FINAL_SCHEME_ParasyutDesignTeam.compressed

The Philippines country is
where the Parasyut Design
Team focused their studies.
The country is also knowed
as the Republic of the Philip-
pines and it’s located in the
Pacific Ocean in South-east
of Asia.
This particular archipelago
has more than 7,100 islands
of territory.
PHILIPPINES
Tropic of Cancer
Equator Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Cyclones
Typhoons
Hurricanes
MADEIRA
PORTUGAL
AZORES
PORTUGAL
INDIANA
UNITED STATES
1
1 2 3 4
765
Northeast Pacific
May to November. A peak in late
August/early September
Atlantic and Caribbean Sea
Officially, the season spans from
early July to the end of November.
Peak activity is first half September
Southeeast Indian basin
From late October to May. Peak season
mid-January to mid-February
North Indian basin
From late October to May. January
to mid-February
Northwest Pacific
All year round, but main season goes
from July to November with a peak
between August and September
Southwest Pacific
Begins late October or early November
until May. Peak in February and March
Southeast Indian basin
From late October to May, Peak sea-
son mid-January to mid-February
2 4
3
5
6
7
Tropic of Capricorn
HOW HIGH IS THE RISK TO BECOME A VICTIM OF NATURAL DISASTER?
Nowadays everyone is in risk of becoming a natural disaster victim, but there are those
who are in fact in more risk than others. Areas like South-east Asia and North America
are the most affected areas in the world by Earthquakes, Typhoons, Floodings, Tsuna-
mis, Landslides, and Volcano Eruptions.
img 2:World map of Ciclone Basins
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Thesis Statement
Buildings are a second layer to our fragile bodies. They shelter us from the
great dangers of the outside world. But what Parasyut Design Team really
wants to understand is: Why do our buildings fail to meet their primary and
most essential function in the face of a horrendous event such as a Typhoon?
And how does a person, a city, or even a whole country, recover from the trail
of destruction left behind when natural and political disasters are combined?
Our goal is to show that properly applied Architecture can simplify and solve
someofthegreatestbarrierstoresilience,whileunifyinglocalandinternational
communities. We chose to work in the Philippines not only because of its
locationinthewesternPacificOcean,anareahitbyanaverageof20typhoons
or tropical storms every year, but also because the Filipino spirit is not easily
broken and we have much to learn from their resilient culture. In the following
weeks we will be looking at different construction methods and materials,
from the past, to the future.
Architecture for the PEOPLE
PARASYUT DESIGN TEAM
TEAM members
Carla Pereira | Architect
arqpereira00@gmail.com
Rita L. Borges | Architect
rita.lborges@gmail.com
Giovanna Araujo | Designer
gbelmont044@gmail.com
FUNCHAL
MADEIRA | PORTUGAL
TERCEIRA
AZORES | PORTUGAL
BLOOMINGTON
INDIANA | UNITED STATES
Open Online Academy | Resilient Architecture Research Course

Legend:
Type I. Two pronouced seasons: dry from
November to April and wet during the rest of
the year.
Type II. No dry season with a pronouced
rainfall from November to January.
Type III. Seasons are not very pronouced,
relatively dry from November to April, and
wet during the rest of the year.
Type IV. Rainfall is more less evenly distrib-
uted throughout the year.
img 3
.INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR
TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, WATER SUP-
PLIES AND SANITATION
.ECONOMIC SECTOR
AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES,
FOOD SECURITY, TRADE, INDUSTRY, SER-
VICES
.SOCIAL SECTOR
EDUCATION, HEALTH AND NUTRITION,
HOUSING AND SHELTER
What happened?
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS
What do we NEED?
What to do AFTER the
TYPHOON?
What are the MAIN obstacules?
How to REBUILD?
.meteorological phenomenon
.thunderstorms
.rains, landfalls
.wind, pressure
.tropical cyclone
.storm
.coastal areas - waves - floods
.climate change
.physical and natural destruction
.death
.Tarpaulins for emergency shelter
.Water purification systems to areas
where drinking water is necessary
. Damaged roads
.Fallen trees and debris interfering
with the communication systems
.Safe and dignified shelter is a ba-
sic human right and in a post-disas-
ter scenario it’s more than just put-
ting a new roof over people’s heads
and providing emergency shelter. It’s
about fit-out-purpose rebuilds thar
address the local culture, environment
and economy.
.Housing must improve on what went
before and incorporate future risk mit-
igation in the design.
1
“Climate of the Philippines”
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines
CLIMATE
The Philippines are well knowned for there
tropical maritime climate that is usually char-
acterized by relatevely high temperature, op-
pressive humidity and plenty of rainfall.1
In fact climate is one of the main reasons for
this occurences. In the Philippines territory
it’s possible to identify three types of climate
change. They are described as:
img 4:Climate variations map
MASSIVE DESTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES OVER
THE YEARS BECAUSE OF THESE DISASTERS
typhoons
Typhoons Formation and
Developement:
How a typhoon is formed? Typhoons,
or tropical cyclones, start like giant
engines, porwered by warm and
moist air rising over the ocean waters
near to the equator, according to the
US National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.2
So Typhoons are formed by:
.Sufficiently warm sea surface tem-
peratures, atmospheric instability,
.High humidity in the lower to middle
levels of the Troposphere,
.Enough Coriolis force to develop a
low pressurecenter,
.A pre-existing low level focus or dis-
turbance, low vertical wind shear.
The areas most affected are Southeast
Asia and North America. In the Philip-
pines, particularly, people are affected
like 20 times a year by a typhoon or
tropical strom.
img 11. Philippines map, showing the which areas
are in higher risk of being affected by Typhoons.
Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/findings.html
img 5 img 6 img 7 img 8 img 9 img 10
img 12
img 13

1
Book.“Arkitekturang Filipino. A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines”
Chapter 2 “Philippine Vernacular Architecture and its Austronesian Ancestry”.
Vernacular, from the Latin “vernaculus”, means native. Vernacular architecture refers to
the grammar, syntax, and diction in expressing buildings in a locale, while signifying the
diverse range of buildings traditions in a region.1
Vernacular architecture of Philippines can address the most common
of structural problems with its simplicity and logical arrangement of ele-
ments, space and materials.
The houses are built with a simple structure of bamboo and wood, cov-
ered by a thatched roof, that protect the large windows from sunlight
and rain, with vented soffits to assist in dissipating the hot air upwards
moderating the temperature inside.
Vernacular Architecture of Philippines promotes natural ventilation, fast
and economic construction with local and organic materials, simple
structure and climate concerns.
Forms, Geometry and GroundsPhilippines Vernacular Architecture
1 Ground posts
2 Stair entrance
3 End floor joist
4 Grass cover
5 Wall board
6 Girder
1 Warm air rises
2 Rain water runoff
3 Stilts
4 Cool air
5 Storage
6 Entry stairs
7 Shaded area
1 Food storage
2 Cooking area
3 Entrance
4 Bed
5 Storage
6 Bamboo sticks and
organic roof material
7 Ground posts
8 Stair entrance
7 Shelf
8 Lower tie beam
9 Upper tie beam
10 Queen post
11 Bamboo and organic material
12 Top tie beam
1st level
stone pavement
2nd level
room frame,walls, floor
3rd level
pyramidal hopped roof
Rectangular, cubic shape
Stilt houses of wood, bamboo or other
native material
Easily repaired or rebuilt in case of
natural disaster
Provides a natural flow of ventilation.
