First aid is emergency medical treatment given before full medical attention arrives. The primary survey uses DRABC to assess danger, response, airway, breathing, and circulation. CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breathing if there is no pulse or breathing. Bleeding is managed through direct pressure, elevation, and bandages without removing objects. Fractures are immobilized and head and spinal injuries require maintaining the airway and not moving the victim.

1. First Aid

2. First Aid
• First aid is an emergency medical
treatment for somebody who is ill or
injured,given before more thorough
medical attention can be obtained.
• 60% of Nigerians die at accident/incident
scenes due to lack of an emergency
medical treatment.

3. Primary Survey

4. Primary Survey
• The approach to any incident requires a
Common Sense Planning
• The basic priority step of approaching an
incident is called Primary Survey
• It is an easily remembered practice by
using the letters – D R A B C

5. Primary Survey
•Remember …
»D R A B C

6. • D = Danger
• R = Response
• A = Airway
• B = Breathing
• C = Circulation

7. D
• Most accident scenes are uncontrolled
and potentially dangerous
• Do not become a casualty yourself

8. Calling for Assistance
• Ask the bystanders to call for assistance

9. R
• Is the victim conscious… ?

10. Response
• SHOUT !!! and SHAKE
• No response??
»Give painful stimuli

11. Airway
• Tongue is the most common of airway
obstruction in an unconscious victim

12. Airway
• Head tilt chin lift

13. B
• Look , Listen, and Feel
• Is he breathing?

14. Breathing
• Observe for breathing
• Watch and feel the chest rise and fall
• Check breathing for 5 seconds

15. Breathing
• If patient is breathing
– Leave the patient on their side with the jaw
supported

16. Breathing
• If patient is not breathing
– Turn on to their back
– Breathe for the patient
– Give two (2) initial breaths

17. C
• Check for the pulse,
– Is the pulse present?
– Any severe bleeding?

18. Circulation
• If the pulse is absent
–Commence CPR

19. Respiratory System

20. Respiratory System
Frequency of breathing
• Normal healthy adult: 8-20 times/minute
• It will be increased when we run or do
more physical work

21. Circulatory System

22. Circulatory System
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood

23. Circulatory System
• Heart
– To pump blood to whole tissues

24. Circulatory System
• Heart
– Heart beats 60-100 / minute
– If the heart stops pumping DEATH results!

25. Circulatory System
• Cardiac and Respiratory arrest can be
caused by:
– Reduced O² in the atmosphere
– Airway obstruction
– Injury to the chest or head
– Heart attack
– Severe blood loss

26. Rescue Breathing

27. Rescue Breathing
• When??
– If
• NO danger
• NO response
• Airway clean and open
• NO breathing

28. Rescue Breathing
• Procedure
– Place victim on their back
– Maintain an open airway

29. Rescue Breathing
• Procedure
– Check for breathing
– Occlude the nose
– Take a deep breath
– Seal your mouth over the victim’s mouth

30. Rescue Breathing
• Procedure
– Breathe into the victim slowly, take 2 seconds
and watch for the chest to rise
– Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth
– Give 2 initial breaths in 4 seconds before
checking pulse

31. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)

32. CPR
• When??
– If
• No danger
• No response
• Airway clear and open
• No breathing
• No pulse

33. CPR
• Hand location
– Locate the lower end of the breastbone
– Place two fingers below where the ribs meet
the breastbone
– Place the heel of one hand on the breastbone
– Place your other hand securely on top of the
first hand

34. CPR
• Technique
– Compression technique uses the heel of the
hand with the fingers locked and clear of the
chest
– Keep your shoulder vertically over the victim’s
chest
– Depth of compression: 4-5 cm
– Rate 100 compressions / minute

35. CPR
• Procedure
– One rescuer
• 2:15
• 2 ventilations : 15 compressions
– Rate 100 compressions / minute or 6-7
cycles/ minute

36. CPR
• Procedure
– Two rescuers
• First use one person CPR whilst the 2nd person
gets help
• Then with 2 persons
– 1:5
– 1 ventilation : 5 compressions
– Rate 100 compressions/ minute or 16-18 cycles/minute

37. Recognition and Management
of
Bleeding

38. Bleeding
Classification
• Type:
– Internal bleeding
– External bleeding

39. Bleeding
• Management
– Protect yourself
– Direct pressure
– Elevation
– Pressure bandage
• Do NOT remove any imbedded object

40. Bleeding
• Management
– If bleeding continues, do not remove
bandages, but apply an additional dressing on
top of the old one.

41. Bleeding
• Management
– Always check pulse
• Check below the bandage to ensure circulation is
not constricted
– Immobilize the part when possible

42. Managing the Unconscious Victim

43. Managing the Unconscious Victim
• Causes of unconsciousness:
– Lack of oxygen
– Chemical imbalance
– Trauma

44. Managing the Unconscious Victim
• Maintain a clear and open airway
• Monitor breathing and circulation
• Monitor vital signs
• Secondary survey
• Cover the victim with a blanket
Never leave an unconscious
victim unattended !

45. Fracture

46. Fracture
• Classification
– Closed fracture
– Open fracture
– Complicated
closed open

47. Fracture
• Signs and symptoms
– Pain
– Irregularity
– Loss of movement / function
– Swelling
– Discoloration
– Unnatural position of limb
– Tenderness at the site of injury
– Crepitus

48. Fracture
Management
• Primary survey – DRABC
• Control bleeding if any
• Reassure the victim
• Make the victim comfortable in the position you
found them
• Immobilize
• Seek medical assistance
Splinting is only required when the
patient has to be moved, or medical
aid is longer than an hour away.

49. Head & Spinal Injury

50. Head Injury
• Common causes:
– Vehicle crash
– Fall from height
– Direct blow
– Sports injury

51. Head Injury
Management
• Primary survey
• Keep the airway open and clear
• Control bleeding
• DO NOT remove victim if not in a life-threatening
situation
• Reassure victim
• DO NOT allow victim to eat or drink
• Vital signs survey, monitor the alteration of
consciousness state
• Seek medical services urgently

52. Spinal Injury
• Causes:
– Vehicle crash
– Fall from heights
– Violence
– Sports
– Others

53. Spinal Injury
Management
• DO NOT remove the victim if not in life
threatening situation wait for medical
assistance
• DO NOT allow the victim to eat or drink