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Final Report
1. Microcontroller Based Password Protected Home
Appliance
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics and Communication Engineering
by
Susmit Sarkar
(Roll No. 14400311114)
Under the guidance of
Prof. Biplab Roy
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Neotia Institute of Technology, Management and Science
West Bengal University of Technology
2. Report Approval
The project report entitled
Microcontroller Based Password Protected Home
Appliance
by
Susmit Sarkar
(Roll No. 14400311114)
is approved for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
Examiner Examiner
Supervisor Head of the Department
Date:
Place: NITMAS
3. Abstract
The micro-controller based digital lock is an access control system that allows only autho-
rized persons to access any restricted division. The major components include a keypad, LCD,
EEPROM and the micro-controller ATmega8A-PU which belongs to the 8159 8-bit series of
micro-controllers. The electronic control assembly allows the system to unlock the device with
a password. A four digit pre-defined password needs to be specified by the user. A 4x3 matrix
KEYPAD have been used here to set the password which is stored in the EEPROM so that we
can change it at any time. While unlocking, if the entered password from keypad matches with
the stored password, then the lock opens and a message is displayed on the LCD. Also an output
pin is made high to be used for further purposes. As the program starts, string “Enter Password”
is displayed on LCD. The keypad is scanned for pressed digits one by one. Every time row and
column of the key pressed is detected and the digit is displayed on LCD. If all the four digits
match with set password, LCD displays “Access Granted” and the lock output pin goes high
and the led glows. If the security code is wrong, “Access Denied” is displayed in the LCD and
the buzzer rings which is connected to one of the pins of the micro-controller.A relay circuit is
also present by means of which we are controlling one 12V DC fan and a 15W bulb (one at a
time), which will operate when the password matches.
ii
4. Acknowledgments
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported us
throughout the course of this B.Tech final year project.I am thankful for their aspiring guidance,
invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work.I am sincerely
grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related
to our project.I express my warm thanks to our project mentor Prof. Biplab Roy and our Head
of the Department Dr. Sujoy Biswas for their support and guidance at NITMAS.I would also
like to thank Prof. Biswarup Mukherjee for suggesting us with some modifications to make
our project better.
Date: 20th May, 2015
Susmit Sarkar
5. Declaration of Academic Ethics
I declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where oth-
ers’ ideas or words have been included, our have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I declare that we have properly and accurately acknowledged all sources used in the
production of this report.
Ialso declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.I
understand that any violation of the above will be a cause for disciplinary action by the Institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or
from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.
Date: 20th May, 2015 Susmit Sarkar
(Roll No. 14400311114)
10. Chapter 1
Introduction
Security is a prime concern in our day-to-day life.Everyone wants to be as much secure as pos-
sible.The Micro-controller Based Password Protected Home Appliance is an access control
system that allows only authorized persons to access an appliance.The system is fully controlled
by the 8 bit micro-controller ATmega8.There is a Keypad by which the password can be entered
through it.When the entered password matches with the password stored in the memory then
we get access to the appliance.Presence of a stored EEPROM within the MCU which helps us
to modify the password everytime we want. If the stored password doesn’t matches with the
given password, the buzzer will start to make noise, and the relay will not operate.
The objectives of our project are listed as below:
• To protect home appliances from unauthorized persons.
• We can operate both AC and DC components one at a time.
• To design a keyless lock system by using electronic digital lock code.
1
11. Chapter 2
Flowchart Design
Figure 2.1: Flowchart Design
The password is entered through the keypad.If the password matches “Access Granted”
is displayed and the led glows and the relay is opened else it displays “Access denied” and the
buzzer gets activated.
2
12. Chapter 3
Block Diagram
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram
3.1 Description of Block Diagram
There micro-controller controls four modules viz. : Power, Keypad, LCD and Buzzer.The power
supply module is supplying +5V(via IC 7805)to the MCU and the LCD.Three interfacing pro-
grammes for LCD, Keypad and User Interfacing have been incorporated in the1
MCU.The relay
is mainly used to operate any household appliances (within a fixed power rating) one at a time.