Supported by 12 post, 4 of
them at each corner sup-
port the hipped roof made
of bamboo
Floor: reed mat
img 20 - Ifugao Floor
Connection between construction elements
Bamboo Anahaw
The Ifugao house withstand in a square form floor.
This particular building is built to survive floods,
that’s why the house is elevated from the ground.
2
1
3
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
4
7
1
2
IFUGAO HOUSE
BAHAY KUBO
KALINGA HOUSE
OCTOGONAL FLOOR
RECTANGULAR FLOOR
SITE AND TOPOGRAPHY
ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
FLAT, SLOPE, WATER
IVATAN HOUSE TAUSUG HOUSE
Legend:
Legend:
img 26
Kalinga Floor Plan
MATERIALS and CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
used in Filipino vernacular architecture:
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1
4 5
7
3 6
1
2
3
4
5
5
1
3
6
7
8
img 14
img 15
img 16 img 17
img 18
img 21
img 22
img 23 img 24
img 25
img 27
img 19

img 29 - Program Morphogenisis for School
Architects: H&P Architects
Location: Hanoi, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi,
Vietnam
Area: 44 sqm
Year: 2013
Contractor: H&P Architects
Architects: MAT-TER
Location: Guiuan, Philippines
Architects In Charge: Christin To, Hugo
Martinez
SocialAnd Feasibility Research/Development:
Charles Dhinakaran, Javi Muriel Santurino
Type: Education /Disaster Relief
Year: 2014
Architects: Vo Trong Nghia Architects
Location: Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh,
Vietnam
Area: 31.0 sqm
Year: 2014
The BB (Blooming Bamboo) Home project,
was conceived and designed especially for
the Vietnam, but like any resilient architecture,
this project can also be built in different coun-
tries, the importance is that it adapts to the en-
vironment where it’s going to be built. In the
Vietnam, the natural hazards are frequent and
severe, storms, floods, sweeping floods, land-
slides, drought, Etc...are also a constante in
this area and over the years have been dam-
aging the country, it takes away about 500 per-
cent persons and 1.2% - GDP - equally assets
and reduces the involved areas’ development.
This project conceived and designed by MAT-
TER,isduetobeconstructedinthePhilippines.
Guiuan National High School project, focused
it study and design in for key characteristics of
the geometry resilience,Modular Diversity, In-
ternal Grid Web-Network Structure, Scalabil-
ity and Boundary Unification; with an unique
form structure, the architects applied these el-
ements with the intentio of creating a compact
and aerodynamic building that serves primod-
ly as a school, but also as a community center
and mass shelter in case of a natural disaster.
Overhall The form responds to climate, con-
text and typology needs.
The S-House 2 its’s project that has been de-
veloped over the year, and till now there have
been 2 forms of this house. First there was a
more fragile struture, fully covered by synthetic
roof and walls. And now we have a concrete
frame struture covered with nipa palms panels.
The main object for this project was too quick-
ly response to the urgent need of low-cost
housing. In the Vietnam people are frequently
threatened by natural hazards, and this partic-
ular construction it’s prepared to resist tropical
stroms, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes
, despite the look this house it’s well anchored
to the needs of this area and people.
Contemporary emergency architecture todas, seeks to respond the
needs of the population that constatly experience natural hazards; and
also seeks to respond climatic and environmental requirements that
many live in.
With a simples base design, like square, rectangular and circle floor, for
the examples that we’ve present, the goal beyond the multifunctional
spaces, the architecture re-uses or re-invent local construction tech-
niques and materials.
Forms, Geometry and GroundsContemporary Architecture
BB Home Project S-House 2 Project
Guiuan National High School Project
Legend:
1. Living room
2. Worship
3. Bedroom
4. Bathroom (with WC)
5. Kitchen
6. Staircase to indoor terrace
7. Laundry + Drying
8. Outdoor Terrace
9. Indoor Terrace
(Sleeping+learning)
10. Top sapce for relax
(also exit in emergencies)
11. Oil tanks (recycled)
12. Anchoring steel piles
(when floating)
Natural Ventilation
during the high temperatures
Living Space + Dinning AreaSleeping Area
SQUARE FLOOR
RECTANGULAR FLOOR
CIRCLE FLOOR
ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
School for 1000 Students - 10,000sqm
img 28 - Site Plan
Proposed School Size for Guiuanimg 30
img 31
img 32
img 35
img 36
img 37 img 40
img 41
img 42
img 38
img 39
img 33
img 34

Vernacular architecture is a pure response to a person’s or society’s build-
ing needs, as it is crafted by individuals, the main goal is to be resistant
and tailored to what that individual particular needs.
The building construction methods are considered tested trough tri- al-
and-error until they achieve perfection over time with concernings re-
garding climatic, functional and social needs.
The Bahay Kubo is an example of a traditional cube house of the Phil-
ippines. It has a simple structure of bamboo with anahaw thatching ma-
terial for the roof and besides the evolution with modern times regarding
materials and technology, it maintains its raised structure on stilts and
thatched steeped roof.
Babungan - Roof
Babungan - Roof
Source: pixshark.comSource: www.asiafinest.com
Kisame - living area
Kisame - living area
Silong - floor
Silong - floor
POST
RAFTER
FLOO
HORIZO
POST
POST
IRDER
IRDER
HORIZONTAL
STUD
DO
JAM
BAMBOO S
FLOOR
JOIST
VERTICA
STUD
UDHORIZON
WINDOW
SILL
AWALL OF NIP
SHINGLES
NIPA SHING
ROOF
A SHINGLES
NIPA SHINGLES
FTER
URLIN
PURLIN
IDGE POLE
GIRT
1
2
3
1
2
Buffer area for rising wa-
ters during floods and
prevent pests
Used for storage, may be
fenced off or not
Constructed with wood
and bamboo
BAHAY KUBO
Tall and steeply pitched
- collling effect
- water flow down quickly
- limited space to move
around the house
Let in fresh air and natu-
ral light
The cube shape - is eas-
iest to pre-build the walls
Windows - large awning
held by a wooden rod or
sliding
3
Structure and MaterialsVernacular Architecture: Case of study
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img 44 img 45
img 46
img 47
img 48
img 49
img 50
img 51 img 52

What are we looking for? An architecture for the people, conceived,
designed and constructed by the people. Following this idea, a archi-
tecture for the people needs to responde culture and tradition needs,
but also needs to responde local and territory needs. In this areas what
are the problems? First of all, lack of constructive efficiency, meaning,
the are many construction techniques that once have answered local
needs, nowadys, if climate changes and environmental transformation
this techniques new to be reinforced and improved. Seconde, the ma-
terials that are use, it’s a fact that they are local and most likely they are
low-cost for the population, but today they are not so effective. Natural
hazards are becoming more and more intensive and destructive, there-
fore materials should be heavier and more resistant rather than light
and weak.
