This document provides an introduction to analyzing the financial statements of companies. It discusses the meaning of financial statement analysis and the objectives of analyzing statements to evaluate a company's performance, profitability, debt capacity, and return. It outlines the different users of financial statement analysis, both internal and external stakeholders. Finally, it discusses various methods that can be used to analyze statements, including comparative statements, common size statements, trend analysis, and ratio analysis.
This document analyzes Coca-Cola's financial statements and business strategies. It begins with an analysis of Coca-Cola's governance, including details about the CEO, board of directors, and executive compensation. It then discusses Porter's Five Forces analysis of the soda industry, finding rivalry to be high but threats of new entrants and substitutes to be medium. The document also analyzes Coca-Cola's income statements, balance sheets, profitability, and forecasts growth.
financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola114 2017 aditisalgaonkar
The document analyzes and compares the financial performance of PepsiCo and Coca Cola from 2014-2016 using ratio analysis. It finds that both companies need to improve their current and liquid ratios to meet short-term obligations. While PepsiCo has higher debt levels, Coca Cola has a stronger financial position with higher proprietary ratios. Coca Cola also has better profitability as evidenced by higher gross and operating profit ratios, indicating better cost control. In summary, the document conducts a financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola over three years to evaluate their profitability, solvency, and resource utilization.
Coca-Cola is the largest beverage company in the world with a market share of 49%. It has a strong brand and large market presence globally as well as in Pakistan. The document discusses Coca-Cola's history, products, market share by region, strategic planning, SWOT analysis, and competitive advantage. It notes that Coca-Cola has the strongest brand value internationally and is the dominant player in the beverage industry, but faces threats from local competitors in Pakistan and increasing health consciousness.
The document analyzes various financial ratios of Bata shoe company over three years from 2011-2013. It examines liquidity, efficiency, leverage, and profitability ratios. The liquidity ratios like current and quick ratios fluctuate over the years but are below ideal levels. Efficiency ratios like inventory and receivable turnover improve but are still not high. Leverage ratios like debt remain around 50% which is reasonable. Profitability ratios trend upward from 2011-2013 with margins and returns on assets and equity increasing in the later years.
This particular project is based on ratio analysis of Coca-Cola International. I have analyzed two years financial performance of Coke i.e. from 2011 to 2012. I hope my this effort will help other interested students.
accounting ratios and interpretation, Pepsi vs coca cola, Priyesh Chheda
The document compares financial ratios for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo over 5 years. It analyzes liquidity, solvency, profitability, and turnover ratios. The summary shows that Coca-Cola generally has stronger ratios, such as higher net profit and lower debt-equity. However, PepsiCo performs better in some areas like return on capital employed and operating expense ratio. Overall, the document concludes that while Coca-Cola outperforms currently, PepsiCo has been consistent in its ratios over time and has potential to become more competitive.
Hasan Shameem is the Legal Counsel for Coca-Cola Pakistan & Afghanistan Region. He is responsible for ensuring the company's compliance with local and international laws and policies, and handling any legal claims involving the company in the region. Hasan recently joined Coca-Cola after graduating from the University of Bristol in 2007 with an LLB degree. Prior to this role, he worked as a legal counsel assistant.
Financial Ratio Analysis of Samsung for the year 2013-2014Prinson Rodrigues
Financial Ratio Analysis of Samsung For the year 2013-2014
Current ratio
Quick ratio
Debt equity ratio
Capital turnover ratio
Fixed Assets Turnover ratio
Working capital turnover ratio
Stock turnover ratio
inventory conversion period
Debtors turnover ratio
Gross profit ratio
net profit ratio
etc
This document analyzes Coca-Cola's financial statements and business strategies. It begins with an analysis of Coca-Cola's governance, including details about the CEO, board of directors, and executive compensation. It then discusses Porter's Five Forces analysis of the soda industry, finding rivalry to be high but threats of new entrants and substitutes to be medium. The document also analyzes Coca-Cola's income statements, balance sheets, profitability, and forecasts growth.
financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola114 2017 aditisalgaonkar
The document analyzes and compares the financial performance of PepsiCo and Coca Cola from 2014-2016 using ratio analysis. It finds that both companies need to improve their current and liquid ratios to meet short-term obligations. While PepsiCo has higher debt levels, Coca Cola has a stronger financial position with higher proprietary ratios. Coca Cola also has better profitability as evidenced by higher gross and operating profit ratios, indicating better cost control. In summary, the document conducts a financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola over three years to evaluate their profitability, solvency, and resource utilization.
Coca-Cola is the largest beverage company in the world with a market share of 49%. It has a strong brand and large market presence globally as well as in Pakistan. The document discusses Coca-Cola's history, products, market share by region, strategic planning, SWOT analysis, and competitive advantage. It notes that Coca-Cola has the strongest brand value internationally and is the dominant player in the beverage industry, but faces threats from local competitors in Pakistan and increasing health consciousness.
The document analyzes various financial ratios of Bata shoe company over three years from 2011-2013. It examines liquidity, efficiency, leverage, and profitability ratios. The liquidity ratios like current and quick ratios fluctuate over the years but are below ideal levels. Efficiency ratios like inventory and receivable turnover improve but are still not high. Leverage ratios like debt remain around 50% which is reasonable. Profitability ratios trend upward from 2011-2013 with margins and returns on assets and equity increasing in the later years.
This particular project is based on ratio analysis of Coca-Cola International. I have analyzed two years financial performance of Coke i.e. from 2011 to 2012. I hope my this effort will help other interested students.
accounting ratios and interpretation, Pepsi vs coca cola, Priyesh Chheda
The document compares financial ratios for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo over 5 years. It analyzes liquidity, solvency, profitability, and turnover ratios. The summary shows that Coca-Cola generally has stronger ratios, such as higher net profit and lower debt-equity. However, PepsiCo performs better in some areas like return on capital employed and operating expense ratio. Overall, the document concludes that while Coca-Cola outperforms currently, PepsiCo has been consistent in its ratios over time and has potential to become more competitive.
Hasan Shameem is the Legal Counsel for Coca-Cola Pakistan & Afghanistan Region. He is responsible for ensuring the company's compliance with local and international laws and policies, and handling any legal claims involving the company in the region. Hasan recently joined Coca-Cola after graduating from the University of Bristol in 2007 with an LLB degree. Prior to this role, he worked as a legal counsel assistant.
Financial Ratio Analysis of Samsung for the year 2013-2014Prinson Rodrigues
Financial Ratio Analysis of Samsung For the year 2013-2014
Current ratio
Quick ratio
Debt equity ratio
Capital turnover ratio
Fixed Assets Turnover ratio
Working capital turnover ratio
Stock turnover ratio
inventory conversion period
Debtors turnover ratio
Gross profit ratio
net profit ratio
etc
The document provides a financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola from 2009-2008. It includes a brief overview of each company, followed by vertical and horizontal analyses of their balance sheets and income statements. Key financial ratios are also calculated to examine trends. The vertical analysis shows each line item on the balance sheet and income statement as a percentage of the total. The horizontal analysis compares line items from 2009 to 2008 to see changes over time.
This document is the project report submitted by Mugesh.MK to partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from G.R.D Institute of Management in Coimbatore, India. The project analyzes the financial performance of Ashok Leyland Ltd. over a five year period from 2008-2009 to 2012-2013. The report includes an introduction, industry profile, objectives, scope, research methodology, literature review and company profile. Financial concepts and ratios will be used to analyze data and interpret the financial position and performance of Ashok Leyland. Findings and suggestions will be provided.
Coca-Cola has had global success through consistent branding and marketing strategies. It entered new markets like India in 1994 by acquiring local brands for distribution. In China, it has grown to become the 3rd largest market for Coke through establishing local bottling plants and tailoring products to culture. Coke uses geographic and demographic segmentation and ensures wide availability through agreements with local bottlers around the world.
Strategic management project report finallllllllllllllllllllsaad ali
This document contains an analysis of Coca-Cola's strategic management. It includes an industry profile of the beverage industry in Pakistan, Coca-Cola's company profile, mission and vision statements, an analysis of Coca-Cola's micro-environment using Porter's five forces model, a SWOT analysis, and several strategic planning matrices to evaluate Coca-Cola's strategies and position relative to competitors like Pepsi. The document provides an overview of Coca-Cola's business and strategies in Pakistan.
Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning of Coca-ColaManas Dhibar
* Segmentation comprises identifying the market to be segmented; identification, selection, and application of bases to be used in that segmentation; and development of profiles.
* Targeting is the process of identifying the most attractive segments from the segmentation stage, usually the ones most profitable for the business.
* Positioning is the final process and is the more business-orientated stage, where the business must assess its competitive advantage and position itself in the consumer's minds to be the more attractive option in these categories.
The document discusses various strategic management tools used by Coca-Cola including a value chain analysis, Porter's five forces analysis, BCG matrix, product mix/Ansoff matrix, and environmental threats and opportunities profile. It provides details of Coca-Cola's primary and support activities in the value chain. It then analyzes Coca-Cola using Porter's five forces framework, identifying the threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry as medium to high pressures.
Financial ratios analysis project at Nestle and Engro Foodsraboz
Nestle and Engro Foods are analyzed in the document. Nestle has been operating in Pakistan since 1988 and has a wide range of food products. It aims to be the leading nutrition, health and wellness company in Pakistan. Engro Foods also offers various food products and was the first company to use bactofuge technology. Through financial analysis, it is found that while Nestle has been in business longer, Engro has grown efficiently and increased its share price significantly despite being newer. The document examines the companies' financial statements and ratios to compare their financial performance and positions.
A financial analysis for Coca-Cola:
company profile, financial statement, liquidity ratio, current ratio, cash ratio, quick ratio, profitability, efficiency, short term activity, long term activity, solvency, DuPont analysis and historical enterprise value (HEV).
Done By Elie Obeid and Isabelle Khalil
The objective of the project was to identify, for audit planning purposes, the risk factors of Coca Cola company of the beverage industry. The project gave us hands-on experience with the procedures and techniques used in the audit engagement to audit planning phase.
PepsiCo is a multinational beverage and snack company that operates in over 200 countries. It has a wide portfolio of brands including Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Lay's, Gatorade, and Quaker Foods. The document discusses PepsiCo's history, brands, mission, vision, organizational structure, competitors, and analyses their opportunities and threats considering various external factors like economic, social, technological, political, and environmental aspects. It provides an overview of PepsiCo's global operations and strategies.
- The document analyzes the ratio analysis of Amara Raja Batteries Limited over 5 years from 2009-2014.
- Key ratios like current ratio, quick ratio, total debt ratio, and debt-equity ratio are calculated from the company's annual reports.
