This document provides an overview of high-speed communications using multimode fibers. It begins with a brief introduction to optical fiber communication and discusses the differences between single mode fiber and multimode fiber links. It then focuses on modern trends in high-speed multimode fiber communications, discussing the use of glass optical fibers and plastic optical fibers for short-haul, high-speed applications. The document provides details on the types of multimode fibers, their bandwidth and data rate capabilities, as well as light sources that can be used with each fiber type.
Fiber optic cable and its types including patchcables and connector typesAbhishekGarg269
in this slide i have discussed about fiber cable and its connector (LC,SC,ST) . i am sure after read this slide you have a deep knowledge of fiber optics and all of your doubts will resolve
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications
Fiber optic cable and its types including patchcables and connector typesAbhishekGarg269
in this slide i have discussed about fiber cable and its connector (LC,SC,ST) . i am sure after read this slide you have a deep knowledge of fiber optics and all of your doubts will resolve
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.
Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication.[1][2][3][4] Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.
The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.[5] When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.
Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication.[1][2][3][4] Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.
The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.[5] When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. Overview
• Brief introduction to Optical Fibre
communication
• Single mode fibre (SMF) based FO links
• Multimode fibre (MMF) based FO links
• Short haul, high speed applications
• Modern trends in MMF based
communications
– Glass optical fibres (GOF)
– Plastic optical fibres (POF)
2
3. Introduction: Major milestones in
Electrical Communication
• 1838 – Samuel F.B. Morse invented Telegraphy
• 1866 – first transatlantic telegraph cable
• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invented
Telephone
• 1905 – Triode based Electronic amplifier
• 1940 – first coaxial-cable system (3 MHz –
3,000 voice channels or ONE
television channel)
• 1948 – first microwave system (4 GHz)
• 1975 – the most advanced coaxial system with a
bit rate of 274 Mb/s
3
4. Communication Systems of the 20th
Century
• Wire – Telegraphy (2 wires for telegraph
transmission – simplex & duplex)
• Wire – Telephony (2 wires for telephone
transmission of 1 channel)
• Carrier telephony (long-distance telephony
for multiple channels – 4,8,16)
• Coaxial cable systems (for 32 channel
PCM systems – 32x64kb/s = 2.048 Mb/s)
4
5. Problems of Electrical Communication
systems
• Affected by EMI
• Low bandwidth (4 kHz – telephone,
100-500 MHz per km – coaxial cable )
• High attenuation (20 dB/km – typically)
• High system cost
– due to too many repeaters for a given Bandwidth/
data rate
– Eg. 32 channel (2.048 Mbps) PCM link required one
repeater every 2 km
• Prone to tapping
• Bulky
5
6. History of Optical Fibre Communications
• 1966 – suggestion to use optical fiber (Kao &
Hockham)
• 1970 – Corning Glass optical fiber with 20 dB/km
near 1 μm
• 1970 - Semiconductor Laser with CW operation
at room temp.
• 1980 onwards – wide spread use of Optical
Fiber Communication using SMF and MMF
• 1990 – used Optical amplification (for increased repeater
spacing) and Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
for increased data rate.
– Resulted in a data rate of 10 Tb/s by 2001.
6
7. Source: Nobel Lecture, 2009, CK Kao, “Transmission of Light in
Fiber for Optical Communication”
8. Source: Nobel Lecture, 2009, CK Kao, “Transmission of Light in
Fiber for Optical Communication”
9. Advantages of Optical Fiber
Communication (Fiber Optics)
• Very high bandwidth (10 - 500 GHz, typ.)
• Very low attenuation (lowest 0.16 dB/km)
• Immune to EMI
• Data security (almost impossible to tap
information)
• Lower system cost (fewer repeaters due to low
attenuation of fibers)
• Small size and low weight
• Very low Bit Error Rate ( < 10-10 typically)
10. Basics of Optical Fibre
Communication
An Optical Fiber Communication System
consists of
• Transmitter
– Optical source (LED or Laser diode) + driver
circuit
• Optical Fibre
– Single mode fibre, or
– Multimode fibre
• Receiver
– Photodetector PIN or APD + receiver circuit
11. A Modern Optical Communication
System for Telecom with WDM and
Optical Amplifiers
Source: Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber
Communications, 4th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2008: Chapter 10.
16. SMF vs MMF
• Single mode fibres – today’s work horse for
long haul telecom as well as optical networks
• Multimode fibres – not widely used for
communications as single mode fibres. any
advantages?