Structure and MaterialsContemporary Architecture: Case of study
Rope
Axo
Building OPEN and CLOSED when necessary
Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter
Steel Slab (fixed into the ground using screws)
Moving direction of ting pile
Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter
Nylon Sheet (rain shield) Vertical Garden
Rope
Polycarbonate Sheet Vertical Garden
Rope
4 V-Shaped Steel bars (welded to make a cross > Ting Pile
200 L Oil tank
20 L Cointaners
What are the MATERIALS?
In this project the materi-
als are, BAMBOO in most
of the construction, STEEL
ANCHORS, OIL TANKS
and LEAVES. This is a more
modern approach to this sit-
uations, a shelter with a ver-
nacular design but a contem-
porary concept.
In this project the materials
are:
.Concrete frame structure
.Nipa Palm Panels
.Corrugated Cement Boards
.Concrete Foundations
.Steel Door and Window
The ultimate goal of S-House
2 Project was to promote the
low-cost housing, that’s why
the building is built we local
and pre-fabricated materials.
Door Materials and door shapes
Bamboo Pile - Beam Connection
Wall Materials
Leave Roof
Bamboo Roof
Two U-Shape steel bars (10cmx5cm - welded to make
steel box of 10 cm >Holding pile for up and down shifting
1
2
S-HOUSE 2 Project Legend:
1. Steel Plate Joint (img 58)
2. Covering Joint by Mortar
(img 59)
3. Installing the Wood furring
(img 60)
4. Making the Nipa Parm
Panels (img 61)
5. PC Foundation (img 62)
6. Installing the Nipa Parm
Panels (img 63)
7. Roofing Cement Board
(img 64)
BB HOME Project
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4567
6
7
MATERIALS:
img 53 img 54
img 55 img 56
img 66 img 67
img 69
img 68
img 65
img 57

Bayanihan: “A Filipino word derived from the word bayan meaning town, nation, or community in general. ‘Bayani-
han’ literally means, ‘being a bayan,’ and is thus used to refer to a spirit of communal unity and cooperation.
Impact Resistant Glass
Hurricane Shutters: Made of
steel, aluminum, ply-wood
or local materials
The facade of a building is one of its most important elements, not
only for the aesthetics but also and mainly for energy efficiency
matters.
Using vernacular elements like bamboo and stone is possible to
readapt construction systems from the past to present, turning
them more resilient facing natural disasters and durability of con-
struction. Stone, wood and bamboo facades are more energy ef-
ficient and more economic. These materials have less primary
energy requirements, they promote natural ventilation and require
cheaper maintenance costs.
The roof is the most importante protection of our house from the rain and the wind. The most
common type of roofing designs are the Hip Roof and Gable-End Roof.
The windows in traditional Filipino homes can take up ore than
50% surface in proportion to the walls. Maximizinf daylight and
cross-ventilation are prioritized in the vernacular filipino design,
including two different components: one layer of sliding panels
fitted with translucent windowpane (“capiz”), and a second lay-
er of manually operable wooden louvers. However the cheap
glass used for the windows especially in the Filipino slums,
cannot withstand 200km/ winds and are also very suscepitble
to beig hit by flying debris. This causes the glass to break, leav-
ing the entire structure of the house even more vulnerable
to destruction.
Solutions to resist typhoons
Typhoon and Hurricane shutters can provide protection from
such failures during the storm. Shutters are often construct-
ed of steel or aluminum, but ply-wood and local materials
are low-cost alternatives. The shutters are attached to the
outside of the building using screws, clips, or a track sys-
tem. In addition to this, another way to prevent from wind in-
vasion is by choosing sliding doors over hinged ones, once
it makes ir harder for the door to be blown in by the swing-
ing. Z-shaped rods are a great option to strengthen doors
and windows that are made of bamboo, mats, and/or timber
planks (without frames), or by being precisely nailed.
OPENINGS
FACADES ROOFS
The roof is regarded as the most important element
in Filipino architecture. Traditional Philippine dwell-
ings have a teep slope for easily shedding rain, with
means for capturing and storing rainwater. The steep
slope also helps draw hot indoor air upwards to the
top of the roof and away from the living areas. Deep
overhangs protect the large windows from harsh sun-
light and rain, with vented sofftis to further assist in
dissipating the hot air and moderating the tempera-
ture inside the roof structure, and consequently, the
living spaces bellow.
Bamboo Facade and Walls
WOOD | PALISADE WALLS
STONE WALLS
BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
A
B
C
HIP ROOF
“Quatro aguas” is a Spanish archi-
tectural term meaning, a roof with 4
sides instead of just the two-sided
A-frame design. This type of roof is
more aerodynamic and more wind re-
sistant compared to the gable, which
is a double pitched roof.
The wind flows smoothly over a hip
roof, whichever direction it comes
from.
ROOFING
SYSTEM
GABLE-END ROOF
ROOFING SYSTEM
In the Ivatan homes, roofs are built with bamboo structure and covered up with a
net system and cogon. This houses are classified according to there roof configu-
ration, meaning, we identify two types of roofs, the maytuab (hip roof) and sinad-
umparan (gable roof); both are built with the same materials.
maytuab
(hip roof)
Ivatan houses, Batanes Province
Bahay Kubo house
A
B
sinadumparan
(gable roof)
Roof net
Bamboo structureCogon roof
1
2
Building EnclosuresVernacular Architecture: Case of study
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Vernacular architecture it’s a way how people reflect their culture and
traditions. In the Philippines, architecture has it’s own way of telling the
story of how this particular population live their lives. A great influence
in the way people build their homes and public spaces, is the climate.
In the philippines the we have three different types of climates, and in
each and everyone we identify high temperatures, strong winds and
also rain. That’s why, constructions are built with light and local materi-
als. During our research we’ve realized that the Filipino architecture is
most likely built with wood, timber, bamboo and other local materials.
Only in the late 20th century, concrete construction start to appear, but
today people maintain the wooden structures as the perfect construc-
tion technique.
The images above, show us how building enclosures are built during
the years.

OPENINGS
In a more modern approach, we’ve found two different types of roofing systems, and more impor-
tantly resistant to any natural hazard that occure in this areas.
This dome building is constructed 90% of wood, which is a very stable material
(once that does not dilate or explode do to hight temperatures) and promotes fire
resistant because if large sections of glugam are used in the framework of this
house, it will be more resistant to fire (the charcoal surface inhibits the oxygen
penetration and slows the combustion).
The characteristic of being a 360º shaped building allows to maximize the amount
of sunlight absorbed and the big windows promote interior spaces with light. This
project example intends to bean ecologic, confortable, healthy, protector, modu-
lar and mainly, an economic project for housing using wood as main constrcution
material.
ROOFSFACADES
BB Home project, it’s an inspired Bahay Kubo house. This
bamboo structure it’s ready and prepared to nateural disas-
ters, most likely Typhoons and other tropical storms, floods and
earthquakes. The structure itself closes when it’s necessary, so
we are talking about strong winds or even rain.
The roofing materials are BAMBOO for the structure and cover
up of the roof.
