Five deadly fallacies
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The document discusses five common logical fallacies: 1) The slippery slope fallacy involves using a dubious or false premise to draw an exaggerated conclusion. 2) Circular reasoning, or begging the question, assumes one's claim is true without evidence by using the claim as a premise. 3) A loaded question contains a false or unjustified assumption. Loaded statements also imply something without evidence. 4) An ad hominem attack aims at the person making an argument instead of addressing the argument itself. 5) An argument from ignorance claims something is true only because it has not been proven false. It relies on popular belief rather than evidence or logic.
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7. Egocentric-myopia
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Informal Logical Fallacies
An integral portion of critical thinking is learning about informal logical fallacies that vitiate many
arguments and ideas that surround us. A logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that invalidates the
claims that someone else is making. Fallacious reasoning is false reasoning. It often mimics logical
argumentation in subtle ways. Certain varieties of fallacious reasoning are so prevalent that they have
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some of these fallacies. There are many online resources for fallacies that students can go to for more
in-depth analysis, examples, and descriptions of some of the less common fallacies. Our discussion will
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Scapegoating
In the Old Testament (Leviticus 16), the high priest of Israel would symbolically lay the sins of the whole
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the sins. Scapegoating is laying blame for a problem in society on the heads of a specific group of
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Freewrite: Hasty Generalization
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Generalization from an exceptional caseGeneralization from an exceptional case: Inappropriately generalizing from cases that are unique, or unusual.Biased sampleSelf-selection fallacy
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Logical fallacies
Harrowing logic
Informal Logical Fallacies
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There are, of course, types of mistakes other than mistakes in reasoning. For instance, factual mistakes are sometimes referred to as "fallacies".
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An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that does not originate in improper logical form, which study belongs to the domain of philosophy. It comes from an error in thinking things through logically.
Sweeping Generalizations
A sweeping generalization is an unqualified general statement.
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“Dicto simpliciter”
“Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.”
Correction:
Add qualifiers
Hasty generalizations
Like the overgeneralization but sneaky because the claim offers proofs, but too few instances are provided to justify a logical conclusion.
“Hypothesis Contrary to Fact”
“Becky can’t speak French, Pete can’t speak French, and the teacher can’t speak French, so nobody in Spanish class can speak French.”
Correction: qualify terms in conclusion
False premises lead to irrelevant conclusions
Red Herring Arguments
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Irrelevant conclusions
False Cause
A fallacy of false cause illogically attributes the cause of something to another; in Latin this is a “non sequitur”
“Post hoc”
Let’s not take Bill with us to the game. Every time he goes with us, we loose.
Every time I sit in that booth, the waitress brings me cold coffee.
More Fallacies Leading to Irrelevant conclusions
Appeals to authority
We know pigs can fly because Mr. Bailey, an expert in the field, believes it is possible.
Ad hominem
George is a liberal who believes taxes should be raised. We should never follow liberals. Therefore, taxes should not be raised. (“Poisoning the Well.”)
Bandwagon
Everybody who is cool drinks Coke, so you have to drink Coke if you want to be cool.
Appeals to loyalty
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Illogical premises
Contradictory Premises
If God can do everything, then He can create a stone too heavy for Him to lift.
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When people have the flu, they cough. Pedro is coughing, so he must have the flu.
...
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Faulty Arguments,
Logical Fallacies
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Poor Reasoning
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Poor Logic
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Faulty StatisticsMisunderstanding or misusing statistics to shore up a weak argument.Example: “We must fund our schools better! Half our children are below average on their math tests!”People pull bogus statistics out of thin air to sound impressive.
Research by ExegesisResearch by exegesis is using a book as an infallible reference source.Usually it refers to the supposedly infallible Bible, but not always.People cite Bible verses to convince people that being gay is wrong.
Either/Or & Slippery SlopeSlippery slope arguments falsely assume that one thing must lead to another. They begin by suggesting that if we do one thing then that will lead to another, and before we know it we’ll be doing something that we don’t want to do.They conclude that we therefore shouldn’t do the first thing. The problem with these arguments is that it is possible to do the first thing that they mention without going on to do the other things; restraint is possible.
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Question 1
Evaluate a mode of study that you do well and one that you could improve on. Please explain
how you plan on improving that which you find to be weak in your own study habits.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length. You are required to use at least the attached
textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be
referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Question 2
Describe the two ways that students normally study in a typical college course.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length. You are required to use at least the attached
textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be
referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Question 3
Describe the typical design of a college course and the outcomes that result for students in these
courses. In addition, describe a situation in which you found yourself falling into this style of
learning.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least the
attached textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook,
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Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Display competence in the art of analyzing the logic of the subject one is studying.
2. Determine the purpose of analyzing the logic of the subject one is studying.
3. Compare and contrast the logic of college as it is and as it should be.
4. Assess the logic of the four modalities of communication.
5. Appraise the criteria for evaluating an author's reasoning by using the elements of thought.
6. Identify how one should assess one's progress in learning.
7. Describe the strategies for self-assessment.
8. Apply the generic model to various applied majors
Unit Lesson
This lecture continues with the discussion of rhetorical devices.
Downplayers
A downplayer is a word that is inserted in a sentence that undermines something that is being discussed. Let’s take a look at two
sentences that mean the same thing in their deepest structure, but that have radically different connotations due to one word.
“Brent got a B on his exam.”
“Brent only got a B on his exam.”
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happy, or at least satisfied, with a grade of B on an exam. However, the second sentence seems to diminish Brent’s
accomplishment by indicating that a grade of B on the exam does not meet his or her expectations of Brent. You can think of
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