16
17. Capacity of Today’s SMF Links
• Typically for one SMF
– 40 Gb/s x (20 to 40) wavelengths - DWDM
– Repeater spacing, 200 km (with EDFA)
– Could be up to 1000 km with Raman amplifiers
• One SMF cable can have
– 24 to 144 SMFs
• Most of the SMFs in a cable are left un used as
spare
• A major revolution waiting to happen to tap the
huge unused bandwidth already available
– Optical networks – FTTH services yet to become
widespread, esp in our country
17
18. Why MMF?
• Easy to use and couple light
• Large alignment tolerances ( typically a few
µm) compared to SMF (sub µm)
• Cost effective (cheaper tools, and connectors)
• Lot of interest today for short-haul
communications
18
19. Fibre types – how do they differ?
19
Source: P.Polishuk, “Plastic Optical Fibers Branch Out”, IEEE Commn.
Mag., Sep.2006, pp. 140-148.
20. MMF Types
• Glass Optical Fibres (Graded-index)
– 50/125 µm, 62.5/125 µm, 100/140 µm
• Plastic Optical Fibres
– PMMA or PF
– Step index or Graded index
– A variety of dimensions
20
21. MMF – Glass (GOF)
• Very extensively used for short haul (up to 10
km) high data rate (up to 10 Gb/s) links
• The preferred choice for LAN applications
(1300nm, 62.5/125 µm GI MMF)
• Many other MMF experiments have been
reported with much higher data rates
21
22. 22
2007: 40 Gb/s, 3.4 km, BL product of 136 Gb/s km
Scott S-H. Yam1, and Frank Achten, Toward 100 Gbits/s Ethernet with
broad wavelength window multimode fiber, J.Opt.Netw., Vol. 6, No. 5,
pp.527-534, May 2007.
23. 23
I. Gasulla, J. Capmany, 1 Tb/s·km WDM Transmission over Multimode
Fibre Link, ECOC, 2008, Paper Tu.3.E.5.
2008: 10x 20 Gb/s, 62.5/125 μm silica MMF,
WDM using 10 DFB lasers.
24. Use of MMFs with different bandwidth
grades for 10 Gb/s
• OM1 grade fiber
– 62.5/125 µm; called legacy or original fiber that was
designed for use with LEDs (larger core dia); typically up to
100 Mb/s
• OM2 grade fiber
– 50/125 µm; improved bandwidth over OM1; used for
1Gb/s (750m) or 10 Gb/s (82m)
• OM3 grade fiber
– 50/125 µm; higher bandwidth than OM2; can support
10Gb/s up to 300m; used with VCSELs
• OM4 grade fiber
– 50/125 µm; bandwidth much higher than OM3; can be
used for both 1 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s with 850 nm VCSELs for
distances up to 550 m; suitable for future 40 and 100 Gb/s
25. Source: Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications,
5e, Chap 13, McGraw Hill, New Delhi
26. MMF – Plastic (POF)
• Emerging as a lower-cost alternative to glass fiber
or copper at medium distances and bit rates of 10
Gb/s.
• Manufacturers form POFs out of plastic materials
such as polystyrene, polycarbonates, and
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
• These materials have transmission windows in
the visible range (520–780 nm).
• The loss of light transmitted at these wavelengths
is high, ranging from 150 dB/km for PMMA to
1000 dB/km for polystyrene and polycarbonates.
26
27. POF
• Glass fibres have losses
– of 0.2 dB/km for a single-mode fiber and
– less than 3 dB/km for multimode fibers.
– Used extensively for long length applications
• Plastic fibers have been relegated to short-
distance applications, typically of a few
hundred meters or less
27
28. Typical POF Applications
• Data applications
– Industrial control
– automobiles,
– Home networks
– Short data links
• Non-data applications
– sensors for detecting high energy particles
– Signs
– illumination,
• Today, the surge in POF production and use stems
from its use in data transmission.
28
29. Advantages of POF (over Glass Fibre or
Copper Wire)
• Simpler and less expensive components.
• Lighter weight.
• Operation in the visible spectrum.
• Greater flexibility, and resilience to bending, shock, and
vibration.
• Immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI).
• Ease in handling and connecting (POF diameters are 1 mm
compared with 8–100 μm for glass).
• Use of simple and inexpensive test equipment.
• Greater safety than glass fibers or fiber slivers;
• glass requires a laser light source
• Transceivers require less power than copper transceivers.