Wind moves faster at greater heights, an
advantage of tall buildings, which are more
effective when it comes to cross ventilation
and stack ventilation. If a building has win-
dows only on one side, natural ventilation
will not reach further than two times the floor
to ceiling height, and if the building has win-
dows on both sides, natural ventilation will
reach a limit of less than five times the floor
to ceiling height.
The most ventilation is achieved when build-
ings are oriented so that the shorter axis
aligns with prevailing winds, while orientation
perpendicular to the axis will limit passive
ventilation. Structural elements and internal
spaces can channel air through the building
in many directions in those cases.
S House project, is a design prepared for strong winds and
earthquakes.
The constructive system is concrete and them Nipa Plam pan-
els. First we have a concrete frame, which is the all body of the
house, it’s what supports the all house. For the facade we have
Nipa Palm Panels, that prevent the house from strong winds.
Simple shape for minimized wind exposure
The images above, shows us the building transforma-
tion during a natural hazards.
LIGHT STEEL FRAME
TIMBER FRAME
Clapboard Timber Timber Frame Wattle and Daub
Plaster and lath interior lining
and exterior board sheating,
rosin and clapboards.
Stave construction, timber
four-sided frame with verti-
cal exterior weatherboards.
Tar coated exposed frame with
an early pre-evolutionary ver-
sion of exterior stucco.
Ability to float in case of flood Ting for solid structure
Building EnclosuresContemporary Architecture: Case of study
Open and Closed Window
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img 108img 109
img 101 img 102 img 103
For the contemporary architecture, we’ve tried to understand what has
been done around the world to resolve the problems resulting from the
natural hazards.
For the facades we’ve look for light structures most likely made by light
steel and timber frames. The roofs systems, in the examples we have
the use of wooden materials, such us, bamboo; and also theirs the cor-
rugated steel sheets, which we believe it’s the strongest and resistant
material to apply in case of natural hazards. Finaly for the openings,
according to the vernacular architecture, and we have some inteligent
interventions, windows and doors should have a shutter system. This
way the people inside the house are protected from strong winds and
others situations. Knowing this, the example that we present is shutter
system made with polycarbonate windows and steel frames.

Energy Production and Consumption in the Philippines
A significant share of the Filipino electricity generation comes from re-
newable energy sources such as Geothermal and Hydropower, but the
country also produces small volumes of oil, natural gas, and coal. The
country exports nearly all of the crude oil it produces. Out of the to-
tal roughly 1.3 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) consumed by the
Philippines in 2011, oil constituted roughly 41%, coal 22%, biomass
19%, and 18% from natural gas and various renewable energy sourc-
es. Petron Corporation supplies 40% of the oil needs in the country.
Building Systems
Energy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture
Geothermal Energy
How it works?
Image Source: http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/
Passive systems can reduce the energy demand or
meet it naturally, while active systems move heat and
moisture using gas or electricity. Active systems take
more energy to meet heating loads than to meet cooling
loads, because heating systems covert chemical ener-
gy (fuel) into heat which is 75% to 95% efficient, while
cooling systems move heat in and out of the building
rather than converting energy, and are not measured in
a percentage.
In dynamic climates, the effects of heat storage in the
envelope assemble become more complex than in
steady-state conditions, once the temperature swings
that would otherwise occur end up being moderated by
thermal resistance from the tehermal mass. High ther-
mal mass materials conduct a considerable amount of
energy deep throughout the material. Each materials
has a heat storage property, which determinates its ca-
pacity to gain or release energy.
Energy Use Intensity (EUI) measures energy use by
floor area, which is great to set consumption targets.
But when it comes to environmental impacts the ficus
needs to be the source energy and what end-uses take
the most energy.
Passive and Active Systems
Building Evelope and Energy Efficiency
Energy Use and Source Energy
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Energy Efficient Design for the Philippines
The climate of the Philippines is Tropical, with high temperatures and
oppressive humidity. For the building envelope in this climate, keeping
the sun off and maximizing ventilation are priorities. Reflective insulat-
ed light colored roofs, and walls that pass breeze but not rain with open
eaves and porous with low-mass to prevent condensation that causes
mold growth, are essential.
Building SystemsEnergy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture
6 Innovative ways to produce electricity for typhoon emergency
1. Cows: Manure can be
broken down and burnt,
producing energy that can
generate electricity with a
much lower CO2 emis-
sion than burning coal.
2. Lemons: Acidic fruits
and vegetables, when in
large quantities, can work
as batteries by insert-
ing two different metallic
objects into them. The
chemical change in the
metal produces the ener-
gy.
3. Roads: Dark asphalt
absorbs heat from sun-
light reaching tempera-
tures of 113 degrees
Fahrenheit (45 degrees
Celsius). Water pipes em-
bedded in the asphalt can
collect that energy.
5. Trees: Wires attached
to tree trunks by nails and
connected to conductors
in the ground can produce
a faint amount of electrici-
ty, due to the imbalance in
pH between the soil and
the tree.
6. Rain: A single falling
raindrop produces vibra-
tions that can be con-
verted by sensors into
electricity. An average
raindrop from one to five
millimeters in diameter
can produce 12 milliwatts
of energy.
4. Humans: The human
body can give off the
same amount of energy
as a light bulb, 60 to 100
Watts. This generates
heat which can be collect-
ed for electricity.
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A Modern Bahay Kubo
Modular Tropical Apartment
Complex for 2050
Prefabricated house completely self-sufficient
Ability to operate independently, without the
need for any external utility or waste disposal
connections.
FROM ZERO
READAPT AND OLD BUILDING
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
HOW TO TRANSFORM A BUILDING INTO A RESILIENT BUILDING?
images source: http://www.homedesignfind.
com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-
complex-for-2050/i
Modular building
Lower construction costs
and flexibility
Open porches close down
to protect the house during
tropical storms
RESILIENCE: The capacity of a system – be it a landscape, a coastal
area or a city – to deal with change and continue to develop. This means
the capacity to withstand shocks and disturbances such as a financial
crisis or use such an event to catalyse renewal and innovation. (www.
stockholmresilience.su.se.)
The main characteristics of traditional building systems are ecology and
sustainability, thermal isolation, time of construction, costs, security, du-
rability, soundproofing, quality of finishings, esthetics, functionallity and
its environment.
The main characteristics of a Resilient building systems, besides those
mentioned above, are: Economize water and energy, ensure healthy
buildings, maximize buildings life, use of eco-efficient materials, low
mass construction, minimize waste production and economics.
A resilient building which seeks sustainability, it is intended to meet the
needs of the present generation without endangering the ability of fu-
ture generations to meet their needs.
Building SystemsWater Management: From Vernacular to Contemporary Architecture
In Philippines they have successfully
mastered the ravages of the seasonal
typhoons with a long history of strug-
gle and adaptation.
