The document discusses the history and rules of football, providing details on the origins and evolution of the sport from ancient times. It also outlines the key measurements of a football field and descriptions of common terminology used in football. The student provides acknowledgements and certification for a school assignment on a report about the sport of football.

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Physical Assignment on
FOOTBALL
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Deepak Kumar Rajesh sir
Class: 12th
B; Roll NO : 10 Physical Teacher
Acknowledgements
I have taken efforts inthis project. However, it would not have been possiblewithout the kind support
and help of many individuals.I would like to extend my sincerethanks to allof them.

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I thankGod for providing me with everything thatI required in completingthis project.
Iam highlyindebtedtothe physicaleducationteacherMr. UmeshSharmafor hisguidance and
constant supervisionas well as for providing necessaryinformationregarding the project and also for
his supportincompleting the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped me in the completionof thisproject.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my classmates in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out with theirabilities.
(AradhyaMishra)
Certificate

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This is to certify that Master ARADHYA MISHRA, student of class
XII-A has successfully completed the project on Football under the
guidance of Respected Mr.Umesh Sharma Sir during the year 2016-
17in partialfulfillmentofphysical education assignment conducted
by CBSE.
……………………
Signature of teacher
(Umesh Sharma)
Contents

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• History of Football
• Rules and Regulations
• Measurements of Play Field
• Equipments Required
• Basic Skills
• Terminology
• Important Tournaments
• Important Venues
• Important Personalities
• Important Awards
• Basic First-Aid Techniques related to Football HISTORY
The contemporary historyof the world's favourite game spans more than 100 years. It all began in 1863 in
England, when rugby football and association football branched off on their different courses and the
FootballAssociationinEngland was formed - becoming the sport'sfirst governing body.
Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a long and intricatelybranched ancestral tree. A
search down the centuries reveals at least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees, and to
which the historical development of football has been traced back. Whether this can be justified in some

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instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball about for
thousands of years and there is absolutelyno reasonto consider it an aberrationof the more 'natural'form
of playing a ballwith the hands.
On the contrary, apart from the need to employthe legs and feet in tough tusslesfor the ball, often without
any laws for protection, it was recognised right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet
was not easy and, as such, required no small measure of skill. The very earliest form of the game for which
there is scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating back to the second and third
centuriesBC inChina.
ThisHanDynasty forebearof footballwas calledTsu' Chu and itconsistedof kicking aleatherball filled with
feathers and hair through an opening, measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto long
bamboo canes. According to one variationof this exercise, the player was not permitted to aim at his target
unimpeded, but had to use his feet, chest, back and shoulders while trying to withstand the attacks of his
opponents. Use of the hands was not permitted.
Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the Japanese Kemari, which began some
500-600years later and isstill played today. This is a sport lacking the competitive element ofTsu' Chu with
no struggle for possessioninvolved.Standing in a circle, the players had to pass the ball to each other, in a
relativelysmall space, trying not to let it touch the ground.
The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive - was much livelier, as was the Roman
'Harpastum'. The latter was played out with a smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by
boundarylines and a centreline. The objective was to get the ballover the opposition'sboundarylinesand as
players passedit betweenthemselves, trickerywas the order ofthe day. The game remained popular for 700-
800 years, but, althoughthe Romans tookit toBritainwith them, the use offeet was so smallas to scarcelybe
of consequence.

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Rules andRegulations
• Ball inand out ofPlay:Thesoccerballis out ofbounds whenit has crossed the goal line or touchline
whether on the ground or in air. If it rebounds off the referee, an assistant referee, a goal post,
crossbar,or cornerflag post and remains inside the field, thenit isstillin play.
• Methodofscoring:Agoalisscoredinfootball iftheballcrossesthegoallinebetweenthe twogoalposts
and under the crossbar,as long as no violationof the rules has taken place. The side that scoresthe
mostgoalswins. If bothteamshave the samenumberof goalsatthe end ofthe match,itis considered
a draw even ifneither of them scoreda goal.
• Offside:A player is in offside positionif there are fewer than two defenders (including the goalie)
betweenhim and the goal line. Aviolationofthe offside rule infootballoccursifhe isin thatposition
and the ballis played to him. A free kick is awarded to the oppositionifa player iscaught offside.
• Fouls and misconducts: The following are the most common fouls in football: kicking, tripping,
pushing, or charging another player recklessly;striking or attempting to strike an opponent or any
memberof the opposing side. Afoul iscalled ifa player: makes a tackle buthits theplayer before the
ball; deliberatelyhandles the ball (except the goalkeeper in his proper area); or if he uses excessive
force in defending an opponent.