29
30. Disadvantages
• High loss during transmission
• Bandwidths lower than SMFs
• A small number of providers of total systems
• A lack of standards
• A lack of awareness among users of how to install and
design with POFs
• Limited production, and Small number of systems and
suppliers
• Applications research is incomplete
• Incomplete certification programs from POF installers
• Lack of high temperature fibers (125°C)
30
32. History of POF
• POFs using poly methacrylates (PMMA) had their origin
in the early 1960s
• Losses in the 70s: 1000 dB/km
• Late 80s: PMMA fibers to close to the theoretical limit
of 150 dB/km at 650 nm.
– This was a step index fiber with a bandwidth of 50 Mb/s
over 100 m.
• 1990: graded index POFs (GI-POFs) using PMMA
material (Prof Koike - Keio Univ)
– bandwidth of 3 GHz-km with losses of 150 dB/km at 650
nm.
• 1995: Graded index – POFs using perfluorinated
polymer 50 dB/km over a range of 650–1300 nm
(theoretical limit 10 dB/km)
32
33. POF Data Link Developments
• The first commercially available data link using
graded index fiber
– by Fuji Photo Film in 2005.
– 30 m DVI link operating at 1 Gb/s using a 780 nm
VCSEL
– Used PMMA GI-POF
• TWO major considerations in any data link
– Attenuation (loss spectrum)
– Bandwidth (pulse spread or dispersion)
33
34. Loss Curve for a PMMA Fibre
• Three transmission windows
– 530, 570, and 650 nm (all in the visible range).
• The window at 650 nm is narrow, and hence could cause
problems if a 650-nm source shifted with temperature.
• The windows at 530 and 570 nm are broader, and thus less
sensitive to shifts in source wavelength resulting from
temperature changes.
• Losses
– at 650 nm , 125 dB/km
– at 530 and 570 nm, less than 90 dB/km
• PMMA plastic fiber based data links have lengths less than
100 m.
34
36. Loss Curve of Perfluorinated (PF)
Polymers
• PF polymers exhibit greater transmission of light over a
wider wavelength range
• Two notable features of PF fibres compared with the
loss spectrum of PMMA
– its spectrum ranges from 650 to 1300 nm;
– the loss is less than 50 dB/km over this wavelength range.
• This reduction in loss allows fiber links of up to several
hundred meters
• Perfluorinated fiber overcomes the distance limitation
of PMMA,
• Can operate using the less expensive components
developed for glass optical fibers at 850–1300 nm
36
37. Fibre Bandwidth
• An optical fiber’s bandwidth can be thought of
roughly as the highest number of pulses from a
modulated light source that a receiver can detect.
• Light pulses can suffer broadening (modal
dispersion) because of the different paths that
light rays can take as they move along the fiber.
• There are two ways to characterize light
transmission in a fiber:
– classical ray tracing, and
– the wave nature of light.
37
38. Fibre Bandwidth
• Containment of light in a fiber results from the
reflection of light at the core cladding interface.
• Each ray is considered a mode.
• Fiber bandwidth can be increased by reducing the
number of modes or by changing the index of
refraction profile.
• Reducing the diameter of a fiber allows it to
transmit only a few modes,
• a single-mode fiber, has very small core diameter,
and has zero modal dispersion, and hence the
largest bandwidth.
38
39. POF Types
• Most POFs have a uniform, or step, index of refraction
that is the same across the width of the fiber,
– step index fibers have the lowest bandwidth among
multimode fibers.
• In a graded index fiber, the index of refraction is
highest at the center of the fiber, and thus, its profile
has a parabolic shape.
• A graded-index fiber has a medium bandwidth.
• Various types of POF can be manufactured with
– step index or graded index cores
– using PMMA or perfluorinated (PF) polymers
39
40. Light Sources for POF
• LEDs
– light emitting diodes (LEDs) – edge emitting and
surface emitting,
– resonant cavity LEDs (RCLEDs),
• Laser diodes
– laser diodes, (Fabry-Perot and Distributed Feedback)
– vertical-cavity surface emitting laser diodes (VCSELs).
• Source comparison for use with PMMA fibres
shown in Table
40
42. Typical Data rates with PMMA Fibres
• The three transmission windows are 530, 570,
and 650 nm.
• LEDs,
– can be modulated at speeds of up to 250 Mb/s and
– laser diodes up to 4 Gb/s.
• VCSELs at 650 nm are still in the development
stage,
• Resonant cavity sources
– can be modulated at speeds 600 Mb/s to 1.2 Gb/s
42
43. Typical Data rates with PF Fibres
• Wavelength of operation: 650 to 1300 nm,
• Can work with
– the light sources developed for 650 nm POFs and
– the 850 and 1300 nm laser diodes used with glass
optical fibers,
• Data rates up to 10 Gb/s.