With local resources, cost efficiency
and locally skills and materials, self
sufficiency was achieved transform-
ing vernacular architecture into a ver-
nacular (but more) sustainable and
contemporary approach.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: STARTING POINT
2
1
4 5
7
3 6
1 Warm air rises
2 Rain water runoff
3 Stilts
4 Cool air
5 Storage
6 Entry stairs
7 Shaded area
Legend:
2
1
2
1
Flat | Water | Slope
RAINWATER
COLLECTION
RAINWATER CASCADE SYSTEM
ROOF INSULATION
EXPOSED PERVASIVE
BUILDING ECOSYSTEM
SUSPENDED LED LIGHTING
INTERNAL GREEN WALLS
RADIANT FLOOR PANEL
LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK
IRRIGATION TRELLIS
DECENTRALIZED HEAT
RECOVERY VENTILATION
DECENTRALIZED SEASONAL
HEATSTORAGE AND PUMPS
RAINWATER CASCADE EFFLUENT
BIOSWALE WITH DIVERSE
WATER AND EDGE PLANTING
ZERO HOUSE
img 124
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img 131
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img 128

Stone
support
Water collection in small reservoirs - used for irrigating crops and drinking purposes.
Bamboo pipe water flow from one
field to another
These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo
pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.
These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo
pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.
Bamboo drip irrigation system
Images source: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas
Image source: http://www.fao.org/do-
crep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm#sources%20
of%20irrigation%20water
SMALL PONDS FOR WATER COLLECTION
TERRACE WATER SYSTEM
BAMBOO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Populations have always had a need to establish themselves near wa-
ter sources to ensure their survival. As it was not always possible to
establish near these water sources, it was necessary to create infra-
structure for water, as the case of aqueducts that carried water to the
communities. Other important infrastructure to obtain water were the
wells, fountains and cisterns, that guaranteed the rainwater storage uti-
lization. However, other systems were designed for surviving issues,
such as those used in the Philippines rice terraces, a complex system
of articulation of native materials and construction techniques.
Building Systems
XVI
Water Management: Vernacular Architecture
WELLS
Water carriers in Philippines
FOUNTAINS
CISTERNS
CENTURY
X
VI
CENTURY
CENTURY
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WATER COLLECTION PODS FOR RE-USE
BLACKWATER/GREYWATER SYSTEMS
TREATMENT TANK
GREYWATER STORAGE TANK
POTABLE WATER TANK
WATER EVAPORATOR/AIR CONDENSER
HUMAN WASTE WATER EXTRACTOR
Instant irrigation or
store water under the houses
Modern approach to
collect rainwater
Resilient approach to
collect rain water
RAINWATER SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
Rainwater collection permits
the use of vertical gardens in
the facades
Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines are characterized by
achivements and challenges.
In Philippines they have successfully mastered the ravages of the sea-
sonal typhoons with a long history of struggle and adaptation.
With local resources, cost efficiency and locally skills and materials,
self sufficiency was achieved transforming vernacular architecture into
a vernacular (but more) sustainable and contemporary building.
Building SystemsWater Management: Contemporary Architecture
Source:http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-ba-
hay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final
RAINWATER HARVESTING AND COLLECTION
Water Management
Systems:
SH
Solar panels
WINDMIL L
Power+ Water
WOOD WITH
COCONU T
Insulatio n
In this examples of contemporary bahay kubo’s
there is an integrated water system. From a rain-
water collection system on each terrace to a wa-
ter slowing system, that stores rainwater in a cis-
tern below the deck, the goal is use and reuse the
maximun amount of water.
This water is later used as toilet water or for land-
scaping the area.
RAINWATER COLLECTION FOR GROWING CROPS
ABLE TO SUSTAIN BASIC NEEDS
WATER | FOOD
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img 145

Recycling is the most important of the three R’s, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.3
Along the years, the amount of waste, industrial or domestic, has been increasing. Any product as
it’s own ‘time to live and to die’, the importance of recycling it’s exactly to change this cicle of any
industrial product that has been manufacture, meaning recycling a product mean giving another
change or another life to any debris or waste that we find.
All materials can be recycled, but there are those that are suited for the process. Suited for re-
cycling means that are some materials that spend more energy to recycle than others, and re-
cycling also means reducing the energy waste on manufacturing and also air and water polution.3
There is so much that we can do to prevent the massive destruction of the environment.
History says that recycling started long before
the concept was even created. The population
needs obligated then to reuse the materials that
were already put a side and did not had any
use to the daily activities.1
But the reuse of things came more important
during the World War II, all products and objects
were important for war instruments. Without a
concrete idea, people started doing recycling
even before the green movement were invented,
people understood the importance of recycling.
Building SystemsWaste Management and Recycling Process: Introduction
1
“The History of Recycling”
Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/
2
3
”Materials Best Suited to Recycling”
Source: https://suite.io/laurence-o-sullivan/yd720y1
WHAT MEANS?
RECYCLING HISTORY
Deconstruction Opportunity
Wooden Doors
Plywood Sheets Corrugated Steel Sheets
Plastic Sheets
Bamboo
Furniture
Concrete Walls
Bricks
Stones
Deconstruction Opportunity
Porcelain Tile Walls
Plastic Containers
Timber Beams
1
1 2 3 4 5 6WOODEN
In the Philippines territory,
wooden materials like, tim-
ber beams, bamboo, wooden
doors and others are the ma-
terials that we’ve identified in
large amounts. Most of the
Filipino houses are built with
wooden materials.
CONCRETE
The concrete it’s a more con-
temporary material and it’s also
found in this disaster areas.
From these areas it’s possible
to collect, concrete walls, side-
walks and foundation.
METALS
Materilas like corrugated steel
sheets can be applied for the
construction of new roofs. This
material. There are also the met-
al structures that can serve for
other building structures.
FURNITURE
The pieces of furniture, are also
a object found in disaster areas,
it’s possible to find furniture in
good condition, in this cases, the
response it’s simple, recycle then
into new and improved objects.
PLASTICS
Plastic nowadys it’s a material
that can be transformed in any-
thing. It’s possible to collected,
plastic bottles and containers,
mostly; and with theses prod-
ucts we can create a foundation
based in water containers. An-
other example is the use of plas-
tic bottles to create light inside
and outside a shelter.
OTHERS
Porcelain tiles, glass, and other
materials, are the most dificult
materials to reuse, but it’s possi-
ble to reuse then, but most likely
they are recycle.
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img 156 img 157

IVATAN HOUSE, Batane Province: Case Study
The Ivatan people are unique human beings. According to William Agsunod, the mayor of Mahatao, a town in Batan, tge
archioelago’s largest island, Nature and Human beings are as one, - “We understand nature. Nature cannot live with us.
We have to live with nature”.1
Form their simplicity of life and activities they are a population capable of surviving from
any natural disaster. The houses of Ivatan are constructed and repaired through a cooperative system called kayvayva-
naan or kamanyiduan.
The Ivatan House is a UNIQUE vernacular architecture. This structure is divided into four houses, first we have the main
house with the sleeping areas, then there’s the cooking house that during the cold seasons are used as sleeping quarters,
and also there’s the toilet area and bathhouse. The houses is open in three walls and the fourth wall since it’s in direction
to the strongest typhoon winds it’s fully closed.