1
Micro-controller Unit
3
14. 4.2 4-Pin Push Switch
The 4 pin push button has two pairs of pins on opposite sides.In this case pin 1 and pin 2 are
connected to the same switch and so is pin 3 and pin 4.
Figure 4.1: 4-pin push button Layout.
Figure 4.2: Connection of positive and negative/ground terminals.
The switch (i) connects pin 1 and pin 2 and (ii) connects pin 3 and pin 4. The push button
closes both switches at once, when pressed.
4.3 Liquid Crystal Display
Features:
• 5 x 8 dots with cursor
• Built-in controller (KS 0066)
• 5V power supply
5
15. • 16 Characters * 2 Line Displays
• Display Mode and Backlight Variations
• 2
RoHS Compliant
4.4 IC 7805
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctua-
tions and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output
voltage at a constant value.
Pin Description:
Pin 1:Input voltage (5V-18V)
Pin 2:Ground (0V)
Pin 3:Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)
4.5 Other Components
1. Capacitor (0.1uF, 470uF)
2. Diode
3. Resistor (110Ω,4.7kΩ,330Ω)
4. Preset (10KΩ)
5. LED(3.5V DC and 0.8 Amp)
6. KS 110 Vero Board
7. Buzzer (5-30V, 7W maximum at 12Vp-p 4.0kHz)
8. Transistor (BC 548)
2
Restriction of Hazardous Substances
6
16. Chapter 5
Circuit Diagram
Figure 5.1: Circuit Diagram
5.1 Explaination
The Main Part of the above Circuit diagram is the micro-controller ATmega8. The Keypad is
the input device and it is connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of ports needed
are reduced. The micro-controller reads a four-digit password through the Keypad. Then the
micro-controller compares the four digit password with the number which is pre-programmed
and if it is equal then the micro-controller will switch on the relay for the appliance. The
7
17. Password is stored in the 1
EEPROM and the password can be changed at any time using the
same keypad.The power module should deliver constant output regulated power supply of 5V
for successful working of the project.For this IC 7805 voltage regulator is used, which supplies
power to the entire circuitry after downgrading the voltage from 12V DC.The stored EEPROM
within the MCU helps us to modify the password every time we want. If the stored password
doesn’t matches with the given password, the buzzer connected to Pin 24 will start to make
noise, and the relay will not operate.
The entire circuit is divided into 4 modules:
• Power Section Module
• LCD Module
• Keypad Module
• Relay Section
All this modules are being interfaced with the ATmega8 microcontroller, which are being dis-
cussed as we move further in this report.
1
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
8
18. Chapter 6
ATmega8
6.1 Why ATmega8?
• Added EEPROM to store data over a power off time.
• An internal oscillator and an internal power on reset make the AVR working without any
other components.
• Due to the EEPROM, we can change the passwords any number of time.
• The AVR is optimized for C-programming.
• It allows programming and serial communication over 1
USB.
6.2 Features
• High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
• Non-volatile Memory segments
• Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator(1 Mhz)
• Operating Voltages
4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
1
Universal Serial Bus
9
19. • Speed Grades
0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)
• Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25◦
C
Active: 3.6mA
Idle Mode: 1.0mA
6.3 Pin Configuration and Explanation
Figure 6.1: Pin Configuration
• Port B (PB7..PB0): It is a 8 bit Bi-directional,2
tri-stated I/O port with internal pull up
resistors.
• Port C (PC5..PC0): Used as an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resis-
tors.
• PC6: Used as an I/O pin, a low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a Reset.
• Port D (PD7..PD0): It is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors.
2
Tri-state, or 3-state logic allows output ports to assume a high impedance state in addition to the fundamental
0 and 1 levels, effectively removing the output from the circuit. This allows multiple circuits to share the same
output line or lines (such as a bus).