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• Free kicks:Arestarts a playafter a foul or rule infringement is committed and is usuallytakenfrom
the spot where the violationwas committed.A free-kickcan eitherbe “direct”, inwhich a kicker may
scoredirectly, or “indirect”, in which another player must touch the ballbefore a goal canbe scored.
• Penaltykick:Apenaltykickinfootball isawarded if a defender commitsafoul insideits ownpenalty
area.The kickistakenfrom thepenaltyspotand allthe players(exceptthekicker and thegoalkeeper)
must be outsidethe penalty areaand penalty arc.

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• Throw-in: A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes over the touchline. It is
awarded to the team opposing the side that touched the ball last. The throwis taken from the spot
where the ball goes out of bounds. The taker must throwthe ball with both hands, both feet on the
ground, and facing the field of play.

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• Goalkick:Agoal-kickinfootballisawardedto the defending team ifthe opposingteam causesthe
ball to go over the goal-line. Any player from the defending side is allowed to take the goal kick. It
must
be taken anywhere on the goal area and must go beyond the penalty area or it will be retaken. The
ball mustbe touched by another player before the taker can playit again.
• Cornerkick:Acorner kickinfootballisawardedtothe attacking team if anopposing player isthe
last to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds on the goal-line. The attacking team resumes play
by placing the ballin the corner arcnearest to where it crossedthe goal line.

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MeasurementsofPlayFieldandFootball
Length of field: 120 yards (including 10 yards of end zone at each end).
Width offield: 53 1/3 yards (160 feet).
Height ofgoal posts: At least30 feet.
Height ofcrossbar: 10 feet.
Width ofgoal posts(above 18feet 6 inches, inside to inside.
crossbar):
Length ofball: 10 7/8 to 11 7/16 inches (long axis).
Circumference of ball: 20 3/4 to 21 1/4 inches (middle); 27 3/4 to 28 1/2 inches (long
axis).

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Terminology:
 Advantage: decision made by the referee during a game, where a player is fouled, but play is allowed to
continue because the team that suffered the foul is in better positionthan they would have been had the
referee stopped the game.
 Against the runof play: describesa goal scored,or a win or draw achieved,by a side that was being clearly
outplayed.
 Assist:passthat leadsto a goal being scored

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 Back heel: pass between team-mates, in which one player uses their heel to propel the ball backwards to
another player
 Brace: when a player scorestwo goals ina single match
.
 Clean-sheet:Whena goalkeeper or team does not concede a single goal during a match.
 Counter-attack:kick taken from within a one-yard radius of the corner flag.
 Diving: form of cheating, sometimesemployed by anattacking player to wina free kick or penalty.
 Dribbling:when a player runs with the ball at theirfeet under closecontrol.
 Dummy: skill move performed by a player receiving a pass from a teammate; the player receiving the ball
will angle theirbody insuch a way thatthe opponent thinks thatthey are going to playthe ball.
 Extra Time: additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used to determine the winner in some
tied cup matches.
 False Nine: a centre forward who regularlydropsback into midfield to disruptoppositionmarking.
 Flick-On: when a playerreceivesa passfrom a teammateand,insteadof controllingit,touchesthe ballwith
theirhead or foot while it is moving pastthem, with the intent of helping the ballreach another teammate
 Free Kick: the resultofa foul outside the penaltyarea, given against the offending team.