- Current ratios were above 2:1 standard except in 2011-2012. Debt ratios increased over time, showing a rising dependence on debt financing rather than equity.
This document provides an overview of Coca-Cola's supply chain operations. It discusses Coca-Cola's history as a company founded in 1886. It describes Coca-Cola as the world's largest beverage company that produces and distributes over 500 brands of non-alcoholic drinks in around 200 countries. The document also outlines Coca-Cola's production facilities, inventory management practices, supplier relationships, distribution network, and some of the problems currently being faced by the company. It concludes by providing recommendations to address these issues.
Financial ratio analysis of pepsico and coco colaharanadhreddy2
The document analyzes and compares the financial performance of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola from 2014-2016 using ratio analysis. It finds that both companies need to improve their current and liquid ratios to meet ideal levels. PepsiCo has higher debt ratios, indicating greater reliance on creditors than own funds, while Coca-Cola has stronger proprietary ratios. PepsiCo also has higher inventory turnover but lower gross and operating profit margins than Coca-Cola. Overall, the document concludes that Coca-Cola's financial position is stronger with better cost control and profitability, while PepsiCo needs to reduce debt reliance and improve liquidity.
Coca Cola Brand Positioning and DifferentiationSara Amjad
Coca Cola has achieved brand positioning as a refreshing, everyday part of life through consistent branding and marketing over 130+ years. It was initially marketed as a patent medicine but is now positioned as refreshing and for sharing moments with family and friends. Key factors in its positioning include maintaining a consistent 5 cent price for 70 years, innovative packaging, and widespread promotional campaigns like "The Pause That Refreshes" and more recent "Open Happiness" campaigns. While Pepsi positions as encouraging living in the moment, Coca Cola's positioning focuses on being an integral part of everyday life. Coca Cola also differentiates through its product line, culturally tailored drinks, focus on water purity and quality, and flexible business
Coca-Cola is the world's leading soft drink company operating in over 200 countries. Their mission is to refresh the world, inspire optimism and happiness, and make a difference. Their vision focuses on being a great workplace, bringing quality brands to the world, nurturing partnerships, being responsible citizens, maximizing shareholder returns, and being productive. Coca-Cola's marketing mix involves various products globally, pricing tailored to markets and brands, widespread distribution, and advertising associating the brand with lifestyle while using CSR for emotional benefits. Their BCG matrix guides their strategy across product life cycles.
The document provides an overview of Coca-Cola, including its history, products, operations, and marketing strategies. Some key points:
- Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 and is now the world's largest beverage company, selling over 400 brands in over 200 countries.
- It has a long history and iconic branding, including its distinctive script logo and contour bottle design. Coca-Cola heavily advertises and sponsors major sports events.
- In India, Coca-Cola directly employs over 6,000 people and indirectly creates over 125,000 jobs. It has a large bottling and distribution network across the country.
- Coca-Cola faces competition and health concerns but maintains
A Study on Consumers' Preference Towards Soft Drinks ProductSanthosh Madheswaran
The document discusses a study conducted on consumers' preferences towards soft drink products. It focuses on Coca Cola brands. 150 respondents participated in a survey. Key findings include:
1) Most respondents purchase soft drinks monthly for family use and buy cola and mango drinks.
2) Coca Cola and Slice were the most preferred cola and mango brands respectively due to taste.
3) Purchases mostly occurred during offer periods when 5-10 litres would be bought from supermarkets.
4) Factors like taste, advertisements, brand name, price and friends influenced preferences for different Coca Cola brands.
This document provides information about the Chittoor Co-operative Sugars Ltd located in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1955 to help sugarcane farmers in the region process their harvest and get fair prices. The company owns 85.96 acres and has gradually expanded its cane crushing capacity over the years. It is currently able to crush 1800-2000 tons of cane per day. The original capital came from shareholder contributions and loans. Financial statements and ratio analysis will be used to analyze the company's performance and financial position from 2003-2007.
Coca-Cola has strategically positioned itself as a global brand while adapting to local markets. It began as a drink invented in 1886 and sold for 5 cents. Over time, Coca-Cola grew to be the largest beverage company in the world, offering over 500 brands across more than 200 countries. To maintain its leading position, Coca-Cola employs a "think global, act local" strategy, keeping its core product consistent while tailoring offerings and marketing to different regions and cultures. The company has established strong brand recognition through iconic packaging, consistent logo and branding, and large sponsorships of popular events.
Managing A Firm Based On Past Oriented Financial StatementsBeth Hernandez
The document discusses the importance of forward-looking information for investors when evaluating a firm's future prospects. While past-oriented financial statements provide important information, they face limitations in predicting a firm's future. International standards like IFRS and the Transparency Directive aimed to improve reporting quality and encourage more forward-looking disclosure alongside traditional backward-looking, numerical information. However, information asymmetry between investors and management still poses challenges for forecasting.
1. Financial statements are prepared primarily for decision making and play a dominant role in setting the framework for management decisions. They provide information on a company's financial position, performance, and cash flows.
2. Financial statement analysis is the process of evaluating relationships between different components of financial statements to better understand a firm's financial position and performance. It helps identify trends and relationships to evaluate profitability, liquidity, and solvency.
3. Key methods of financial statement analysis include comparative analysis, common size analysis, ratio analysis, and trend analysis, which allow comparison of financial results to historical data and industry benchmarks.
The document provides a financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola from 2009-2008. It includes a brief overview of each company, followed by vertical and horizontal analyses of their balance sheets and income statements. Key financial ratios are also calculated to examine trends. The vertical analysis shows each line item on the balance sheet and income statement as a percentage of the total. The horizontal analysis compares line items from 2009 to 2008 to see changes over time.
This document is the project report submitted by Mugesh.MK to partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from G.R.D Institute of Management in Coimbatore, India. The project analyzes the financial performance of Ashok Leyland Ltd. over a five year period from 2008-2009 to 2012-2013. The report includes an introduction, industry profile, objectives, scope, research methodology, literature review and company profile. Financial concepts and ratios will be used to analyze data and interpret the financial position and performance of Ashok Leyland. Findings and suggestions will be provided.
Coca-Cola has had global success through consistent branding and marketing strategies. It entered new markets like India in 1994 by acquiring local brands for distribution. In China, it has grown to become the 3rd largest market for Coke through establishing local bottling plants and tailoring products to culture. Coke uses geographic and demographic segmentation and ensures wide availability through agreements with local bottlers around the world.
Strategic management project report finallllllllllllllllllllsaad ali
This document contains an analysis of Coca-Cola's strategic management. It includes an industry profile of the beverage industry in Pakistan, Coca-Cola's company profile, mission and vision statements, an analysis of Coca-Cola's micro-environment using Porter's five forces model, a SWOT analysis, and several strategic planning matrices to evaluate Coca-Cola's strategies and position relative to competitors like Pepsi. The document provides an overview of Coca-Cola's business and strategies in Pakistan.
Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning of Coca-ColaManas Dhibar
* Segmentation comprises identifying the market to be segmented; identification, selection, and application of bases to be used in that segmentation; and development of profiles.
* Targeting is the process of identifying the most attractive segments from the segmentation stage, usually the ones most profitable for the business.
* Positioning is the final process and is the more business-orientated stage, where the business must assess its competitive advantage and position itself in the consumer's minds to be the more attractive option in these categories.
The document discusses various strategic management tools used by Coca-Cola including a value chain analysis, Porter's five forces analysis, BCG matrix, product mix/Ansoff matrix, and environmental threats and opportunities profile. It provides details of Coca-Cola's primary and support activities in the value chain. It then analyzes Coca-Cola using Porter's five forces framework, identifying the threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry as medium to high pressures.
Financial ratios analysis project at Nestle and Engro Foodsraboz
Nestle and Engro Foods are analyzed in the document. Nestle has been operating in Pakistan since 1988 and has a wide range of food products. It aims to be the leading nutrition, health and wellness company in Pakistan. Engro Foods also offers various food products and was the first company to use bactofuge technology. Through financial analysis, it is found that while Nestle has been in business longer, Engro has grown efficiently and increased its share price significantly despite being newer. The document examines the companies' financial statements and ratios to compare their financial performance and positions.
A financial analysis for Coca-Cola:
company profile, financial statement, liquidity ratio, current ratio, cash ratio, quick ratio, profitability, efficiency, short term activity, long term activity, solvency, DuPont analysis and historical enterprise value (HEV).
Done By Elie Obeid and Isabelle Khalil
The objective of the project was to identify, for audit planning purposes, the risk factors of Coca Cola company of the beverage industry. The project gave us hands-on experience with the procedures and techniques used in the audit engagement to audit planning phase.
PepsiCo is a multinational beverage and snack company that operates in over 200 countries. It has a wide portfolio of brands including Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Lay's, Gatorade, and Quaker Foods. The document discusses PepsiCo's history, brands, mission, vision, organizational structure, competitors, and analyses their opportunities and threats considering various external factors like economic, social, technological, political, and environmental aspects. It provides an overview of PepsiCo's global operations and strategies.
- The document analyzes the ratio analysis of Amara Raja Batteries Limited over 5 years from 2009-2014.
- Key ratios like current ratio, quick ratio, total debt ratio, and debt-equity ratio are calculated from the company's annual reports.
- Current ratios were above 2:1 standard except in 2011-2012. Debt ratios increased over time, showing a rising dependence on debt financing rather than equity.
This document provides an overview of Coca-Cola's supply chain operations. It discusses Coca-Cola's history as a company founded in 1886. It describes Coca-Cola as the world's largest beverage company that produces and distributes over 500 brands of non-alcoholic drinks in around 200 countries. The document also outlines Coca-Cola's production facilities, inventory management practices, supplier relationships, distribution network, and some of the problems currently being faced by the company. It concludes by providing recommendations to address these issues.
Financial ratio analysis of pepsico and coco colaharanadhreddy2
The document analyzes and compares the financial performance of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola from 2014-2016 using ratio analysis. It finds that both companies need to improve their current and liquid ratios to meet ideal levels. PepsiCo has higher debt ratios, indicating greater reliance on creditors than own funds, while Coca-Cola has stronger proprietary ratios. PepsiCo also has higher inventory turnover but lower gross and operating profit margins than Coca-Cola. Overall, the document concludes that Coca-Cola's financial position is stronger with better cost control and profitability, while PepsiCo needs to reduce debt reliance and improve liquidity.