Waste Management Recycling
After a typhoon, as we can se in the image above, we identify a lot of potencial materials that can be used to repaired the
houses that survived the natural hazard. For the Ivatan house, the materials that are found for recycling are wood, cogon
leaves and limestones. For a better and resistant house, recycling materials means using materials like wood and lime-
stones. The cogon leaves are a fragile materials and for that reason they are not useful. And finaly to complete the stage
of repairing the Ivatan houses concrete is also an important material to use and reuse.
Building SystemsWaste Management and Recycling Process
Wood Door
Stone Stairs
Stone Wall
Roof Structure, Trusses
Structure Bamboo Trusses
oof Structure, Bamboo Trusses
Stone Foundation
Flooring Structure
Wood Floor
Window Wood Structure
Wood Window
Stone Walls
Cogon Roof
Cogon Roof
Cogon Roof
Roof System
Roof System
ructure, Bamboo Trusses
Bunghalo
Roof Net, Structure Element
Roof Net, Structure Element
Roof System, Structure Eleme t
Roof System, Rope
oring Structure
Wood Bars
1
2
3
3
No Ivatan home is ever built facing
north, the direction from which the wind
typically roars strongest. The Windows,
equipped with tough wooden shutters,
face the oceans at the east or west.2
OPENINGS3
Doors and windows, are made with
hardwood planks, and exceptionally
narrow and short compared with those
of standard houses. For bolting doors
and windows, hardwood bars are used.
can we make the roof more
resistant to Typhoons?
HOW
HOW HOW
COGON ROOF1The Cogon it’s a fragile material and not resistant to Typhoons or any tropical storm. The roof
is protected with fishing nets or bambo trellis, and the system usually last more than a decade.
Wood trusses for cogon roof. The
thatch, usually is 30 centimeters
thick.
Construction of the Congon roof is made at least by 20
man. The image above, representes how do they built
this particular roof.
4
32
1
Legend:
a. Concrete Walls
b. Limestone and Concrete Walls
To prevent the destruction of the Ivatan
House, instead of building the cogon roof,
they’ve reinforce the roofs with materials
like corrugated steel sheats and concrete
slabs. With these changes these houses
are capable to survive natural hazards.
There are many new con-
structing that are been built in
Batanes. For some this is the
perfect intervention for the con-
structionofaresistanthome.But
for others this concrete massive
Cross Section
STONEWALLS2The stone walls are already prepared for Typhoon and earthquakes, but there’s a way to make them
more resistant to any disaster.
These stone walls are the brand of this area. The Batanes province is featured by this stone walls,
that’s is why many people agree that new and contemporary materials have to be carefully intro-
duced in order to not destroy the architectural landscape.
LIMESTONEWALLS
constructions are the wrong path to
prevent the destruction of the Ba-
tanes homes. In the Ivatan house,
are being constructed with mortar
and cobbles, walls have one meter
more of thickness.
a b
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img 163
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img 168img 167

Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines
Reinforce
the bracing in the structure.
1. Structure System: Bamboo Structure
and Metallic Structures
2. Roofing System: Concrete Slabs and
Corrugated Steel Sheets
3. Walls Systems: Stone and Concrete,
and Concrete Walls
4. Foundations Systems: anchored
Concrete Foundations
Legend:
4 side slope roof with an an-
gle of 30° to 45° to prevent it
being lifted off by the wind.
Storm Shutters
installing storm shutters over
windows and doors protects
from rain and wind.
_ CONCRETE
Walls, Frames Strutcture or Foundations.
_ METALS
Corrugated Steel Panels and Metal Structure, it’s important to reinforce roofs and structure of
the buildings that continuosly keep survive natural disaster.
_ STONES
But not only industrial materials can survive typhoons, Stones are a local materials and quite
abundant in the Philippines that all over this year with the Ivatan Houses, proved that is not
only the contemporary techniques that are capable of resisting the worlds natural hazards.
_ BAMBOO
It a fact that bamboo it’s a plant resistant enough to survive this situations. Bamboo it’s like the
metal structures from our ancestry. Bamboo it’s use more in structures and as coverering up
material.
Fixations
Walls, and roof structure
should be firmly fixed to-
gether.
Foundations
Are constructed with
heavy materials, most
likely concrete. This
concrete foundations
are anchored to the
ground allowing the
house to resist andy
natural hazards.
Walls
Reinforced the walls,
it’s possible to use local
materials, what matters
is to have a heavy and
anchored frame struc-
ture.
Posts; strapped on
concrete footing. The
entire house is detach-
able from the footing
(relocation).
To avoid wide roof over-
hangs, separate the diverse
structure elements from the
house (balcony).
Stilts
can serve as a basis for
flood-resistant and storm
surge-resistant homes.
WHAT SHOULD A TYPHOON READY HOME HAVE?
WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS THAT
CAN SURVIVE A TYPHOON?
Contemporary architecture is now conceived
and design to resist an intensive disaster, it
doesn’t matter what’s the hazard the impor-
tance is that the building characteristics re-
spond to it very well and with the minimun
damage possible.
With this thesis, we want to know mostly how
can we prevent the massive destruction and
how can we make a already built home resis-
tant to natural hazards, most likely, Typhoons.
TYPHOON RESISTANT HOME
Trees
Around the house to prevent
strong winds
35º
_ Easy to build and the structure is detachable - can be relocated
_ Highly replicable - Modular construction
_ Uses durable and local materials
_ Organic materials provide natural ventilation
_ The mature bamboo when properly dried is stronger
_ A safe, elevated location when possible is prefered
_ Revise building standards
_ The space under the house can be used to store water and food
Analysis
1
2
3
4
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img 178
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http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm#sources%20of%20irrigation%20water
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/RWSVolIDesignManual.pdf
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/techpublications/techpub-8e/bamboo.asp
http://infochangeindia.org/water-resources/stories-of-change/bamboo-pipes-to-transport-water.html
http://www.scottsdalesteelframes.com/case-studies/residential-case-study/
http://www.fastcoexist.com/3045025/this-tech-can-turn-food-waste-into-graphene-power-and-fuel?utm_source=facebook
http://www.greendiary.com
https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-build-disaster-resilient-homes-in-the-philippines-82408
http://www.e-architect.co.uk/philippines/philippines-house-prototype
http://time.com/3554112/tacloban-yolanda-supertyphoon-typhoon-haiyan-anniversary/
http://projectsreview2011.aaschool.ac.uk/students/jinho-kim
http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
https://maricardedios.wordpress.com/tag/philippines/
http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/bayanihan/
http://imgarcade.com/1/tausug-house/
http://archinect.com/dembercastaneda/project/the-torogan-house
http://www.except.nl/en/projects/65-bkcity-slim-refurbishment
http://pt.slideshare.net/BryllEdisonPar/the-nipa-hut-as-a-green-building-by-bryll-edison-par
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane-proof_building#Concrete
http://inhabitat.com/vo-trong-nghias-wind-and-water-bar-is-made-almost-entirely-of-bamboo-in-viet-nam/
http://jhian.deviantart.com/art/Bahay-na-Bato-i-167912811
http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/can-a-house-be-typhoon-proof-and-earthquake-proof-at-the-same-time
http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house
http://hispanofilipino.comoj.com/ExpoManila/p18in.htm
http://www.fastcodesign.com/3021580/innovation-by-design/is-it-even-possible-to-design-buildings-that-can-withstand-250-mph-typh
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/11/world/asia/typhoon-haiyan-map.html?_r=2&
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/31/tacloban-a-year-after-typhoon-haiyan
http://www.archdaily.com/tag/typhoon-haiyan/
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph
www.leanurbanism.org
www.maps.ramiro.org/natural-disaster-risk/
http://tenminutes.ph/balikbayans-unite-for-yolanda-survivors-through-balikbalay/
http://hands.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_retired_Philippine_typhoon_names
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines#Banaue_Rice_Terraces
www.axsoris.com
www.myphilippinelife.com
www.barbarajanereyes.com
www.forumbiodiversity.com/show-thread.php/38670-Philippines/page11
http://z6.invisionfree.com/filipzi/ar/t595.htm
www.cgstock.com
www.buildingscience.com
http-//tenminutes.ph/balikbayans-unite-for-yolanda-survivors-through-balikbalay/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane-proof-building
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/12/06/philippines-reconstruction-
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press- release/2013/11/22/world-bank-group-recovery-support-philippines
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/11/09/world-bank-statement-on-typhoon-haiyan- philippines
www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2013/12/17/philippines-building-back-stronger-homes-and- communities-after-typhoon-haiyan.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2014/04/15/philippines-picking-up-the-pieces-after-haiyan- yolanda.