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 Ghost goal: situation where a ball fairly crossed the goal line but did not result in a goal, or a goal was
awarded despitethe ball not crossingthe line.
 Howler:glaring and possiblyamusing error made by a player or referee during a match.
 Jew Goal: term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the ball when two-on-one with the
keeper in order to provide the receiverwith anopen goal”.
 Kick-Off: method of startinga match.
 Lay-Off Pass:shortpass,usuallylateral,playeddelicatelyintothespace immediatelyinfront ofa teammate
who isarriving at speed from behind the player making the pass.
 Man On: warning shout uttered by players to a teammate with the ball to alert him of the presence of an
opposing player behind him.
 Man-To-ManMarking: systemofmarking inwhich eachplayer isresponsibleforanopposingplayer rather
thanan area ofthe pitch.
 Nutmeg: when a player intentionally plays the ball between an opponent’s legs, runs past the opponent,
and collectstheirown pass.
 Offside: law relating to the positioning of defending players in relationto attacking players when the ball
is played to an attacking player by a teammate.

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 Open Goal:where no player is defending the goal.
 Overlap: move between two teammates.
 Shielding: defensive technique in which a defensive player positions their body between the ball and an
attacking opponent, inorder to prevent that opponent from reaching the ball.
 Subbed:a player who is withdrawn from the field of play.
 Sweeper: defender whose role isto protect the spacebetween the goalkeeper and the restof the defence
 Throw-In: method of restarting play. Involves a player throwing the ball from behind a touchline after it
has beenkicked out by anopponent.
Important Tournaments:
 FIFA: There is no greater competition than the World Cup. The European Championship may have a
greater variety of winners. The Champions League may provide better football. However, nothing
matches the prestige of lifting the FIFA World Cup. The World Cup pips the Champions League to the
No. 1 spot becauseof the enormous cultural impact thata victorycan have. Nothing unites a nationlike
being crowned the best inthe world.

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 The UEFA Champions League: It is the most glamorous club competition in world football. This
tournament brings together the greatest teams in the world. As the financial clout of club football has
grown, ithas managed to supersedeinternationalfootball.In termsofthe qualityofplayonthe field, the
Champions League isnowthe besttournamentthere is.Although the pureknockout form ofthe original
European Cup is still missed, the re-branding as the Champions League has helped turn Europe into
football's most financially powerful continent. There is no club competition to match the Champions
League.
 The UEFA European Championship:The first pan-Europeaninternational tournament was held in
1958 in France. In the intervening 55 years, the European Championship has establisheditselfas one of
world football's most exciting competitions. The European Championship is characterised by its
unusually competitive nature: The 14 tournaments to date have produced nine different winners.
Germanyand Spaincurrentlylead the field withthree triumphseach.In 2014, the competitionexpanded
from 16 to 24 teams, prompting concerns thatthe increaseinsize may precipitatea drop in quality.

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 The Copa America: It is the oldest existing continental football competition. The first formal Copa
America was held inArgentina in 1916 to commemorate the first century of Argentina's independence.
The competitioninvolves the teams associatedwith CONMEBOL as well as two othernations, frequently
Mexico, CostaRica ortheUnited States.AlthoughBrazil and Argentina are regularlyreferredtoas South
American football's "Big Two," current holders Uruguay are in fact the competition's most successful
team with 15 wins to date.
 The CopaLibertadores:Itisthe South American equivalent of the
Champions League. The Libertadorestrophy is the most coveted prize in South American club football,
and the competition's final is broadcast in an incredible 135 countries across the globe. The Copa has
extraordinary cultural currency in South America. It has spawned the Spanish phrase "El Sueno
Libertador,"referring to the dream of lifting the historicprize aloft. Since the competition'sinceptionin