Coca Cola Brand Positioning and DifferentiationSara Amjad
Coca Cola has achieved brand positioning as a refreshing, everyday part of life through consistent branding and marketing over 130+ years. It was initially marketed as a patent medicine but is now positioned as refreshing and for sharing moments with family and friends. Key factors in its positioning include maintaining a consistent 5 cent price for 70 years, innovative packaging, and widespread promotional campaigns like "The Pause That Refreshes" and more recent "Open Happiness" campaigns. While Pepsi positions as encouraging living in the moment, Coca Cola's positioning focuses on being an integral part of everyday life. Coca Cola also differentiates through its product line, culturally tailored drinks, focus on water purity and quality, and flexible business
Coca-Cola is the world's leading soft drink company operating in over 200 countries. Their mission is to refresh the world, inspire optimism and happiness, and make a difference. Their vision focuses on being a great workplace, bringing quality brands to the world, nurturing partnerships, being responsible citizens, maximizing shareholder returns, and being productive. Coca-Cola's marketing mix involves various products globally, pricing tailored to markets and brands, widespread distribution, and advertising associating the brand with lifestyle while using CSR for emotional benefits. Their BCG matrix guides their strategy across product life cycles.
The document provides an overview of Coca-Cola, including its history, products, operations, and marketing strategies. Some key points:
- Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 and is now the world's largest beverage company, selling over 400 brands in over 200 countries.
- It has a long history and iconic branding, including its distinctive script logo and contour bottle design. Coca-Cola heavily advertises and sponsors major sports events.
- In India, Coca-Cola directly employs over 6,000 people and indirectly creates over 125,000 jobs. It has a large bottling and distribution network across the country.
- Coca-Cola faces competition and health concerns but maintains
A Study on Consumers' Preference Towards Soft Drinks ProductSanthosh Madheswaran
The document discusses a study conducted on consumers' preferences towards soft drink products. It focuses on Coca Cola brands. 150 respondents participated in a survey. Key findings include:
1) Most respondents purchase soft drinks monthly for family use and buy cola and mango drinks.
2) Coca Cola and Slice were the most preferred cola and mango brands respectively due to taste.
3) Purchases mostly occurred during offer periods when 5-10 litres would be bought from supermarkets.
4) Factors like taste, advertisements, brand name, price and friends influenced preferences for different Coca Cola brands.
This document provides information about the Chittoor Co-operative Sugars Ltd located in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1955 to help sugarcane farmers in the region process their harvest and get fair prices. The company owns 85.96 acres and has gradually expanded its cane crushing capacity over the years. It is currently able to crush 1800-2000 tons of cane per day. The original capital came from shareholder contributions and loans. Financial statements and ratio analysis will be used to analyze the company's performance and financial position from 2003-2007.
Coca-Cola has strategically positioned itself as a global brand while adapting to local markets. It began as a drink invented in 1886 and sold for 5 cents. Over time, Coca-Cola grew to be the largest beverage company in the world, offering over 500 brands across more than 200 countries. To maintain its leading position, Coca-Cola employs a "think global, act local" strategy, keeping its core product consistent while tailoring offerings and marketing to different regions and cultures. The company has established strong brand recognition through iconic packaging, consistent logo and branding, and large sponsorships of popular events.
Managing A Firm Based On Past Oriented Financial StatementsBeth Hernandez
The document discusses the importance of forward-looking information for investors when evaluating a firm's future prospects. While past-oriented financial statements provide important information, they face limitations in predicting a firm's future. International standards like IFRS and the Transparency Directive aimed to improve reporting quality and encourage more forward-looking disclosure alongside traditional backward-looking, numerical information. However, information asymmetry between investors and management still poses challenges for forecasting.
1. Financial statements are prepared primarily for decision making and play a dominant role in setting the framework for management decisions. They provide information on a company's financial position, performance, and cash flows.
2. Financial statement analysis is the process of evaluating relationships between different components of financial statements to better understand a firm's financial position and performance. It helps identify trends and relationships to evaluate profitability, liquidity, and solvency.
3. Key methods of financial statement analysis include comparative analysis, common size analysis, ratio analysis, and trend analysis, which allow comparison of financial results to historical data and industry benchmarks.
The document discusses key elements of financial statement analysis including the four main financial statements, understanding the industry and company strategies, assessing the quality of financial statements, and analyzing current profitability and risk. It provides examples of various techniques used in financial statement analysis such as horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, common-size analysis, and calculating financial ratios to evaluate liquidity, asset management, debt, and profitability.
Financial statement analysis involves calculating ratios to evaluate a company's liquidity, profitability, operational efficiency and growth potential. Key financial statements include the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. The income statement shows revenue, expenses and profits over time. The balance sheet outlines assets, liabilities and owner's equity at a point in time. Ratio analysis involves calculating ratios from the financial statements to analyze a company's activity, liquidity, solvency and profitability by comparing figures to industry averages and prior periods. Activity ratios measure asset usage efficiency, liquidity ratios assess short-term debt paying ability, and profitability ratios evaluate net income generation.
1. The document discusses ratio analysis and financial analysis. Ratio analysis is a tool that evaluates the financial position and performance of a firm by establishing relationships between financial statement items.
2. Financial analysis identifies the financial strengths and weaknesses of a firm. It is done by analyzing ratios calculated from a firm's balance sheet and income statement. Key ratios include liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, and leverage ratios.
3. Ratio analysis involves comparing a firm's ratios to standards like its own past ratios, competitor ratios, industry averages, and projected ratios. This allows users to evaluate the firm's financial stability, profitability, and efficiency over time.
This document discusses sources of financial information for analyzing companies, including published annual and quarterly reports, reports filed with the SEC like Forms 10-K and 10-Q, and reports from advisory services. It also describes analytical techniques used in financial statement analysis like horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis. These techniques simplify identifying relationships and trends in financial data to evaluate a company's financial condition, performance, ability to pay debts, and profitability. The objective is to forecast future ability based on historical financial statements.
The document appears to be a student's project report on financial ratio analysis of Wipro. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking individuals who supported and guided the project. It also includes a declaration by the student stating that the work is original. The project report includes various chapters that will analyze Wipro's financial ratios to assess the company's performance and financial position. It provides an overview of the objectives and methodology that will be used in the ratio analysis.
1. The document is a student's project report on the financial ratio analysis of Wipro. It includes an acknowledgment section thanking various professors and institutions for their support and guidance.
2. There is a declaration by the student stating that the project is their original work and submitted for their Master's degree program.
3. The project contains a certificate from the student's teacher guide confirming they completed the research project on the given topic under their guidance.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on financial accounting. It is divided into 5 units that cover topics such as the introduction and importance of financial accounting, accounting standards, the accounting process, preparing financial statements for sole proprietorships and joint stock companies, analyzing financial statements using techniques like ratio analysis, and interpreting the results. The units also discuss accounting concepts like the accounting equation, books of accounts, trial balance, depreciation methods, and the components of financial statements.
This document is a study submitted by K T Phanindra to the Institute of Public Enterprise in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post Graduate Diploma in Management. The study examines the impact of liquidity ratios on a company's profitability and performance. It includes an introduction to ratio analysis and its uses and limitations. The study will analyze different types of ratios including debt, liquidity, profitability, cash flow, and market value ratios. It will focus specifically on different debt ratios and how they impact a company's financial performance and profitability. The objectives are to understand the effect of debt ratios on performance and how managers use debt analysis in decision making. Secondary data from company financial statements will be used for the
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Chapter 11
Financial Analysis: Evaluation of Corporate Performance
Associated Press
Learning Objectives
A�er studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain who a corpora�on's stakeholders are and how they each evaluate performance.
Describe various sources of financial informa�on used in financial analysis, and the characteris�cs of these
sources.
Perform financial statement analysis, including analysis of trend and common size financial statements and ra�os.
Show how ra�os are related to stock performance.
Analyze methods used to evaluate the performance of management.
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The evalua�on of corporate performance is an important skill for managers, investors, and even customers
and employees. Such analysis is the topic of Chapter 11.
A range of financial indicators can be used to assess business performance.
Evalua�on can be made by comparing current performance with past
performance. It can also be made by comparing one businesses
performance with another. In this chapter, we will explore methods for
analyzing business performance.
Ch. 11 Introduction
Figure 11.0: Chapter 11 in focus
Evalua�on of corporate performance is an important skill for managers, investors, and even customers and employees. This chapter covers financial
statement analysis, par�cularly ra�o analysis, as well as other methods of evalua�ng corporate performance. We aim to give you an apprecia�on for the
complexi�es facing financial analysts and a sense of how judgment and logic play into evalua�ng a firm's results. Good financial analysis is like good
detec�ve work on a complex case: Solu�ons are seldom obvious; rather, we solve the case by evalua�ng the evidence, logically interpre�ng clues, and
eventually assembling a clear picture of what has transpired. Understanding what has happened in a business's financial past can help us understand what is
likely to happen in its future. Good analysis provides a useful tool for evalua�ng past performance and planning for the future.
How Can Business Performance be Evaluated?
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The document provides information about financial statement analysis. It defines financial statement analysis as the process of evaluating relationships between parts of financial statements to understand a firm's position and performance. It discusses the different types of financial statements and the various users of financial statements, including management, creditors, investors, and government. It also outlines different types of financial analysis, including ratio analysis and comparative statement analysis. Ratio analysis is described as a key tool that establishes relationships between financial metrics to evaluate a firm's liquidity, leverage, activity, and profitability.
This document analyzes the financial ratios of Sample Company using its financial statements from December 31, 2000. Various profitability ratios are calculated, including return on investment (ROI), return on equity (ROE), operating margin, net profit margin, and price-earnings ratio. Sample Company's ROI of 4.8% and ROE are below industry averages. Liquidity, activity, and financial leverage ratios are also examined but not discussed in detail. Historical trends and comparisons to industry benchmarks are used to evaluate Sample Company's financial performance. Recommendations for improvement are not provided.
The document provides an overview of financial statement analysis, including the different types of analysis. It discusses internal and external analysis, short-term and long-term analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis. It also defines various accounting ratios used in analysis, such as liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, leverage ratios, and activity/efficiency ratios. Specific types of ratios discussed include the current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, gross profit margin, and inventory turnover ratio. The document also covers limitations of financial statements and how to prepare horizontal and vertical analyses.
financial management project- ratio analysisyogita varma
This document is a project report submitted by Miss Yogita Savarmal Varma to the University of Mumbai for an M.Com degree. The report analyzes the financial ratios of Idea Cellular Ltd for the academic year 2016-2017 under the guidance of Prof. Karim. The report includes a declaration by the student, acknowledgements, a table of contents, an introduction to financial management and ratio analysis, an introduction to Idea Cellular Ltd, financial statements of Idea Cellular Ltd, calculations of various financial ratios, and a conclusion.