10
20. • RESET: A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate
a reset, even if the clock is not running.
• AREF: It is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
6.4 Pin Mapping
Figure 6.2: Pin Mapping
• Port B (PB7..PB0): This pins are mapped to mapped to the pins of LCD, except PB6 and
PB7.
• Port C (PC5..PC0): PC0 and PC1 are used as an interfacing port to Buzzer and Relay
Pins, ports PC2 to PC5 are unused and can be used for further modifications.
• PC6: This is a reset pin
• Port D (PD7..PD0): This pins are mapped to the Keypad Module
• AREF and AVCC:They have an external LC Oscillator attached to it, which produces a
frequency for the MCU to work properly.
11
21. Chapter 7
Power Section
7.1 Source of Power
There were a few options available to us. We can either use batteries, a wall adapter, or a
1
SMPS. In our case we will be using a wall adapter, to power our whole circuitry, although
SMPS or a battery can be used in order to increase the portability.A 12V DC adapter is used in
this case, to power the circuit, proper arrangements were also made to protect the MCU from
high voltage over 5V.
Figure 7.1: Top view of the Power Section
1
Switched Mode Power Supply
12
22. 7.2 Components
• Capacitor(0.1uF, 470uF)
• Diode
• Resistor(330Ω)
• LED (3.5V DC and 0.8 Amp)
• Push Switch
• Power Socket
• IC 7805
7.3 Circuit Diagram
Figure 7.2: Circuit Diagram
Here, IC 7805 plays a pivotal role, it downgrades the 12V DC supply from the mains to a
constant 5V DC thereby protects the micro-controller from damage against overflow of current.
Here in this circuit the capacitors are acts as an Filter in this circuit.The ceramic capacitor
opposes the AC signal to flow through or appear at the output terminal.Here the Capacitors are
used across regulator in-order to obtain the stability.Ceramic capacitors handle noise and fast
transients.
13
23. Chapter 8
LCD Module
8.1 Features
The main features of the LCD are as follows :
• 5 x 8 dots with cursor
• Built-in controller (KS 0066)
• 5V power supply
• 16 Characters * 2 Line Displays
• Display Mode and Backlight Variations
• RoHS Compliant
Figure 8.1: Top view of LCD display
14
24. 8.2 LCD Display Interface
The dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays alphanumeric, charac-
ters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-matrix liquid crystal display under the
control of a 4 or 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the functions such as display RAM, character
generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal display are
internally provided on one chip, a minimal system can be interfaced with this controller/driver.
A single HD44780U can display up to two 8-character lines (16 x 2).Micro controller send the
data signals through pin 11 through 18 (RC0-RC3) and control signal through 4,6 and 7 of the
micro controller. Pin no 3 of the LCD is used to control the contrast by using preset PR1.
Figure 8.2: Block Diagram along with Pin Connections
Figure 8.3: Interface Pin Description
15
25. 8.3 Interfacing the LCD
Port PB0-PB5 is being interfaced with the pins of the LCD. The transistor Q1 acts as a pull up
transistor, which boosts the voltage from Pin 15 (Port PB1), to turn the LCD backlight ON. A
10 kΩ preset is adjusted to get a proper LED display.
Figure 8.4: LCD Interfacing
16
26. Chapter 9
Keypad Module
9.1 Interfacing the Keypad
The port PD0-PD7 is mapped with the eight interconnects of the Keypad.Port PD0-PD3 corre-
sponds to the row of the 4X3 matrix, whereas the port PD4-PD7 corresponds to the column of
the same matrix.
Figure 9.1: LCD Interfacing
17
27. 9.2 Matrix Keypad Connection
The Keypad is the input device and it is connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of
ports needed are reduced.The matrix keypad is established in the following manner :
1. The rows R0 to R3 and C0 to C3 are connected to i/o pins of Micro-controller, by setting
the DDR they are connected and made Input/output.
2. At first Columns are kept at High Impedance State. And in their PORT value we set them
all as LOW.