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1960, many have chased that dream. Argentine club Independiente are the most successful team in the
competition'shistory,having claimed the Copa a phenomenal seventimes.
 The UEFA Europa League: It is the much-maligned successor to the UEFA Cup. As the Champions
League'syounger and lessglamoroussibling,the EuropaLeague is vulnerabletosniperswho criticisethe
competition'senormousfixture listand plethoraof dead-rubberties. However, a glance at the recentlist
of winners suggests that European football's major clubs still take the competition seriously. Chelsea,
Atletico Madrid and Porto have all experienced the joy of Europa League triumph in the last few
seasons.In2003, PortowereEuropa League Champions.A year later,theyliftedthe Champions League.
 Africa Cup ofNations:Africaisacontinentthatis seeminglyinlovewith football.This tournamentpits
Africa's greatest international sides against each other in a fascinating battle for supremacy. The
continent's mostsuccessful side isEgypt. Theyhave won the tournament a recordseven times, although
theyhave not yet managed totransfer thiscontinental successto theglobal stage. The competitionisnot
without its flaws. The Africa Cup of Nations generally takes place in January, meaning that many

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European-basedplayers are forced to abandon theirclubsto take part. This has led to the withdrawal of
some ofAfrica's major stars.If the tournament is toretainitsstatus,it mayneed to move inline with the
Europeancalendar.
 FA Cup:Itis arguablythe most famous domestic competitioninthe world.Established inJuly1871, itis
the oldest associationfootball competition in the world. The FA Cup has produced some of English
football'smosticonicmomentsand ispartlyresponsibleforWembley'sstatusas"The Homeof Football."
English clubs from the Premier League right down to the fifth tier ofthe FA National League are invited
to compete. The tournament has subsequently become known for "giant killings": occasions when
minnows overcome theodds to defeat a clubwith far greater resources.The2013 final was a caseinpoint,
as Roberto Martinez's gutsyWigan side showed remarkablebravery and disciplineto beat the financial
superpower thatis Manchester City.
 The ConfederationsCup: Itrosetoprominencein2005whenitwasestablishedasavitalforerunnertotheWorldCup.
Sincethat auspicioussummer,thetournamenthasbeenheldin thesamecountrythatwill hosttheWorld Cupthefollowing
year. The Confederations Cup has subsequently become a vital part of preparation for global football's most celebrated

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tournament. The ConfederationsCup allows FIFA to assess a nation's preparations for the arrival of their mostprestigious
tournament. More importantly, it is a chance for the host nation to pit themselves againstsome of the world's best aheadof
therealthing.TheexcitementaroundthecurrenttournamentinBrazilisindicativeoftheConfederationsCup'srisingprofile.
Important Venues (Stadiums)
• Estadio Aztec Tenants:Club
America

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Opened in: 29 May1966
Capacity:105,000
City:Mexico City
• Wembley
Tenants: England National Team
Opened in: 1923
Capacity: 82,000
City: London

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• Estadio Do Maracana Tenants:
None
Opened in: 16 June 1950
Capacity: 82,238
City: Madrid

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• Santiago Bernabeu Tenants: Real
Madrid
Opened in: 14 Dec 1947
Capacity: 85,454
City: Rio de Janeiro

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• Estadio Monumental Tenants:
River Plate:
Opened in: 25 May1938
Capacity: 67,664
City: Buenos Aires
• Olmpiastadion
Tenants: FC Bayern Munich
Opened in: 26 May1972
Capacity: 69,250
City: Munich

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Important Personalities
DavidBeckham: DavidRobertJosephBeckham,heisanEnglish formerprofessionalfootballer.Heplayed
for Manchester United, PrestonNorth End, Real Madrid, Milan, LAGalaxy, ParisSaint-Germain.

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Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for
Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Argentina nationalteam.
Wayne Rooney: Wayne Mark Rooney is an English professional footballer who plays for and captains both
Manchester United and the England national team. He has played much of his career as a forward, but he
has alsobeen used invarious midfield roles.

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CristianoRonaldo: CristianoRonaldodosSantosAveiro,ComM,GOIH isa Portugueseprofessionalfootballer
who playsfor SpanishclubReal Madridand the Portugalnationalteam.He isaforward and servesascaptain
for Portugal.
Maradona: Diego Armando Maradona is a retired Argentine professional footballer. He has served as a
manager and coach at other clubsas well as the national team of Argentina

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Ryan Giggs:Ryan Joseph Giggs, OBE is a Welsh football coach and former player who is the co-owner of
Salford City. He played his entire professionalcareer for Manchester United
Thierry Henry: ThierryDaniel Henryis a French retired professional footballer who played as a forward,and
the current second assistantmanager ofthe Belgium national team.