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Financial statements summarize a company's business activities, financial performance, financial position, and cash flows through a series of written reports. All reports should be structured to convey relevant data in an easily digestible manner. Specifically, a cliff note on the financial performance of the Business Accountants. These reports typically provide a snapshot of a specific period of time and typically represent activity over a specific month, year, or specific time period. These financial statements are critical to understanding your business and performance.
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This document discusses financial statement analysis and ratio analysis. It provides background on analyzing a company's financial stability, profitability, and performance over time using various ratios and comparisons. The objectives are to analyze the financial position, liquidity, and profitability of Bharti Airtel over a five year period and identify its financial strengths and weaknesses. Limitations include a lack of structured data from the company and a limited three year study period relying on secondary data. A literature review found previous research analyzing the relationship between working capital management, cash conversion cycles, and company profitability.
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21
Analyzing Financial
Statements
Chapter Twenty-One
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Explain the objectives of financial statement analysis.
2 Describe and use the following four analytical techniques: horizontal analysis, trend
analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis.
3 Explain the importance of comparisons and trends in financial statement analysis.
4 Prepare and interpret common-size financial statements.
5 Define and compute the various financial ratios discussed in the chapter.
Chicago, IL—Contemporary
Interiors, a Chicago tradition in
Scandinavian furniture and
contemporary design, has
announced a decision to go
national. Although Contempo-
rary Interiors has opened
stores throughout the Midwest
in recent years, the company
has remained a regional busi-
ness with the bulk of its sales
in the greater Chicago area.
Yesterday, however, a company
spokesman announced that
Contemporary Interiors’ Board
of Directors had decided the
time was right to make the
next move. Marc Janson,
spokesman for the firm’s pres-
ident and CEO, pointed to the
strong economy and consumer
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our business,” said Janson.
“Even more important, though,
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cial position. The analysts tell
us that our financial state-
ments look good. Our working
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are all strong. This will be
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cators. The board hasn’t
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in stock. I’m sure they’ll keep a
close eye on the debt-equity
ratio.” When asked where
Contemporary Interiors’ next
store would appear, Janson
replied that New York, Atlanta,
and San Francisco were all
under consideration.
CONTEMPORARY INTERIORS TO GO NATIONAL
Financial statements provide the primary means for managers to communicate about
the financial condition of their organization to outside parties. Managers, investors,
lenders, financial analysts, and government agencies are among the users of financial
statements. Substantial information is conveyed by financial statements about the
financial strength and current performance of an enterprise. Although financial state-
ments are prepared primarily for users outside an organization, managers also find their
organization’s financial statements useful in making decisions. As managers develop
operating plans, they think about how those plans will affect the performance of the
organization, as conveyed by the financial statements. In this chapter, we explore how
to analyze financial statements to glean the most information about an organization.
Overview of Financial Statements
There are four primary financial statements:
1. Balance sheet
2..
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1. 1 | P a g e
M.COM SEMESTER I
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
114-2017
2. 2 | P a g e
Abstract
Finance isconsideredaslife bloodof businessenterprise.Finance is one of the basic foundations of
all kinds of economic activities. The success and survival of any organization depends upon how
efficiently it is able to raise funds as and when needed and their proper utilization. This study is
conducted between two global giants Coca Cola & PepsiCo. This research paper is basically a
comparative financial statement analysis of two well known competitors in beverage industry
dominatingthe global market i.e. Pepsi Co & Coca Cola. Different Financial analysis techniques are
used namely, ratio analysis and comparative financial statements to analyse the performance of
both the companies in terms of solvency, profitability and liquidity.
Keywords: Financial statements, Ratio analysis, Solvency, profitability
3. 3 | P a g e
CHAPTER I
1.1. INTRODUCTION
We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the
financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as
financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purposes.
But the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in
drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial
statements is required.
1.1. A. Meaning of Financial statement Analysis
Financial Statement Analysis is a method of reviewing and analyzing a company’s financial
statements in order to gauge its past, present or projected future performance. This process of
reviewing the financial statements allows for better economic decision making. It uses
financial statements and supplementary statements namely, income statement, balance
sheet, statement of cash flows, and a statement of changes in equity and analyses the
relationship among various factors in order to draw meaningful conclusions to obtain a better
insight into a firm’s financial position and performance. The basic objectives are as follows:
To judge the financial health of the firm
To evaluate the profitability of the enterprise
To gauge the debt servicing capacity of the firm
To understand the long-term and short-term solvency of the firm
To know the return on capital employed or invested
1.1. B. Users of financial statement analysis
The users can be classified into internal and external. Internal users refer to the management
of the company who analyzes financial statements in order to make decisions related to the
operations of the company. On the other hand, external users do not necessarily belong to the
company but still hold some sort of financial interest. These include owners, investors,
creditors, government, employees, customers, and the general public. These users are
elaborated on below:
Investors and potential investors are interested in their potential profits and the
security of their investment. Future profits may be estimated from the target
company's past performance as shown in the income statement. The security of their
investment will be revealed by the financial strength and solvency of the company as
shown in the statement of financial position and depending on company’s
performance, they will make decision either to hold onto their stock, sell it or buy
more.
Suppliers are interested in knowing if a company will be able to honour its payments
as they become due. They use cash flow analysis of the company’s accounting records
to measure the company’s liquidity, or its ability to make short-term payments.
4. 4 | P a g e
Lenders need to know if they will be repaid. This will depend on the solvency of the
company, which should be revealed by the statement of financial position. Long-term
loans may also be backed by 'security' given by the business over specific assets. The
value of these assets will be indicated in the statement of financial position.
Government agencies need to know how the economy is performing in order to plan
financial and industrial policies. The tax authorities also use financial statements as a
basis for assessing the amount of tax payable by a business.
Employees and trade union representatives need to know if an employer can offer
secure employment and possible pay rises. They will also have a keen interest in the
salaries and benefits enjoyed by senior management.
Customers need to know that a company can continue to supply them into the future.
This is especially true if the customer is dependent on a company for specialised
supplies.
The public may wish to assess the effect of the company on the economy, local
environment and local community. Companies may contribute to their local economy
and community through providing employment and business for local suppliers. Some
companies also run corporate responsibility programmes through which they support
the environment, economy and community by, for example supporting recycling
schemes.
1.1. C. Methods of Analyzing Financial Statements:
For analysis of financial statements, they should be rearranged to reveal the relative
significance and effect of various items of data in relation to time period and for making
inter-firm comparisons. While rearranging the data, logical relationship and sequence should
be given consideration. The analysis of financial statements will help in interpretation and
logical conclusions. The important methods are as follows:
a. Comparative Financial Statements:
Comparative financial statements are statements of financial positions at different
periods of time. It is a statement which studies the magnitude and direction of changes
in financial position and performances of a company over a period of time. It provides
meaningful information when compared to the similar data of prior periods. The
comparative statement of income statements enables to review the operational
performance and to draw conclusions, whereas the balance sheets, presenting a
change in the financial position during the period, show the effects of operations on
the assets and liabilities. Comparative financial statements reveal the following:
Absolute data (money values)
Increase or decrease in absolute data in terms of money values
Increase or decrease in absolute data in terms of percentages
Comparison in terms of ratios
Percentage of totals
5. 5 | P a g e
b. Common Size Statements:
The figures of financial statements are converted to percentages. In common size
income statement, the sales figure is taken as 100 and all other figures of costs and
expenses are expressed as percentages to sales. Whereas in common size balance
sheet, the total of asset side or liabilities side is taken as 100 and all the figures of
assets and liabilities, capital and reserves are expressed as proportion to the total i.e.
100. These statements are useful in analysis of the performance of the company by
analysing each individual element to the total figure of the statement.
c. Trend Analysis:
It is an important tool of horizontal analysis. Under this analysis, ratios of different
items of the financial statements for various periods are calculated and the comparison
is made accordingly. The analysis over the prior years indicates the trend or direction.
Trend analysis is a useful tool to know whether the financial health of a business
entity is improving in the course of time or it is deteriorating.
d. Ratio Analysis:
The most popular way to analyze the financial statements is computing ratios. It is an
important and widely used tool of analysis of financial statements. While developing
a meaningful relationship between the individual items or group of items of balance
sheets and income statements, it highlights the key performance indicators, such
as, liquidity, solvency and profitability of a business entity. The tool of ratio analysis
performs in a way that it makes the process of comprehension of financial statements
simpler, at the same time, it reveals a lot about the changes in the financial condition
of a business entity.
6. 6 | P a g e
1.2. INTRODUCTION TO BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
The beverage industry refers to the industry that produces drinks. Although many of the
beverages, including beer, wine and tea, have been around for thousands of years, but the
industry has developed only over the past few centuries.
The beverage industry consists of two major categories and eight sub-groups. The non-
alcoholic category is comprised of soft drink syrup manufacture; soft drink and water bottling
and canning; fruit juices bottling, canning and boxing; the coffee industry and the tea
industry. Alcoholic beverage categories include distilled spirits, wine and brewing.
The beverage products industry, viewed as an aggregate group, is highly fragmented. This is
evident by the number of manufacturers, methods of packaging, production processes and
final products. The soft drink industry is the exception to the rule, as it is quite concentrated.
Since the early 1900s beverage companies have evolved from regional firms that mainly
produced goods for local markets, to today’s corporate giants that make products for
international markets. This shift began when companies in this manufacturing sector adopted
mass production techniques that let them expand. Also during this time period there were
advances in product packaging and processes that greatly increased product shelf life. Air-
tight containers for tea prevented absorption of moisture, which is the principle cause of loss
of flavour. In addition, the advent of refrigeration equipment enabled lager beers to be
brewed during the summer months.
The beverage industry employs several million people worldwide, and each type of beverage
grosses billions of dollars in revenue each year. Indeed, in several small, developing
countries, the production of coffee is the major support of the entire economy.
Beverage
Non- Alchoholic
Non- Carbonated
Tea,Coffee,Fruit
juices
Carbonated
Soda, Soft drinks,
Energy drinks
Alchoholic
Fermented Beer, Wine
Distilled
Whiskey,Vodka,
Rum
7. 7 | P a g e
1.3. COMPANY PROFILES
THE COCA COLA COMPANY
The Coca-Cola Company is a beverage company. The Company owns or licenses and
markets non-alcoholic beverage brands, primarily sparkling beverages and a range of still
beverages, such as waters, flavoured waters and enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks,
ready-to-drink teas and coffees, sports drinks, dairy and energy drinks. The Company's
segments include Europe, Middle East and Africa; Latin America; North America; Asia
Pacific; Bottling Investments, and Corporate. The Company owns and markets a range of
non-alcoholic sparkling beverage brands, including Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite.