http://www.gov.ph/downloads/2013/12dec/20131216-RAY.pdf.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2013/12/17/global- lessons-for-rebuilding-communities-after-yolanda.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/brief/philippines_reconstruction_after_typhoon_haiyan_yolanda
http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P127741/philippines-national-community-driven-development- program?lang=en.
www.worldriskreport.org
www.philippinestudies.net
http://www.homedsgn.com/2013/04/20/blooming-bamboo-by-hp-architects/
The phenomenon of observing nature in search for answers that will bring
us closer to technological advancement and scientific innovation is becom-
ing increasingly talked about each day. Mimicking those natural processes
to solve current challenges is an ecologic and pertinent strategy. In vernac-
ular Architecture, it is necessary to adapt primordial construction concepts
and techniques to contemporary materials, promoting modern Architecture
and historic preservation at the same time. The Architect must resort to
endogenous materials, but also add innovative knowledge and construc-
tion methods to obtain a more successful result from this inter-relation,
while asking the right questions towards safeguard when it comes to, in the
case of our research, Typhoon resilience. This integration should result in
sustainable, ecological, and economical Architecture with the ability to re-
sist natural disasters that are becoming ever more frequent due to climate
change. This is not only crucial to prevent from catastrophic destruction of
buildings, but also to solve and rebuild post disaster.
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
http://www.archdaily.com/431271/bb-home-h-and-p-architects/
http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/
http://inhabitat.com/mat-ter-architects-unveil-plans-for-typhoon-resilient-guiuan-national-high-school-in-the-philippines/mat-ter-architects-guiuan-national-high-
school-7/
http://www.mat-ter.com/projects/
http://www.gizmag.com/mat-ter-flood-resistant-school-philippines/31905/
http://www.concernergy.com/commercial_factory_recycling-industrial-waste_96#more
https://suite.io/laurence-o-sullivan/yd720y
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks1.htm
http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/recyclingprocess/
http://www.epa.gov/naturaldisasters/returnhomeadvisory.htm
http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/imr/cdm/debris.htm
http://www.worldhabitatawards.org/winners-and-finalists/project-details.cfm?lang=00&theprojectid=114
http://www.wbdg.org/design/resist_hazards.php
http://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/disasters/feature/rebuilding-from-super-typhoon-haiyan-s-devastation.html
http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/roofs.php
http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm
http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
http://www.wbdg.org/design/resist_hazards.php
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/one-hundred-days-since-typhoon-haiyan-20142188436327673.html
http://housingrevolution.org/614/elizabeth-hausler-quake-safe-housing/
http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/about
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house
http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/can-a-house-be-typhoon-proof-and-earthquake-proof-at-the-same-time
http://www.fastcodesign.com/3021580/innovation-by-design/is-it-even-possible-to-design-buildings-that-can-withstand-250-mph-typh
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/31/tacloban-a-year-after-typhoon-haiyan
http://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-10-22/resilient-and-sustainable-infrastructure-for-urban-energy-systems
http://cityminded.org/regional-planning-for-disaster-resiliency-and-sustainability-7281
http://www.mnproject.org/e-biogas.html
http://www.resilience.org/stories/2012-04-17/five-renewable-sources-energy-farmers-developing-countries
http://www.cityam.com/1416512685/poorest-will-suffer-if-we-force-renewable-energy-developing-world
http://www.economist.com/node/16909923
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http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
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Typhoon Yolanda on Buildings. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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typhoon yolanda destruction
Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines
img 186

_img 93 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)
_img 95 - Light Steel Frame, http://www.mepsengenharia.com.br/blog/2013/04/05/light-steel-framing-e-suas-novas-possibilidades-para-a-arquitetura/
_img 96 - Timber Frame, http://cariboucreekloghomes.com/timber-frame-construction/
_img 97 - Timber Frame, http://www.fermacell.co.uk/en/content/timber_frame_1169.php
_img 98 - Clapboard Timber, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution
_img 99 - Timber Frame, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution
_img 100 - Wattle and Daub, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution
_img 101 - Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/
wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg
_img 102 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/
_img 105 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-viet-
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
_img 107 -
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
[page 9]
_img 112 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/
_img 113 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, Map localization, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/
_img 114 -Geothermal house, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-con-
tent/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg
_img 115 - Energy Efficiency homes
[page 10]
_img 118 - “10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
_img 119 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity
[page 11]
_img 124 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
_img 127 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/
_img 131 - Zero House, http://zerohouse.net/wordpress/
_img 132 - Zero House, http://www.decorreport.com/inline/home/en/4ba89d1d5dc8822f998564e64be7864f.jpg
_img 133 - Sustainable renovation of TU Delft Architecture Faculty, http://www.except.nl/en/projects/65-bkcity-slim-refurbishment
[page 12]
_img 134 - Building Systems, Water management, www.vilasarboretum.org
_img 135 - Building Systems, Water management, buildnative.com
_img 136 - Building Systems, Water management, https://tmanoukian.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/a-weekend-in-siena-italy-il-duomo-la-fontebranda-medicea-fortress-and-pala-
zzo-publicco/
_img 137 - Building Systems, Water management, www.wisegeek.com
_img 138 - Building Systems, Water management, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos
_img 139 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas
_img 140 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas
_img 141 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-
1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL4.135&d=HASH083af43596dbe513371221&gt=2
_img 142 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm
_img 143- Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm
[page 13]
_img 144 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, http://www.asla.org/2010studentawards/134.html
_img 145 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com
_img 146 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com
_img 147 - Rainwater management systems, modern way of how people can collect and then use rainwater, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage
_img 148 - Resilient approach to collect rain water, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage
_img 149 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final
_img 150 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final
[page 14]
_img 153 - Potencial Materials that can be used for future building constructions, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/
TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg
_img154-HistoryofRecycling,theWorldWarswasthestartingpointfortherecyclingprocess,http://www.lpwalliance.com/storage/Publications/HowphotoChangedTime/66e6092e605c028e1f-
c6a7be6770176e.jpg
_img 155 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_
the_Second_World_War_HU36196.jpg
_img 156 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://cdn.static.ovimg.com/episode/1613351.jpg
_img 157 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2014/02/25/ap160730063_custom-444aed211f80a4ae-
0892c6c81b66f3596bc20f10-s1100-c15.jpg
[page 15]
_img 158 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 160 - “Cross Section” from a roof system after a Typhoon, Ivatan houses new roofing systems, http://tenminutes.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg, http://tenminutes.ph/
wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg
_img 164 - Damaged Ivatan House, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg
_img 165 - Ivatan Houses, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg
_img 166 - Openings from the Ivatan Houses, http://opinion.inquirer.net/files/2014/01/Batanes04-262x224.jpg, http://opinion.inquirer.net/68827/batanes-model-for-storm-readiness