3. One by One we make each Column LOW (from high Z state) and read state of R0 to R3.
Figure 9.2: Matrix Connection 1
4. C0 is made LOW while all other Columns are in HIGH Z State.
5. But when a key is pressed it is connected to LOW line from the column thus making it
LOW.
Figure 9.3: Matrix Connection 2
18
28. 6. If ROWS are high the button is NOT pressed.
7. C0 High Z again and make C1 LOW. And read R0 to R3 again. This gives us status of
the second column of keys.
8. Similarly we can scan all columns C2 and C3
Figure 9.4: Matrix Connection 3
19
29. Chapter 10
Relay
10.1 What is a Relay?
It is an electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is activated by a cur-
rent or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.The Electro-mechanical Relay is
an output device (actuator) which come in a whole host of shapes, sizes and designs, and have
many uses and applications in electronic circuits. But while electrical relays can be used to al-
low low power electronic or computer type circuits to switch relatively high currents or voltages
both “ON” or “OF”, some form of relay switch circuit is required to control it.
Figure 10.1: A simple Relay
20
30. 10.2 Pin Description of a 5 pin Relay
There are four pins present in a Relay :
• NO : Normally Open (NO), or “make” contact. It is open when the coil is de-energized
and closes when the coil is energized. It is useful in applications that must switch a single
power source of high current from a remote location.
• NC : Normally Closed (NC), or “break” contact. It is closed in the de-energized position
and opens when the coil is energized. These contacts are useful in applications that require
the circuit to remain closed, and when the relay is activated, the circuit is shut off.
• Common:. At no input state, the common (COM) is connected to (NC). When the op-
erating voltage is applied the relay coil gets energized and the COM changes contact to
(NO).
• Coils: The coil generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit
is applied to it. This voltage is called the “Operating voltage”.
Figure 10.2: Pin Diagram of a Relay
21
31. 10.3 How does it works?
An iron core is surrounded by a control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the
electromagnet through a control switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts
flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the
magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and
thus closes the contacts causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand,
if the relay was already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move
oppositely and make an open circuit.As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature
will be returned by a force back to its initial position. This force will be almost equal to half
the strength of the magnetic force. This force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the
spring and also gravity.
Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the
other is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the
noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a
phenomenon called arcing.
Figure 10.3: Relay Internal Wiring
22
32. 10.4 Specifications and Circuit Diagram
• 1
SPDT:This type of a relay has a total of five terminals. Out f these two are the coil
terminals. A common terminal is also included which connects to either of two others.
• DC Rating: 12V DC, 10A
• AC Rating: 220V AC, 7A
Figure 10.4: Circuit Diagram
When the relay gets activated, after the password matches then the peripheral devices
connected to it also starts working, but only one device can be operated at a time, both DC and
AC
1
Single Pole Double Throw
23
33. Chapter 11
Buzzer Interfacing
A buzzer connected to PORT C1 (PIN 24) of the micro controller through a driver transistor.
The buzzer requires 5 volts at a current of around 50 ma, which cannot be provided by the micro
controller. So the driver transistor is added. As soon as pin of the micro controller goes high,
the buzzer operates, it only occurs when the password is not matched and the buzzer will beep
for roughly around 8 secs.
Figure 11.1: Circuit Diagram and Implementation
24
34. Chapter 12
Peripheral Devices
The peripheral devices connected with our project are as follows :
• 12V DC, 0.5 Amp fan
• 220V AC, 15W bulb
Figure 12.1: Peripheral Devices
All these peripheral devices are connected to the screw connector, which in turn is connected to
the pins of a Relay and will operate one at a time.
25
35. Chapter 13
Software Implementation
13.1 AVR Studio 5
Atmel AVR Studio 5 is the IDE for developing and debugging embedded Atmel AVR applica-
tions. The AVR Studio 5 IDE gives us a seamless and easy-to-use environment to write, build,
and debug your C/C++ and assembler code, in our project we have used AVR Studio 5 for
building our code, and further downloading it into the MCU.