The Company owns or licenses and markets over 500 non-alcoholic beverage brands. The
Company markets, manufactures and sells beverage concentrates, which are referred to as
beverage bases, and syrups, including fountain syrups, and finished sparkling and still
beverages.
Name The Coca Cola Company
Industry Beverage
Area served Worldwide
Founders John Pemberton as Coca-Cola
Asa Griggs Candler as The Coca-Cola
Company
Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Chairperson Muhtar Kent
Revenue US$41.863 billion (2016)
Employees 123,200 (2016)
Website Coca-ColaCompany.com
PEPSICO
PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack, and beverage corporation. PepsiCo
has interests in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods,
beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-
Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake
product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which included
an acquisition of Tropicana Products in 1998 and the Quaker Oats Company in 2001, which
added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio.
Name PepsiCo
Industry Beverages and Food processing
Area served Worldwide
Founders Caleb Bradham
Headquarters Purchase, New York, U.S.
Chairperson Indra Nooyi
Revenue US$62.799 billion (2016)
Employees 246,000 (2016)
Website PepsiCo.com
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1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyse, compare and interpret the
financial performance of The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo. The study is based on
secondary data that has been collected from annual reports of the respective company,
magazines, journals, documents, online database and other published information. The study
covers the period of 3 years i.e. 2014, 2015 and 2016. To analyze the data the tools like ratio
analysis and comparative statement analysis are applied for the study for evaluating the
financial performance and better controlling the activities of the company.
1.5. OBJECTIVES
To assess the profitability.
To assess short and long-term solvency.
To judge the utilization of its resources.
To analyze the financial performance of the selected companies.
1.6. SCOPE
This study is vital because just earning profit is not enough, a business should earn sufficient
profit to cover its cost of capital and create surplus to grow. So finding the surplus profit is
made essential. Study aim to analyze the liquidity, profitability, solvency position of the firm
and efficiency which it converts its resources into service.
1.7. LIMITATION
Due to constraints of time and resources, the study is likely to suffer from certain limitations.
Some of these are mentioned here under so that the findings of the study may be understood
in a proper perspective. The limitations of the study are:
The secondary data was taken from the annual reports of the company. It may be
possible that the data shown in the annual reports may be window dressed which does
not show the actual position of the company.
The financial analysis is limited to three years i.e. 2014, 2015 and 2016.
1.8. COLLECTION OF DATA
Data for this project is collected through Secondary sources which are as follows:
Annual reports of the selected companies from the 2014 to 2016
Reference Books: Theory relating to the subject matter and various concepts taken
from various financial reference books.
The study contains secondary data i.e. data from books, authenticated websites and journals
for the latest updates just to gain an insight for the views of various experts.
1.9. TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS
The study uses graphical presentation for analysing and interpreting the data.
9. 9 | P a g e
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Agarwal, Nidhi (2015) the study focus on the comparative financial performance of Maruti
Suzuki and Tata motors ltd. The financial data and information required for the study are
drawn from the annual reports of companies. The liquidity and leverage analysis of both the
firms are done. To analyze the leverage position four ratios are considered namely, capital
gearing, debt-equity, total debt and proprietary ratio. The result shows that Tata motors ltd
has to increase the portion of proprietor’s fund in business to improve long term solvency
position.
Rapheal Nisha (2013) the author tries to evaluate the financial performance of Indian tyre
industry. The study was conducted for period 2003-04 to 2011-12 to analyze the performance
with financial indicators, sales trend, export trend, production trend etc. The result suggests
the key to success in industry is to improve labour productivity and capital efficiency.
Dr. Miss Kailash P. Damor (2002) has done research on “A comparative analysis of
profitability trends in co-operative sugar industry of India”. In her research she has given
clear idea about profit and profitability. Profitability is related with two words, Profit and
Ability. We discuss the word profit in many senses but the word profit is used as per its
purpose, where as the ability shows the capability of earning profit from business.
Profitability also shows our capacity of how much return we can give to our investors on their
investment.
Rao and Chandar have made attempt to assess the financial efficiency of cement companies
for the period from 1970-71 to 1977-78 which covers 70% of entire industries. They found
out that the profitability of selected companies had decreased continuously from 1970-71 to
1974-75 owing to causes such as inflationary pressure in the country, continuous fall in
capacity utilization due to drastic power - cuts and shortage of coal, oil and wagon. The
profitability increased in 1975-76 because of appreciable increase in the sales.
Harrison (2003) conducted study and argued that financial ratio analyses are very useful.
During his study he found that financial ratios analysis are also effective in automobile
industry, it guide governing body to determine effective and efficient strategies and identify
the weak areas which need attention.
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CHAPTER III
INTRODUCTION TO RATIO ANALYSIS
3.1. CONCEPTOF RATIO ANALYSIS
Managers and investors use a number of different tools and comparisons to tell whether a company is
doing well and whether it is worth investing in. The most common ways people analyse a company's
performance are horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis. Horizontal and vertical
analysis compare a company's performance over time and to a base or set of standard performance
numbers whereas a financial ratio helps to express the relationship between two accounting figures in
such a way that users can draw conclusions about the performance, strengths and weakness of a firm.
It is an important tool of financial analysis. The ratio indicates quantitative relationship which is used
for analysis and decision making. It helps the management to analyse the past performance of the firm
and to make further projections. It allows interested parties like shareholders, investors, creditors,
government and analyst to make an evaluation of certain aspects of a firm’s performance. It is helpful
to know about the liquidity, solvency, capital structure and profitability of an organization.
Ratio analysis is extremely helpful in providing valuable insight into a company’s financial picture.
Ratios normally pinpoint a business firm’s strengths and weakness in two ways:
Ratios provide an easy way to compare present performance with the past.
Ratios depict the areas in which a particular business is competitively advantaged or
disadvantaged through comparing ratios to those of other businesses of the same size within
the same industry.
The rationale of ratio analysis lies in the fact that it makes related information comparable. A single figure by
itself has no meaning but when expressed in terms ofarelated figure, it yields significant understanding.
3.2. CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS
The ratio analysis is grouped under four broad categories according to financial activity or
function be evaluated.
1. Liquidity Ratio
2. Leverage Ratio
3. Activity or Turnover Ratio
4. Profitability Ratio
3.2.1 LIQUIDITY RATIO
Liquidity means ability of the business to meet its short term obligations, usually for a period
of one year. Liquidity is a prerequisite for the survival of the firm. These ratios are used to
assess the short-term financial position of the concern. They indicate the firm’s ability to
meet its current obligation out of the current resources. Excess liquidity, though a guarantor
of solvency would reflect lower profitability, deterioration in managerial efficiency etc.
Whereas too little liquidity may lead missing of profitable business opportunities, reduced
rate of return. A proper balance between two contradictory requirements, that is, liquidity and
profitability, is required for efficient financial management. Liquidity ratio can be further
classified as follows:
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3.2.1. a. CURRENT RATIO
This ratio explains the relationship between the current assets and current liabilities of a
business. ‘Current assets’ includes those assets which can be converted into cash with in a
year’s time. ‘Current liabilities’ include those liabilities which are repayable in a year’s time.
A current ratio of 2:1 is supposed to be an ideal ratio. It means that current assets of a
business should, at least, be twice of its current liabilities. The higher ratio indicates the better
liquidity position; the firm will be able to pay its current liabilities more easily. But a very
high ratio will have adverse impact on the profitability of the company. A high current ratio
may be due to the piling up of the inventory, inefficiency in collection of debtors, high
balances in cash and bank accounts without proper investment etc. If the ratio is less than 2:1,
it indicates lack of liquidity and shortage of working capital.
Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities
3.2.1. b. QUICK RATIO
One Key problem with the current ratio is that it assumes that all current assets can be
converted in to cash in order to meet short-term obligations. We know this assumption highly
untrue. Firms carry current assets, such as inventory and pre-paid expenses which cannot be
converted into cash quickly. To correct this problem, the quick asset ratio (QAR) removes
from current assets less liquid current assets, such as inventory and pre-paid expenses, which
cannot be converted into cash quickly. The quick ratio, also called the acid test ratio. It
indicates the extent to which current liabilities can be paid off through liquid current assets. A
quick ratio of 1:1 indicates highly solvent position.
Quick ratio = Quick assets/ Current liabilities
Quick assets = Current assets – (Inventory + prepaid expenses)
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 0.92 1.13 1.18
Coca Cola 0.97 1.16 1.15
3.2.1. c. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO
This ratio explains the relationship between absolute liquid to current liabilities. The ideal
absolute liquid ratio is taken as 1:2.
Absolute Liquid Ratio = Absolute Liquid Assets / Current liabilities
Absolute liquid assets = Cash and Cash equivalents + Short term Investments
Year 2014 2015 2016
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 1.14 1.31 1.28
Coca Cola 1.02 1.24 1.28
12. 12 | P a g e
PepsiCo 0.48 0.68 0.76
Coca Cola 0.67 0.74 0.84
3.2.2. LEVERAGE RATIO
Leverage Ratios measure the ability of the firm to meet the cost of interest and repayment
capacity of its long-term loans. Following are some of the ratios:
3.2.2. a. DEBT EQUITY RATIO
This ratio expresses the relationship between long term debts and shareholder’s fund. Long
term debt includes debentures, mortgage loan, bank loan, loans from financial institutions and
public deposits etc. Shareholders fund includes common stocks, capital surplus, retained
earnings, treasury stock and other equity. If the ratio is increasing, it indicates that the
company is being financed by creditors rather than from its own financial sources which may
be a dangerous trend. An organization having stable profit can afford to operate on a
relatively high debt-equity ratio. Lenders usually prefer low debt-to-equity ratios because
their interests are better protected against possible losses in the events of liquidation. Thus,
companies with high debt-to-equity ratios may not be able to attract additional lending
capital. Also if the proportion of debt to equity is low, a company is said to be low geared and
vice versa.
Debt Equity ratio = Long term debt / Shareholders funds
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 1.36 2.42 2.67
Coca Cola 0.63 1.11 1.29
3.2.2. b. PROPRIETARY RATIO
In this ratio, the relationship is established between shareholder’s funds and the total assets. A
higher proprietary ratio is generally treated as an indicator of sound financial position from
long term point of view, because it means that the firm is less dependent on external sources
of finance. And a reduction in shareholder’s equity signalling over dependence on outside
sources for long term financial needs and this carries the risk of higher levels of gearing. This
ratio indicates the degree to which unsecured creditors are protected against loss in the event
of liquidation. Shareholders fund includes common stocks, capital surplus, retained earnings,
treasury stock and other equity.