_img 167 - New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/
P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html
_img 168 -New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/
P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html
_img 169 - Stone and Concrete walls Ivatan House, and example of how to built or reconstructed a resistant typhoon house, https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/107566631/disp/0d-
2643cc46011630c4e182376dc5b31e.jpg
_img 171 - Ivatan House Openings, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg
_img 172 - Ivatan House Openings, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg
_img 173 - Ivatan House Door Opening, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG
[page 16]
_img 174 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Steel Building Structure, http://www.skcthailand.com/wp-content/uploads/photo-gal-
lery/Steel%20Buildings/SKC%20Steel%20Buildings%20001.jpg
_img 175 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Building built with Earth and Bamboo, http://constructpix.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/03/bamboo-structure1-960x633.jpg
_img 176 -Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Corrugated steel sheets, http://vancouverwaroofing.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/07/2-1-2Corrugated-Panel.jpg
_img 177 - Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Concrete Roof, http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/images/pitched-roof-shoring.png
_img 178 - Hip Roof, 4 aguas roof, “8 features of a typhoon-resistant house”, http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house
_img 179 - Build the roof at an angle of 30° to 45° to prevent it being lifted off by the wind, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/
ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
_img 180 -Reinforce the bracing in the structure; strengthen walls and joints/ junctions to increase stiffness, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/
en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction
_img 181 - Avoid wide roof overhangs; separate the veranda structure from the house, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-prin-
ciples-cyclone-resistant-construction
_img 182 - Representative Model of a house resistant to Typhoons
_img 183 - Wall construction system, Concrete with Stones, http://www.freshpalace.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Home-Chamoson-Switzerland-Exposed-Concrete-Stone-Walls.jpg
_img 184 - Foundations system, Concrete foundation, http://blog.buildllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/BUILD-LLC-01.jpg
_img 185 - Concrete posts used anchored the house to ground.
_img 186 - Typhoon Yolanda destruction, http://l1.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/GjeQmBKmjLhqgeZSJIi4EQ--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MjA7cT03NTt3PTYzMA--/http://
media.zenfs.com/en_sg/News/AFP/184bfdd795d06202a1c7d60e8970f2adf7384748.jpg
_TITLE PAGE - Chapter 1, NASA image courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike Carlowicz - October 2014, Washington, DC
20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction
and Development.
[page 2]
_img 2 - “The science of typhoons”; “Map of cyclone basins “, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/
_img 3 - World Map, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png
_img 4 - “Types of Climates in the Philippines Territory”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines
_img 5 - “Getting Aid to Victims Of Typhoon Haiyan”, A surivor walks among the debris of houses destroyed by Super Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban. http://www.chiangraitimes.com/
getting-aid-to-victims-of-typhoon-haiyan-videos.html
_img 6 - Typhoon Destruction, “People walk through an area devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban November 23, 2013. Typhoon Haiyan smashed through the country
on November 8, laying waste to just about everything in its path, and killing more than 4,000 people.” http://blogs.blouinnews.com/blouinbeatbusiness/files/2013/11/2013-11-
23T080106Z_2002487810_GM1E9BN18DQ01_RTRMADP_3_PHILIPPINES-
_img 7 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_worse_than_the_
storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_
worse_than_the_storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg
_img 8 - Typhoon Destruction, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Typhoon-Ondoy.jpg, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/
_img 9 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg
_img 10 - Typhoon Destruction, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.jpg, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.
jpg
_img 11 - Risk of Typhoon Map in the Philippines, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg
_img 12 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/
_img 13 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/
[page 3]
_img 14 to 27 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
[page 4]
_img 28 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb-
1dc07a80e280000060_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_13-jpg/
_img 29 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cae-
5c07a80e28000005e_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_08-jpg/
_img 30 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb-
0bc07a802de1000057_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_11-jpg/
_img 31 - A view of one of the interior courtyards, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resis-
tant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cabac07a80f0d900005d_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_04-jpg/
_img32-TheSchoolGardens,“MAT-TERDesignsStorm-ResistantSchoolforthePhilippines”,http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-phil-
ippines/5361cab6c07a802de1000054_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_03-jpg/
_img 33 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
loads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
nam-09-16-2014/
[page 5]
_img 43 to 50 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html
_img 51 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, www.asiafinest.com
_img 52 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, pixshark.com
[page 6]
_img53-“VoTrongNghiaArchitectsdevelopsprefabricateddwellingsforvietnam”,http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/
_img 55 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-archi-
tects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha_-__-7--1000x666.jpg, http://www.archdaily.com/431271/bb-home-h-and-p-architects/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-architects_-c-_doan_thanh_
ha_-__-7-jpg/
_img 56 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “The house during night light”, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422e13e8e44e67bf00001c_bb-home-h-p-
architects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha__portada.jpg
_img 65 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “List of materials used in the BB HOME project”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.
homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg
_img 66 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Prototype closed and open depending on the necessity”, http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/09/dezeen_Blooming-Bamboo-Home-
by-HP-Architects_15.jpg, http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/
_img 67 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, Axo of the project, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/
uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg
_img 68 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
_img 69 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/up-
[page 7]
_img 70 - Stone Walls, www.buildingscience.com
_img 71 - Stone Wall detail, http://www.cornerhardware.com/articles/art59.html
_img 72 - Bamboo Facade Walls, mdgroover.iweb.bsu.edu
_img 73 - Bamboo Facade Wall detail, http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-94494472/stock-photo-the-vernacular-architecture-a-wooden-house-of-a-farmer-in-the-countryside-of-chiang-mai-
province.html
_img 74 - Bamboo construction walls, https://www.flickr.com/photos/takashi_hirato/2097939666
_img 75 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red cres-
cent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh
_img 79 - “HIP ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://www.contractortalk.com/attachments/f14/28472d1265434077-help-hip-roof-supports-gar-
den-shed.jpg
_img 80 - “DROPPED GABBLED ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.gif, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.
gif
_img 81 - “BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-
f1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426
_img 82 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4df-
_img 85 - Ivatan House, example of house a hip roof and a gabble roof looks
_img 86 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 87 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf
_img 88 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm
[page 8]
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