13.2 Software Code
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include "lcd.h"
#include “keypad.h”
#include “userinterface.h”
#include “passwordmanager.h”
//LCD Backlight i/o configuration
define LCDBLPORT PORB
define LCDBLDDR DDRB
define LCDBLPIN PB1
//Output relay i/o configuration
define RELAYPORT PORTC
26
36. define RELAYDDR DDRC
define RELAYPIN PC0
//Simple Delay Function
void Wait(uint8t n);
//Relay Control Functions
void RelayOn();
void RelayOff();
//System Functions
void SystemInit();
void main()
{
uint16t password;
//Initialize the system
SystemInit();
while(1)
{
password=InputNumber(“Enter Password”);
//Match Password if(password==ReadPassFromEEPROM())
{
LCDClear();
LCDWriteString(“Access Granted”);
//Now Activate Relay
RelayOn();
Wait(15);
LCDClear();
LCDWriteString(“Press Any Key”);
//Now wait for any key
while(GetKeyPressed()==255)
{
delayloop2(10);
}
//Now DeActivate Relay
27
37. RelayOff();
Wait(2);
}
else if(password==0)
If user enters 0000 as password it indicates to change password
LCDClear();
password=InputNumber(“Old Password”);
if(password==ReadPassFromEEPROM())
{
//Allowed to change password
uint16t NewPassword;
NewPassword=InputNumber(“New Password”);
WritePassToEEPROM(NewPassword);
LCDClear();
LCDWriteString(“Success !”);
Wait(15);
}
else
//Not Allowed to change password
LCDClear();
LCDWriteString(“Wrong Password !”);
Wait(15);
}
}
else
LCDClear();
LCDWriteString(“Access Denied”);
RelayOff();
DDRC=0x02;
28
39. delayloop2(0);
}
void RelayOn()
{
RELAYPORT=(1«RELAYPIN);
} void RelayOff()
{
RELAYPORT=(1«RELAYPIN);
}
13.3 Downloading the Hex File
13.3.1 Apparatus Required
• AVR 28 pin Development Board
• USB 2.0 AVR Programmer
• USB Cable
• ISP Cable
Figure 13.1: Development Board and Programmer
30
40. 13.3.2 Steps Involved:
1. Step 1:At first all connections are made, the programmer and the developmet board are
connected by means of the 1
ISP Cable,and a 12V DC supply is given to the development
board
2. Step 2:The USB V 2.0 programmer is then connected to the Laptop by means of a ca-
ble,after all connections are made then a “GREEN” LED will blink as shown in the figure
below.
3. Step 3:At last the HEX file created by means of AVR Stuio 5.0 is then downloaded, by
means of Prog ISP Burner Software, during the time of downloading the “RED” led will
glow as shown in the figure below
Figure 13.2: Entire Procedure
1
In System Programming
31
41. Chapter 14
Conclusion
When we completed this project, we had learned and understood the process of constructing a
Digital Code lock which contained hardware and software development. We also came to knew
about the micro-controller ATmega 8 and how to implement it on our project.We succeeded
in determining the faults in our circuit and rectified it accordingly. Our digital code lock per-
formed as expected. We were able to implement all the functions specified in our proposal. The
biggest hurdle we had to overcome with this project was interfacing the micro-controller with
the hardware components. We feel that this digital code lock is marketable because it is easy to
use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption and highly reliable and useful in
application in any household appliance.
32
42. Chapter 15
Future Aspects
There were many scope for improvement, but the three major modifications which stands out
tall are as follows :
• Circuit modifications can be made to control heavy household appliances
• Portability of the circuit can be increased, with the application of SMPS, battery, or any
secondary voltage source (Portable).
• Now we are able to control both AC and DC components, but they can be used one at a
time, but certain circuit modification can be made so that simultaneously more than one
appliances can be controlled.
33