Proprietary ratio = Shareholder’s funds/ Total assets
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 0.25 0.17 0.15
Coca Cola 0.33 0.28 0.26
3.2.2. c. FINANCIAL LEVERAGE RATIO
This ratio indicates the effects on earnings by rise of fixed cost funds. It refers to the use of
debt in the capital structure. Financial leverage arises when a firm deploys debt funds with
13. 13 | P a g e
fixed charge. The higher the ratio, the lower the cushion for paying interest on borrowings. A
low ratio indicates a low interest outflow and consequently lower borrowings. A high ratio is
risky and constitutes a strain on profits. The financial leverage is an indicator of
responsiveness of firm’s EPS to the changes in its profit before interest and tax. It indicates
the use of earnings in making payments for fixed interest and fixed dividend bearing
securities.
Financial Leverage = EBIT/ EBT
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 1.10 1.13 1.16
Coca Cola 1.05 1.08 1.09
3.2.3 TURNOVER RATIO
This ratio measures how effectively the firm employs its resources. Since the ratios are
calculated on the bases of ‘cost of sales’ or sales, therefore, these ratios are called turnover
ratio. Turnover indicates the speed or number of times the capital employed has been rotated
in the process of doing business. Higher turnover ratio indicates the better use of capital or
resources and in turn leads to higher profitability.
3.2.3. a. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO
A considerable amount of a company’s capital may be tied up in the financing of raw
materials, work-in-progress and finished goods. It is important to ensure that the level of
stocks is kept as low as possible, consistent with the need to fulfil customer’s orders in time.
The inventory turnover ratio measures how times a company’s inventory has been sold
during the year. If the inventory turnover ratio has decreased from the past, it means that
either the inventory is growing or sales are dropping. Higher the ratio, the better it is, since it
indicates that stock is selling quickly. Low inventory turnover has impact on the liquidity of
the business.
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold/ Average inventory at cost
Average inventory at cost = (Opening stock + Closing stock) / 2
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 9.94 10.56 10.36
Coca Cola 5.77 6.02 6.16
****Note: Since details about opening and closing stock are not given, Inventory is assumed
as average inventory at cost****
3.2.4. PROFITABILTY RATIO
The profitability ratio measures the company’s ability to generate profits from its operations
and also helps to discover whether profitability is increasing or decreasing. The profitability
of the firm is the net result of a large number of policies and decisions. The profitability ratio
14. 14 | P a g e
shows the combined effects of liquidity, asset management and debt management on
operating results. Profitability ratios are measured with the reference sales, capital employed,
total assets employed, shareholders funds etc. Following are some of the ratios:
3.2.4. a. GROSS PROFIT RATIO
The gross profit or gross profit margin (GPM) shows the firm`s profit margin after deducting
costs of goods sold but before deducting operating expenses, interest expenses, and taxes.
The higher the gross profit ratio, the better it is. No ideal standard is fixed for this ratio, but
the gross profit ratio should be adequate enough not only to cover the operating expenses but
also to provide for depreciation, interest on loans, dividends and creation of reserves. The
GPM depends primarily on the firm`s product pricing and cost control. The price of the
product impacts sales. Production cost such as material, labour, and overhead or the cost of
purchases affect the cost of goods sold. A firm with a better ability to price products in line
with inflation of cost of production and the ability to control production costs or suppliers
will be able to maintain or increase gross margins.
Gross Profit ratio = Gross profit/ Net sales *100
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 53.15% 54.43% 55.08%
Coca Cola 61.11% 60.53% 60.67%
3.2.4. b. OPERATING PROFIT RATIO
The operating profit or operating profit margin (OPM) shows the firm`s profit margin after
deducting cost of goods sold and operating expenses but before interest expenses and taxes.
The OPM reflects the true profitability of firm`s business in that it is calculated before
deducting interest costs, which are a result from firm`s financing decision, and taxes, which
are outside the control of the firm. In other words, regardless of the way the firm is financed,
whether through debt or equity, and regardless of the taxes imposed by the government, the
firm is able to earn this margin.
Operating Profit ratio = Operating profit/ Net sales *100
Year 2014 2015 2016
PepsiCo 14.37% 13.25% 15.58%
Coca Cola 21.11% 19.70% 20.61%
15. 15 | P a g e
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
RATIOS IN TABULAR FORMAT
Serial
no.
Types of Ratios Year
2014 2015 2016
1. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
1.1 Current Ratio 1.14 1.31 1.28
1.2 Quick Ratio 0.92 1.13 1.18
1.3 Absolute Liquid Ratio 0.48 0.68 0.76
2. LEVERAGE RATIOS
2.1 Debt-equity Ratio 1.36 2.42 2.67
2.2 Equity/Proprietary Ratio 0.25 0.17 0.15
2.3 Financial Leverage Ratio 1.10 1.13 1.16
3. TURNOVER RATIO
3.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio 9.94 10.56 10.36
4. PROFITABILTY
RATIO
4.1 Gross Profit Ratio 53.15% 54.43% 55.08%
4.2 Operating Profit Ratio 14.37% 13.25% 15.58%
Serial
no.
Types of Ratios Year
2014 2015 2016
1. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
1.1 Current Ratio 1.02 1.24 1.28
1.2 Quick Ratio 0.97 1.16 1.15
1.3 Absolute Liquid Ratio 0.67 0.74 0.84
2. LEVERAGE RATIOS
2.1 Debt-equity Ratio 0.63 1.11 1.29
16. 16 | P a g e
1. LIQUIDITY RATIO:
A) Current Ratio
Interpretation: The above chart depicts that the current ratios of PepsiCo is slightly
fluctuating for the three consecutive years, whereas the current ratios of coca cola are
gradually increasing. In the year 2014 and 2015 we see that PepsiCo’s current ratio is
comparatively higher than coca cola, but in the year 2016 the ratio of both companies are
same. We can also see that both the companies do not satisfy the ideal ratio of 2:1.
1.14
1.31 1.28
1.02
1.24 1.28
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
2014 2015 2016
Figure 1.1
Current Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
2.2 Equity/Proprietary Ratio 0.33 0.28 0.26
2.3 Financial Leverage Ratio 1.05 1.08 1.09
3. TURNOVER RATIO
3.1 Inventory Turnover Ratio 5.77 6.02 6.16
4. PROFITABILITY
RATIO
4.1 Gross Profit Ratio 61.11% 60.53% 60.67%
4.2 Operating Profit Ratio 21.11% 19.70% 20.61%
17. 17 | P a g e
B) Quick Ratio
Interpretation: In the above chart we observe that the quick ratios of PepsiCo show a gradual
increase for the three consecutive years. Whereas the ratios of the coca cola company show
an increasing trend from the year 2014 to 2015, but in the year 2016 the ratio has very
slightly decreased by 0.01. The ideal quick ratio of 1:1 is not satisfied by both the companies
in the year 2014. But in the year 2015 and 2016 both the companies have quick ratio greater
than 1 which means they have sufficient quick assets to meet their current liabilities.
C) Absolute Liquid Ratio
Interpretation: The above chart depicts that the absolute ratios of both the companies are
increasing. We can also conclude that coca cola has higher absolute liquid assets to meet its
current liabilities for all the three years. We can also observe that the ratios of coca cola are
increasing gradually while the ratio of PepsiCo from the year 2014 to 2015 has increased by
0.20 and later in the year 2016 it is slightly increased by 0.08. Both the companies do not
satisfy the ideal ratio of 1:2. Hence both the company’s liquidity position is not good.
0.92
1.13 1.18
0.97
1.16 1.15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
2014 2015 2016
Figure1.3
Quick Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
0.48
0.68
0.76
0.67
0.74
0.84
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
2014 2015 2016
Figure 1.2
Absolute Liquid Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
18. 18 | P a g e
2. LEVERAGE RATIO
A) Debt Equity Ratio
Interpretation: In the above chart we see that PepsiCo has higher debt equity ratio compared
to coca cola. This indicates that PepsiCo is being financed by creditors rather than from its
own financial sources and also the company is said to be high geared. On the contrary, coca
cola has lower debt equity ratio indicating that its dependence on the external sources of
finance is comparatively lower than PepsiCo and thus said to be low geared. We can also
observe that the debt equity ratio of PepsiCo is twice the ratio of coca cola for the year 2015
and 2016.
B) Proprietary Ratio
Interpretation: From the above chart we see that both the company’s proprietary ratios are
declining. The chart also depicts that coca cola has high proprietary ratio compared to
1.36
2.42
2.67
0.63
1.11
1.29
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2014 2015 2016
Figure 2.1
Debt Equity Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
0.25
0.17
0.15
0.33
0.28
0.26
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
2014 2015 2016
Figure 2.2
ProprietaryRatio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
19. 19 | P a g e
PepsiCo which indicates sound financial position and lesser dependence on external sources
of finance. On the contrary, PepsiCo has to rely or depend on outside sources of finance to
meets its long-term financial needs, hence carrying a risk of higher levels of gearing which
PepsiCo can have advantage over coca cola.
C) Financial Leverage Ratio
Interpretation: From the above chart we see that PepsiCo has high financial leverage ratio
compared to coca cola. This indicates more use of earnings in making payments for fixed
interest on debt funds which is risky and constitutes a strain on profits. Whereas coca cola has
lower ratio that indicates a low interest outflow and consequently lower borrowing. Both the
companies show an increasing trend in financial leverage ratio.
1.1
1.13
1.16
1.05
1.08
1.09
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
2014 2015 2016
Figure 2.3
Financial Leverage Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
20. 20 | P a g e
3. TURNOVER RATIO
A) Inventory Turnover Ratio
Interpretation: The inventory turnover ratios of both the companies show a fluctuating trend.
PepsiCo has higher inventory turnover ratio compared to coca cola which indicates that the
stock is selling quickly. It also indicates effective utilization of capital or resources. Coca cola
has low inventory turnover ratio for all the three consecutive years and hence this will impact
the liquidity of the coca cola’s business.
4. PROFITABILITY RATIO
A) Gross Profit Ratio
9.94
10.56 10.36
5.77 6.02 6.16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2014 2015 2016
Figure 3.1
Inventory Turnover Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
53.15%
54.43%
55.08%
61.11%
60.53% 60.67%
48.00%
50.00%
52.00%
54.00%
56.00%
58.00%
60.00%
62.00%
2014 2015 2016
Figure 4.1
Gross Profit Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
21. 21 | P a g e
Interpretation: The gross profit ratio of coca cola shows a fluctuating trend whereas the GP
ratios in case of PepsiCo show an increasing trend. But the GP ratio of Coca cola is higher
which indicates that the product pricing and cost control is better compared to PepsiCo.
B) Operating Profit Ratio
Interpretation: In the above chart, both the companies depict a fluctuating trend. The
operating profit of coca cola is higher in the three consecutive years compared to PepsiCo.
