occurrences for Kanimblan model can differentiate due to lack of topographic relief in areas where most of the Tabberabberan age mineralisation is. • Parts of Hill End Trough prospective for Tabberabberan orogenic Au despite dominant event being Kanimblan in the area. • Timing of many occurrences is not well constrained there is some uncertainty about which system some training points belong to.
  • 22. VAMS Mineral System • Stratabound accumulations of sulfide minerals hosted in deep-water extensional basins that formed in the Middle Silurian (Tabberabberan Cycle). • The mineral systems knowledge was tested using spatial analysis: • 138 spatial variables tested • 101 produced a statistically valid result • 89 correlated well with the training points Data Type Mineral System Component Key Variables Lithology/Stratigraphy Source/Transport/Trap Tabberabberan Cycle geology: stratigraphy, volcano-sedimentary basins, deep marine sediments, calc-alkaline volcanics, breccias; sediment-volcanic contacts; reactivity and competency contrasts; N-S trending linear stratigraphic units. Mineral occurrences Deposition Density of known metallic mineral occurrences. Petrology Source/Trap/Deposition Chlorite-epidote; silicification, cherts, jasper; Fe, Mn, and siliceous exhalates; sulphides (using pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, tennantite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite). Faults Transport/Trap Faults sub-sets including: N-S and NNW oriented faults, basin bounding faults, extensional faults within the basins; fault density; point datasets derived from the fault dataset, including fault intersections, bends, jogs, and splays; structural complexity. Magnetics/Gravity Deposition/Trap Magnetic RTP lows along early fault zones; high magnetic RTP gradient in volcanic rocks. Radiometrics Deposition/Source U, Th, and K radiometric highs. Stream sediment geochemistry Deposition Stream catchments containing stream sediment samples with anomalous Ag, Au, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn. Rock chip and drillhole geochemistry Deposition Rock chip and drillhole assays with anomalous with anomalous Ag, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Tl, and Zn.
  • 23. VAMS Mineral Potential Map • Prior probability: 0.000049 • Prospective area: 8.31% • Highly prospective area: 0.44% • All training points in prospective area • 10/14 training points in highly prospective area • Efficiency of classification: 99.5% Mineral System Spatial Variable Variable ID TP (N=14) C StudC Source Hill End Trough and Goulburn Basin, Tumut Trough volcano-sedimentary units (Tabberabberan Cycle units) 50 m 14 5.34 5.12 Transport NNW Oriented Faults 3050 m 10 3.14 5.31 Extensional faults within the basins 5900 m 11 3.66 5.62 Basin bounding faults 4100 m 14 5.09 4.88 Trap Relationship to syn-volcanic sediments 50 m 13 4.28 4.12 Fe-rich, Mn rich and siliceous exhalites 3700 m 9 4.53 8.11 Sulfide-bearing epiclastic units 550 m 14 3.82 3.66 Presence of silicification or cherts, jasper* 3900 m 10 3.10 5.24 Deposition Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Cu anomaly Drillhole-rock Cu>=372 ppm 9 2.22 3.70 Drillhole-Rock-MinOcc Pb-Zn anomaly Drillhole-rock Pb>=334 ppm and Zn>550 ppm 10 3.59 5.44 Sulphide Mineralogy 2400 m 13 1.63 1.57
  • 24. VAMS Mineral Potential • Highly prospective area around Mount Costigan to Wet Lagoon. • Low to moderate prospectivity to south of Bathurst Batholith • Elevated prospectivity in the Tumut Trough highlights untapped potential. • Modelling confirms key ideas about basin bounding and extensional faults, exhalative horizons, and syn-volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks. • Challenge to map the causative heat sources/intrusions for the mineral system.
  • 25. VAMS Mineral Potential • Exploration heat map indicates there are still some relatively underexplored areas with moderate to high VAMS potential. • May represent exploration opportunities for industry.
  • 26. Results Summary • Excellent quality datasets • Mineral system descriptions for five key mineral systems in the eastern Lachlan Orogen • Predictive variables linked to the mineral systems • Detailed statistics from spatial analysis recorded in a spatial data table • 923 spatial variables tested • 656 maps with valid statistics • 412 maps correlate well with training points • List of key predictive variables determined from spatial analysis • Mineral potential mapped for each of the five key mineral systems • Assessment of statistical confidence due to “missing data areas” in the inputs used to produce each mineral potential map – increases confidence that we aren’t just mapping data availability • Mineral System Atlas for eastern Lachlan Orogen delivered as a digital data package, which includes: predictive maps, weights tables, mineral potential models, unique conditions and data confidence maps, spatial data tables, and a summary report
  • 27. Conclusions • A Mineral System Atlas for the eastern Lachlan Orogen has been delivered and is downloadable as a digital data package from DIGS: • https://search.geoscience.nsw.gov.au/product/9253 • The mineral potential maps and a selection of predictive maps are also available to view on MinView • A wide range of predictive maps for the porphyry Cu-Au, polymetallic skarn, Kanimblan and Tabberabberan orogenic Au, and VAMS mineral systems have been created and many have not been used for the final mineral potential models. • New models can be created by choosing different combinations of the predictive maps listed in the spatial data table and combining them using the ArcSDM weights of evidence tools. • New and/or improved datasets can easily be incorporated into the models. • Mineral potential maps in this project are being used for strategic land-use planning, however industry can utilise the results for exploration targeting or to produce their own mineral potential maps using the files in the Mineral System Atlas.
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