Underwriting is frequently done by financial institutions, banks, and brokers to provide assurance and cover potential risks. The underwriter guarantees public subscription of securities and receives commission in return. There are different types of underwriting arrangements like syndicate underwriting with multiple underwriters jointly underwriting an issue, and sub-underwriting which diffuses the risk among sub-heads under a lead underwriter. The primary role of underwriters is to purchase securities from issuers and resell them to investors, acting as intermediaries to provide an efficient capital market while taking on the risk of reselling at a profit.