Higher the ratio better it is.
14.37%
13.25%
15.58%
21.11%
19.70% 20.61%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
2014 2015 2016
Figure 4.2
Operating Profit Ratio
PEPSICO
COCA COLA
22. 22 | P a g e
Comparative Balance Sheet of Coca Cola for the year ending 31/12/2016
Period Ending:
(Values in 000’s in
USD)
12/31/2015 12/31/2016 Increase or
Decrease
Percentage
change
Current Assets
Cash and Cash
Equivalents
73,09,000 85,55,000 12,46,000 17.05
Short-Term
Investments
125,91,000 136,46,000 10,55,000 8.38
Net Receivables 39,41,000 38,56,000 (85,000) (2.16)
Inventory 29,02,000 26,75,000 (2,27,000) (7.82)
Other Current
Assets
66,52,000 52,78,000 (13,74,000) (20.66)
Total Current
Assets
333,95,000 340,10,000 6,15,000 1.84
Long-Term Assets
Long-Term
Investments
157,88,000 172,49,000 14,61,000 9.25
Fixed Assets 125,71,000 106,35,000 (19,36,000) (15.40)
Goodwill 112,89,000 106,29,000 (6,60,000) (5.85)
Intangible Assets 128,43,000 104,99,000 (23,44,000) (18.25)
Other Assets 41,10,000 42,48,000 1,38,000 3.36
Deferred Asset
Charges
- - - -
Total Assets 899,96,000 872,70,000 (27,26,000) (3.03)
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable 99,91,000 97,97,000 (1,94,000) (1.94)
Short-Term Debt /
Current Portion of
Long-Term Debt
158,05,000 160,25,000 2,20,000 1.39
Other Current
Liabilities
11,33,000 7,10,000 (4,23,000) (37.33)
Total Current
Liabilities
269,29,000 265,32,000 (3,97,000) (1.47)
Long-Term Debt 283,11,000 296,84,000 13,73,000 4.85
Other Liabilities 43,01,000 40,81,000 (2,20,000) (5.12)
Deferred Liability
Charges
46,91,000 37,53,000 (9,38,000) (20.00)
Misc. Stocks - - - -
Minority Interest 2,10,000 1,58,000 (52,000) (24.76)
Total Liabilities 644,42,000 642,08,000 (2,34,000) (0.36)
Stock Holders Equity
Common Stocks 17,60,000 17,60,000 - -
Capital Surplus 140,16,000 149,93,000 9,77,000 6.97
Retained Earnings 650,18,000 655,02,000 4,84,000 0.74
23. 23 | P a g e
Treasury Stock -450,66,000 -479,88,000 29,22,000 6.48
Other Equity -101,74,000 -112,05,000 10,31,000 10.13
Total Equity 255,54,000 230,62,000 (24,92,000) (9.75)
Total Liabilities &
Equity
899,96,000 872,70,000 (27,26,000) (3.03)
Interpretation: The absolute liquid asset (cash and cash equivalents + short term investment) has
increased by 25.43%. Whereas the net receivable, inventory and other current assets has decreased.
The long term investments have increased whereas fixed assets,intangible assets and goodwill has
decreased. There is also increase in short and long term debt. The overall financial performance of the
company is fairly satisfactory.
Comparative Income statement of Coca Cola for the year ending 31/12/2016
Period Ending:
(Values in 000’s in USD)
12/31/2015 12/31/2016 Increase or
Decrease
Percentage
change
Total Revenue 442,94,000 418,63,000 (24,31,000) (5.49)
Cost ofRevenue 174,82,000 164,65,000 (10,17,000) (5.82)
Gross Profit 268,12,000 253,98,000 (14,14,000) (5.27)
Operating Expenses
Research and Development - - - -
Sales, General and Admin. 180,84,000 167,72,000 (13,12,000) (7.26)
Non-Recurring Items - - - -
Other Operating Items - - - -
Operating Income 87,28,000 86,26,000 (1,02,000) (1.17)
Add'l income/expense items 12,44,000 -5,92,000 (18,36,000) (147.59)
Earnings Before Interest and Tax 104,61,000 88,69,000 (15,92,000) (15.22)
Interest Expense 8,56,000 7,33,000 (1,23,000) (14.37)
Earnings Before Tax 96,05,000 81,36,000 (14,69,000) (15.29)
Income Tax 22,39,000 15,86,000 (6,53,000) (29.16)
Minority Interest -15,000 -23,000 8,000 53.33
Equity Earnings/Loss
Unconsolidated Subsidiary
4,89,000 8,35,000 3,46,000 70.76
Net Income-Cont. Operations 78,40,000 73,62,000 (4,78,000) (6.10)
Net Income 73,51,000 65,27,000 (8,24,000) (11.21)
Net Income Applicable to
Common Shareholders
73,51,000 65,27,000 (8,24,000) (11.21)
Interpretation: The gross profit of the company has decreased by 5.27% along with decrease in net
profit of the company. The overall financial performance of the company is not satisfactory since the
company has incurred losses.
24. 24 | P a g e
Comparative Balance Sheet of PepsiCo for the year ending 31/12/2016
Period Ending:
(Values in 000’s in
USD)
12/26/2015 12/31/2016 Increase or
Decrease
Percentage
change
Current Assets
Cash and Cash
Equivalents
90,96,000 91,58,000 62,000 0.68
Short-Term
Investments
29,13,000 69,67,000 40,54,000 139.17
Net Receivables 64,37,000 66,94,000 2,57,000 3.99
Inventory 27,20,000 27,23,000 3,000 0.11
Other Current Assets 18,65,000 15,47,000 (3,18,000) (17.05)
Total Current Assets 230,31,000 270,89,000 40,58,000 17.62
Long-Term Assets
Long-Term
Investments
23,11,000 19,50,000 (3,61,000) (15.62)
Fixed Assets 163,17,000 165,91,000 2,74,000 1.68
Goodwill 141,77,000 144,30,000 2,53,000 1.78
Intangible Assets 130,81,000 134,33,000 3,52,000 2.69
Other Assets 7,50,000 6,36,000 (1,14,000) (15.20)
Deferred Asset
Charges
- - - -
Total Assets 696,67,000 741,29,000 44,62,000 6.40
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable 135,07,000 142,43,000 7,36,000 5.45
Short-Term Debt /
Current Portion of
Long-Term Debt
40,71,000 68,92,000 28,21,000 69.30
Other Current
Liabilities
- - - -
Total Current
Liabilities
175,78,000 211,35,000 35,57,000 20.24
Long-Term Debt 292,13,000 300,53,000 8,40,000 2.88
Other Liabilities 58,87,000 66,69,000 7,82,000 13.28
Deferred Liability
Charges
49,59,000 50,73,000 1,14,000 2.30
Misc. Stocks -1,45,000 -1,51,000 6,000 4.14
Minority Interest 1,07,000 1,04,000 (3,000) (2.80)
Total Liabilities 575,99,000 628,83,000 52,84,000 9.17
Stock Holders Equity
Common Stocks 24,000 24,000 - -
Capital Surplus 40,76,000 40,91,000 15,000 0.37
Retained Earnings 504,72,000 525,18,000 20,46,000 4.05
Treasury Stock -291,85,000 -314,68,000 22,83,000 7.82
Other Equity -133,19,000 -139,19,000 6,00,000 4.50
25. 25 | P a g e
Total Equity 120,68,000 112,46,000 (8,22,000) (6.81)
Total Liabilities &
Equity
696,67,000 741,29,000 44,62,000 6.40
Interpretation: The short term investment has increased by 139.17%. Fixed assets,goodwill and
intangible assets have been increased by 6.15%. The total liability of the company has increased by
9.17%.
Comparative Income statement of PepsiCo for the year ending 31/12/2016
Period Ending:
(Values in 000’s in USD)
12/26/2015 12/31/2016 Increase or
Decrease
Percentage
change
Total Revenue 630,56,000 627,99,000 (2,57,000) (0.41)
Cost ofRevenue 287,31,000 282,09,000 (5,22,000) (1.82)
Gross Profit 343,25,000 345,90,000 2,65,000 0.77
Operating Expenses
Research and
Development
- - - -
Sales, General and
Admin.
245,38,000 247,35,000 1,97,000 0.80
Non-Recurring Items 13,59,000 - (13,59,000) (100.00)
Other Operating Items 75,000 70,000 (5,000) (6.67)
Operating Income 83,53,000 97,85,000 14,32,000 17.14
Add'l income/expense
items
59,000 1,10,000 51,000 86.44
Earnings Before Interest
and Tax
84,12,000 98,95,000 14,83,000 17.63
Interest Expense 9,70,000 13,42,000 3,72,000 38.35
Earnings Before Tax 74,42,000 85,53,000 11,11,000 14.93
Income Tax 19,41,000 21,74,000 2,33,000 12.00
Minority Interest -49,000 -50,000 1,000 2.04
Equity Earnings/Loss
Unconsolidated
Subsidiary
- - - -
Net Income-Cont.
Operations
54,52,000 63,29,000 8,77,000 16.09
Net Income 54,52,000 63,29,000 8,77,000 16.09
Net Income Applicable
to Common
Shareholders
54,52,000 63,29,000 8,77,000 16.09
Interpretation: The gross and net profit of the company has increased which is a good sign. The non-
recurring items has decreased by 100%.
26. 26 | P a g e
CHAPTER V
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
Analysis and interpretation of financial statements is an important tool in assessing
company’s performance. It reveals the strengths and weaknesses of a firm. It helps the clients
to decide in which firm the risk is less or in which one they should invest so that maximum
benefit can be earned. It is known that investing in any company involves a lot of risk. So
before putting up money in any company one must have thorough knowledge about its past
records and performances. Based on the data available the trend of the company can be
predicted in near future. This project of financial analysis & interpretation in the production
concern is not merely a work of the project but a brief knowledge and experience of that how
to analyze the financial performance of the firm. The study undertaken has brought in to the
light of the following conclusions.
Both the companies i.e. PepsiCo and Coca cola do not satisfy the ideal current ratio of 2:1
indicating lack of liquidity and shortage of working capital. The companies need to improve
their current ratio in order to meet their current liabilities.
The ideal quick ratio of 1:1 is not satisfied by both the companies in the year 2014. But in the
year 2015 and 2016 both the companies have quick ratio greater than 1 which means they
have sufficient quick assets to meet their current liabilities.
Both the companies do not satisfy the ideal absolute liquid ratio of 1:2. Hence both the
company’s liquidity position is not good. The overall liquidity position of both the companies
is quite satisfactory but the companies still need to work on improving their current ratio and
absolute liquid ratio as liquidity is a prerequisite for the survival of any company.