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Kaka:RicardoIzecsondosSantosLeite,commonlyknown asKaká orRicardo Kaká, isa Brazilianprofessional
footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Orlando City SC in Major League Soccer and the Brazil
national team.

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Important Awards
• Ballond’Or: It was first awarded in1956 bythe France Football Magazine. The award was the brainchild
of GabrielHanot- his visionwas to have anaward for the bestEuropean footballerofthe seasonas voted
on by a selectpanel of European journalists. The Ballo d'Or was quickly established as one of the most
prestigiousawards a Europeanfootballercould win.
• FIFPro Playerof the Year:Itisa newcomer onthe internationalawards front having firstbeenawarded in
2005. The awarded is voted on by players from the various player associationsacrossthe world. As such
the award shot to prominance quickly, to be voted as the best player in the world by your fellow
professionalsisseen as one of the highestforms of recognitiona player can achieve.

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• FIFA Team of the Year: It was first awarded in 1991 and was always destined to become arguably the
pinnacle achievement for an individual in Football. Since it's inception the award has been seen to be
provide the definitive answer to the questionwho isthe best team inthe world.
• PFA Playerofthe Year Award:The Professional Footballer's Associationaward is consider bymany to be
the most prestigious award a player can receive due to the fact that it is voted on by fellow Footballers.
Each member of the associationvotesfor two players. The award was first given in1974.

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• FWA Playerof the Year:Alongwith the PFA Award, theFootball Writer's Associationawardisconsidered
asthe premierindividualaward inEngland.It isawarded to thebestplayerintheEnglish PremierLeague
and is voted on by approximately 400 English journalists. Sir Stanley Matthews was the award's first
recipientafter the 1947/48 award.
• World SoccerMagazine Playerof theYear:Yet another magazine award.Originallystarted in1982, WSM
readers from across the global cast their votes on whom they believe as been the player of the year.
Obviouslythe player with the highest percentage of votes wins. The current holder isChristiano Ronaldo
who amassed48% ofthe votes. Votes came from over 40 different countriesfrom around the world.

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• FIFA GoldenBall/Golden Shoe:TheGoldenballis presentedto the best player of a World Cup, whilst the
Golden shoe is presented to the highest goal scorer in the tournament. The awards have beenpresented
since the first world cup in 1930. The Golden Ball is voted on by the world's media, who select their vote
from shortlist put together by the FIFA technical committee. The current holder(from the 2006 World
Cup) ofthe GoldenBall is Zinidine Zidane, whilst the Goldenshoe was awarded to MiroslavKlose.

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Basic First-Aid Techniques
Bruises– To treat bruising and swelling, the first aider will need to applyice onthe affected area for about 15
minutes at a time every two hours making sure to put a cloth or towel between the ice and the skin. A day or
two after the bruisingor swelling develops; you should applya heat packor warm clothto the affected area.
Bleeding (cut, graze or scratch wounds) – These could be minor, here the first aider will need to put on
disposablegloves, cleanthe cuts with a dry steriledressing or cleanlint-free material,apply pressureto stop