43
44. POF over GOF
• POFs have larger diameters (~1 mm) than glass fibers
(8–100 μm),
• POF connectors
– less complex,
– cost less, and
– less likely to suffer damage than connectors for glass
optical fibers.
• POF allows larger angular and lateral misalignments
• POF connectors can be made from inexpensive plastics
rather than the precision- machined stainless steel or
ceramics that glass fibers require.
44
45. 45
Daniel Cárdenas, et al., A Media Converter Prototype for 10-Mb/s Ethernet
Transmission Over 425 m of Large-Core Step-Index Polymer Optical Fiber, J.
Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2923–4951, Dec. 2006.
2006: 425 m, 10-Mb/s Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 data over a large-
core (1 mm) step-index polymer optical fiber (SI-POF)
46. 46
A.Nespola, et al., High-Speed Communications Over Polymer Optical Fibers
for In-Building Cabling and Home Networking, IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol.2,
No.3, pp.347-358, June 2010.
2010: 300 m, 100 Mb/s ,
8-PAM, Green 520 nm, 1
mm SI-POF, PIN
photodiode
• 8B-9B Line
coding/decoding
• FEC Encoder and
decoder
• 8-PAM
• Pre-equalizer and
adaptive post
equalizer
47. 47
A.Nespola, et al., High-Speed Communications Over Polymer Optical Fibers
for In-Building Cabling and Home Networking, IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol.2,
No.3, pp.347-358, June 2010.
48. 48
A.Nespola, et al., High-Speed Communications Over Polymer Optical Fibers
for In-Building Cabling and Home Networking, IEEE Photonics Journal, Vol.2,
No.3, pp.347-358, June 2010.
2010: 200m, 200
Mbps, 1 mm SI-
POF, PIN
photodiode
• Discrete
Multitone
(OFDM)
approach
49. 49
C. C. Caputo, et al. VCSEL-based 100m 25Gb/s Plastic Optical Fiber Links,
OSA/OFC 2011, Paper OWB2.
2011: 100m, 25 Gbps, 80 µm GI-POF, 850 nm VCSELPIN photodiode
• Directly modulated
• Good launch offset tolerance
50. 50
C. C. Caputo, et al. VCSEL-based 100m 25Gb/s Plastic Optical Fiber Links,
OSA/OFC 2011, Paper OWB2.
51. 51
C. C. Caputo, et al. VCSEL-based 100m 25Gb/s Plastic Optical Fiber Links,
OSA/OFC 2011, Paper OWB2.
52. 52
S Loquai, et al. 42-Gb/s Transmission Over Large-Core 1-mm PMMA Graded-
Index Polymer Optical Fiber, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol. 25, N0. 6, pp. 602-605,
March 2013.
2013: 1mm PMMA POF, 1 to 10m, 42 – 36 Gb/s
• 4-PAM
• 400 µm GaAs MSM photodetector
• 4-PAM preferred over DMT
53. 53
S Loquai, et al. 42-Gb/s Transmission Over Large-Core 1-mm PMMA Graded-
Index Polymer Optical Fiber, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol. 25, N0. 6, pp. 602-605,
March 2013.
54. 54
S Loquai, et al. 42-Gb/s Transmission Over Large-Core 1-mm PMMA Graded-
Index Polymer Optical Fiber, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol. 25, N0. 6, pp. 602-605,
March 2013.
55. 55
R Kruglov, et al., Comparison of PAM and CAP Modulation Schemes for Data
Transmission Over SI-POFIEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol.25, No.23, pp. 2293-2296,
Dec 2013
Normalized frequency response of the POF link
56. 56
R Kruglov, et al., Comparison of PAM and CAP Modulation Schemes for Data
Transmission Over SI-POFIEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol.25, No.23, pp. 2293-2296,
Dec 2013
Maximal bit rates at BER of 10−3 achieved over 20-m fiber
link and measured at different levels of the fiber-coupled
power.
57. 57
R Kruglov, et al., Comparison of PAM and CAP Modulation Schemes for Data
Transmission Over SI-POFIEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol.25, No.23, pp. 2293-2296,
Dec 2013
Maximal bit rates at BER of 10−3 achieved over the
fiber link with a constant fiber-coupled power of 0
dBm.
58. 58
R Kruglov, et al., Comparison of PAM and CAP Modulation Schemes for Data
Transmission Over SI-POFIEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., Vol.25, No.23, pp. 2293-2296,
Dec 2013
Maximal bit rates at BER of 10−3 achieved over the
fiber link with a constant fiber-coupled power of +6
dBm.