PepsiCo has higher debt equity ratio compared to coca cola. This indicates that PepsiCo is
being financed by creditors rather than from its own financial sources and also the company
is said to be high geared and vice versa. The debt equity ratio of PepsiCo is twice the ratio of
coca cola for the year 2015 and 2016. Debt equity ratio of both the companies shows an
increasing trend. PepsiCo should aim at lowering this ratio as Lenders usually prefer low
debt-to-equity ratios because their interests are better protected against possible losses in the
events of liquidation. Thus, companies with high debt-to-equity ratios may not be able to
attract additional lending capital.
Coca cola has high proprietary ratio compared to PepsiCo indicating a strong financial
position of the business. The higher the ratio, the better it is.
PepsiCo has high financial leverage ratio compared to coca cola because the debt equity ratio
of PepsiCo is also high. This indicates more use of earnings in making payments for fixed
interest on debt funds which is risky and constitutes a strain on profits.
PepsiCo has higher inventory turnover ratio compared to coca cola which indicates that the
stock is selling quickly. It also indicates effective utilization of capital or resources. The low
27. 27 | P a g e
inventory turnover ratio of the coca cola compared to PepsiCo indicates that it will impact the
liquidity of the coca cola’s business.
GP ratio of Coca cola is higher which indicates that the product pricing and cost control is
better compared to PepsiCo. Also the operating profit ratio of coca cola is higher in the three
consecutive years compared to PepsiCo. Higher the ratio better it is.
28. 28 | P a g e
BIBLOGRAPHY
Website
www.nasqad.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.com
www.scribd.com
http://www.irjcjournals.org/
http://www.encyclopedia.com
Reference
Financial management by Ravi M. Kishore
29. 29 | P a g e
Annexure
Balance sheet of Coca cola
Period Ending: Trend 12/31/2016 12/31/2015 12/31/2014 12/31/2013
Current Assets
Cash and Cash
Equivalents
$8,555,000 $7,309,000 $8,958,000 $10,414,000
Short-Term
Investments
$13,646,000 $12,591,000 $12,717,000 $9,854,000
Net Receivables $3,856,000 $3,941,000 $4,466,000 $4,873,000
Inventory $2,675,000 $2,902,000 $3,100,000 $3,277,000
Other Current Assets $5,278,000 $6,652,000 $3,745,000 $2,886,000
Total Current
Assets
$34,010,000 $33,395,000 $32,986,000 $31,304,000
Long-Term Assets
Long-Term
Investments
$17,249,000 $15,788,000 $13,625,000 $11,512,000
Fixed Assets $10,635,000 $12,571,000 $14,633,000 $14,967,000
Goodwill $10,629,000 $11,289,000 $12,100,000 $12,312,000
Intangible Assets $10,499,000 $12,843,000 $14,272,000 $15,299,000
Other Assets $4,248,000 $4,110,000 $4,407,000 $4,661,000
Deferred Asset
Charges
$0 $0 $0 $0
Total Assets $87,270,000 $89,996,000 $92,023,000 $90,055,000
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable $9,797,000 $9,991,000 $9,634,000 $9,886,000
Short-Term Debt /
Current Portion of
Long-Term Debt
$16,025,000 $15,805,000 $22,682,000 $17,925,000
Other Current
Liabilities
$710,000 $1,133,000 $58,000 $0
Total Current
Liabilities
$26,532,000 $26,929,000 $32,374,000 $27,811,000
Long-Term Debt $29,684,000 $28,311,000 $19,063,000 $19,154,000
Other Liabilities $4,081,000 $4,301,000 $4,389,000 $3,498,000
Deferred Liability
Charges
$3,753,000 $4,691,000 $5,636,000 $6,152,000
Misc. Stocks $0 $0 $0 $0
Minority Interest $158,000 $210,000 $241,000 $267,000
Total Liabilities $64,208,000 $64,442,000 $61,703,000 $56,882,000
Stock Holders Equity
Common Stocks $1,760,000 $1,760,000 $1,760,000 $1,760,000
Capital Surplus $14,993,000 $14,016,000 $13,154,000 $12,276,000
Retained Earnings $65,502,000 $65,018,000 $63,408,000 $61,660,000
Treasury Stock ($47,988,000) ($45,066,000) ($42,225,000) ($39,091,000)
Other Equity ($11,205,000) ($10,174,000) ($5,777,000) ($3,432,000)
Total Equity $23,062,000 $25,554,000 $30,320,000 $33,173,000
30. 30 | P a g e
Total Liabilities &
Equity
$87,270,000 $89,996,000 $92,023,000 $90,055,000
Annual Income statement of Coca cola
Period Ending: Trend 12/31/2016 12/31/2015 12/31/2014 12/31/2013
Total Revenue $41,863,000 $44,294,000 $45,998,000 $46,854,000
Cost of Revenue $16,465,000 $17,482,000 $17,889,000 $18,421,000
Gross Profit $25,398,000 $26,812,000 $28,109,000 $28,433,000
Operating Expenses
Research and Development $0 $0 $0 $0
Sales, General and Admin. $16,772,000 $18,084,000 $18,401,000 $18,205,000
Non-Recurring Items $0 $0 $0 $0
Other Operating Items $0 $0 $0 $0
Operating Income $8,626,000 $8,728,000 $9,708,000 $10,228,000
Add'l income/expense items ($592,000) $1,244,000 ($669,000) $1,110,000
Earnings Before Interest and
Tax
$8,869,000 $10,461,000 $9,808,000 $11,940,000
Interest Expense $733,000 $856,000 $483,000 $463,000
Earnings Before Tax $8,136,000 $9,605,000 $9,325,000 $11,477,000
Income Tax $1,586,000 $2,239,000 $2,201,000 $2,851,000
Minority Interest ($23,000) ($15,000) ($26,000) ($42,000)
Equity Earnings/Loss
Unconsolidated Subsidiary
$835,000 $489,000 $769,000 $602,000
Net Income-Cont.
Operations
$7,362,000 $7,840,000 $7,867,000 $9,186,000
Net Income $6,527,000 $7,351,000 $7,098,000 $8,584,000
Net Income Applicable to
Common Shareholders
$6,527,000 $7,351,000 $7,098,000 $8,584,000
Balance Sheet of PepsiCo
Period Ending: Trend 12/31/2016 12/26/2015 12/27/2014 12/28/2013
Current Assets
Cash and Cash
Equivalents
$9,158,000 $9,096,000 $6,134,000 $9,375,000
Short-Term
Investments
$6,967,000 $2,913,000 $2,592,000 $303,000
Net Receivables $6,694,000 $6,437,000 $6,651,000 $6,954,000
Inventory $2,723,000 $2,720,000 $3,143,000 $3,409,000
Other Current Assets $1,547,000 $1,865,000 $2,143,000 $2,162,000
Total Current
Assets
$27,089,000 $23,031,000 $20,663,000 $22,203,000
Long-Term Assets
31. 31 | P a g e
Long-Term
Investments
$1,950,000 $2,311,000 $2,689,000 $2,623,000
Fixed Assets $16,591,000 $16,317,000 $17,244,000 $18,575,000
Goodwill $14,430,000 $14,177,000 $14,965,000 $16,613,000
Intangible Assets $13,433,000 $13,081,000 $14,088,000 $16,039,000
Other Assets $636,000 $750,000 $860,000 $1,425,000
Deferred Asset
Charges
$0 $0 $0 $0
Total Assets $74,129,000 $69,667,000 $70,509,000 $77,478,000
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable $14,243,000 $13,507,000 $13,016,000 $12,533,000
Short-Term Debt /
Current Portion of
Long-Term Debt
$6,892,000 $4,071,000 $5,076,000 $5,306,000
Other Current
Liabilities
$0 $0 $0 $0
Total Current
Liabilities
$21,135,000 $17,578,000 $18,092,000 $17,839,000
Long-Term Debt $30,053,000 $29,213,000 $23,821,000 $24,333,000
Other Liabilities $6,669,000 $5,887,000 $5,744,000 $4,931,000
Deferred Liability
Charges
$5,073,000 $4,959,000 $5,304,000 $5,986,000
Misc. Stocks ($151,000) ($145,000) ($140,000) ($130,000)
Minority Interest $104,000 $107,000 $110,000 $110,000
Total Liabilities $62,883,000 $57,599,000 $52,931,000 $53,069,000
Stock Holders Equity
Common Stocks $24,000 $24,000 $25,000 $25,000
Capital Surplus $4,091,000 $4,076,000 $4,115,000 $4,095,000
Retained Earnings $52,518,000 $50,472,000 $49,092,000 $46,420,000
Treasury Stock ($31,468,000) ($29,185,000) ($24,985,000) ($21,004,000)
Other Equity ($13,919,000) ($13,319,000) ($10,669,000) ($5,127,000)
Total Equity $11,246,000 $12,068,000 $17,578,000 $24,409,000
Total Liabilities &
Equity
$74,129,000 $69,667,000 $70,509,000 $77,478,000
]Income Statement of PepsiCo
Period Ending: Trend 12/31/2016 12/26/2015 12/27/2014 12/28/2013
Total Revenue $62,799,000 $63,056,000 $66,683,000 $66,415,000
Cost of Revenue $28,209,000 $28,731,000 $31,238,000 $31,243,000
Gross Profit $34,590,000 $34,325,000 $35,445,000 $35,172,000
Operating Expenses
Research and Development $0 $0 $0 $0
Sales, General and Admin. $24,735,000 $24,538,000 $25,772,000 $25,357,000
Non-Recurring Items $0 $1,359,000 $0 $0
Other Operating Items $70,000 $75,000 $92,000 $110,000
Operating Income $9,785,000 $8,353,000 $9,581,000 $9,705,000
32. 32 | P a g e
Add'l income/expense items $110,000 $59,000 $85,000 $97,000
Earnings Before Interest and
Tax
$9,895,000 $8,412,000 $9,666,000 $9,802,000
Interest Expense $1,342,000 $970,000 $909,000 $911,000
Earnings Before Tax $8,553,000 $7,442,000 $8,757,000 $8,891,000
Income Tax $2,174,000 $1,941,000 $2,199,000 $2,104,000
Minority Interest ($50,000) ($49,000) ($45,000) ($47,000)
Equity Earnings/Loss
Unconsolidated Subsidiary
$0 $0 $0 $0
Net Income-Cont.
Operations
$6,329,000 $5,452,000 $6,513,000 $6,740,000
Net Income $6,329,000 $5,452,000 $6,513,000 $6,740,000
Net Income Applicable to
Common Shareholders
$6,329,000 $5,452,000 $6,513,000 $6,740,000