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the bleeding thendab with ointment or gel and protect with a sterilebandage. A deep wound will have to be
referred to a hospitalafter following the minor injury procedure.
Head & Face injuries – These injuries could be serious and are associated with concussion (impaired
consciousness),cuts, skull fractures,neck or spinal break. The First Aider’s immediateaim is to let the player
lie down gently whilst avoiding turning the player’s head- this is to maintainan openairway, check for pulse
& breathingand recordall vital signalsof response.If the player is unconscious,the airway should be opened
with a jaw thrusttechnique inorder tofeel breathingthenproceed bycalling outto the player iftheycanhear
you or open their eyes but if no response, the coach then need to carry out chest compressionalso known as
the CPR [ placing one or two hands in the centre of the chest using the heel of the hands with arms straight
to pressdownabout30 timesatthe rate of100-120 p/min] thenperformthe rescuebreathmethod [make sure
the airway isopen, seal your lips around the child’s mouth and blowgently into their lungs. If the chest rises,
stopblowing to allowit tofall thenrepeatthis5 timesuntiltheyshowsignsof recoveryor untilpropermedical
assistancearrives.
Asthma Attack – Asthma is a medical conditionthat attacks the muscles ofthe air passages when the tubes
that carryair in and out of the lungs become narrowed therebymaking it difficult to breathe. To administer
firstaid,help the player to sitina comfortablepositiontoease breathing and reassurethem. If theyhave their
inhaler let them take 3-5 puffs according to the asthma plan given to them by their doctor but if the player
has none, then the coach need to reach for one from the first-aidkit. The coach should or would have known
about the player’sconditionfrom the medicalinformationsubmittedin theirregistration.
Ankle, Footor Toe injuries –wheninjuries tothese areasare minor, theyare usuallytreatedat home torelieve
symptoms and promote healing but incase they are serious, the first-aideror the coach will need to take the
appropriatemeasuresindealing with the affected areas using any of the following first-aidtechniques.

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 Witha brokenbone, it is not advisableto push the bone backinto the skin ifit issticking out but to leave
it as itis by carefullycovering the affected area with a cleanbandage or hold togetherwith a splint.
 With sprained ankle or toe injury, the first thing to do is to use the P.R.I.C.E method (Protect, Rest, Ice,
Compression and Elevation) to reduce the swelling and pain, also use soft padding bandage. If pain
persists then an assessment need to made to ascertain whether a visit to the specialist is warranted
however if it is pain free, try massaging gently to allow the flow of blood whilst avoiding hot substances
such as hot water or heat gels until 48-72hrs and then start gentle exercises of movement & strength
without too much strain.
BackPain – Mostly, footballers feel painin the lower back. If this happens, there are various types of simple
treatmentsthat canbe applied:
 Walking- Taking a briskwalk for about10-20mins every 2hrs might do the trick.
 Heat Therapy- Hotpool bath could be useful for some playerswhilst cold compressiontherapy(ice pack)
may be suitedto others.
 Exerciseslike flexible stretchingcould be effective inrelieving pain however this should be done with due
care so as not to aggravate the pain.
 Massage Therapy, massaging may be more appropriate remedy, visiting an experienced massage
therapistcould be the answer to ending the back painproblems.
 Medicines, using simple pain relieving medicines like Ibuprofen or Paracetamol, might just be the
solution.
Muscle Pulls–Theinitialfirst-aidtreatmentisto protect the affected area byapplying soft padding and then
resume the P.R.I.C.E method which will acceleratehealing, reduce swelling and keep the blood from clotting
in the injured area but if thereis a severe pain thena visitto a medical expert is advisable as thismight be a
signof brokenbone, sprainor muscle tear.

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Shoulder, joint and allotherdislocations wouldbethe job for the expert medicalprofessional, any attemptto
tryreducing or replacingthe joint must be avoided.
ShinSplints,examinationof the cause of painis absolutelynecessaryinorder to choose the right treatments.
If itis certainthatit isstressfracture,thena rest isusuallythebesttreatmentby taking a breakfrom training
for about 6-7weeks to help the bone heal.
The First Aid Kitessentials:
1. Tweezers
2. HandSanitizers
3. Gauge andTapes,
4. DisposableGloves
5. Wipes,CleaningSolutions
6. Antibiotic Cream
7. Ointments
8. Painrelieve gels
9. Adhesive Bandages
10. Elastic Plasters
11. Thermometers
12. Inhalers for Asthma,
13. Disinfectants
14. Instant ColdPacks,
15. Scissors

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16. CottonSwabs
17. Heat &ColdSprays
18. PainKillers
19. Smelling Salt
********THANKYOU**********