1) The document presents research on factors affecting labor productivity on construction projects in Bihar. It identifies major factors through literature review and collects data from 5 construction sites. 2) Work sampling and 5-minute rating methods are used to measure productivity at each site. Relative importance index is calculated to rank factors based on questionnaire responses. 3) Regression analysis is performed to analyze relationships between variables. Topographical, location and labor related factors are found to impact productivity across sites. Selection of skilled labor is recommended after screening.

1. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN BIHAR
A Final - term
Presentation
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Under the supervision of
Mr. KAUSHAL KUMAR
&
Mr. AKASH BHARDWAJ
By
BIPRENDRA KUMAR(202604)
Department of Civil Engineering
JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, WAKNAGHAT
MAY, 2022

2.  Introduction
 Literature review
 Summary of Literature review
 Objective
 Methodology
 Factors of labour productivity
 Work sampling to find productivity,semi productivity and non
productivity
 Five minute rating method to find productivity
 Sensitivity analysis to find the effect of variability among different
factors
 Regression methods
 Results and suggestions
2

3.  The construction industry is a labor intensive industry, and in India it provides employment
to a large population
 After having best labor, best equipment and even high end technology, the final productivity
when evaluated comes out to be low.
 So what would be the matter that even after having “the best” of everything hinders the way
of 100% productivity and efficiency? The answer behind this difficult question is very
simple and that is “labor productivity”.
 Several factors contribute towards the efficient working of the labor under any contractor.
These factors include economical factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors and
many more and these factors are the main reasons behind the lag of labor efficiency.
Introduction

4. Labor Productivity in Construction Project
 Productivity can be defined as the output of any industrial process. It gives the
rate at which a company produces goods and services with buffer available. But
technically productivity can be given as the “ratio of the quantity of Output to
the quantity of inputs”.
Productivity = quantity of output /quantity of input
Where,
Output is in terms of installed quantities at the end of the project
Input is in terms of labor hour
 Productivity is measured as the labor hours per unit of the work. The
significance of productivity lies in the fact that it measures the industrial trend,
it helps in comparing performance, and to see the effect on scheduling of
different activities in a project.

5. S.NO. Name of Literature Year of publication/
journal of publication
Content of Respective Literature
1 Mr.C.Thiyagu (Student)1,
Mr.M.Dheenadhayalan (Guide)2 1
Student M.E.,(CE&M): Construction
Labor productivity and its
Improvement
Nov-2015:
International
Research Jurnal of
Engineering and
Technology
(IRJET)
• Study and discuss various
factors affecting labour
productivity
• Analyze and calculate the
relative important of those
factors affecting labour
productivity
• To make recommendation to
improve labour productivity in
construction

6. 2. Aftal Murodifl, Erizal2, Meiske Widyarti ;
Measurement of Productivity Using Work
Sampling Method at Menara Sentraya
building project Jakarta Indonesia
May 2016 : Scholars
Journal of Engineering and
Technology (SJET)
• Divide the activities
• Observe the activities
apply
• Work sampling method
• Results and suggestions
3. Mr.A.A Attar1, Prof.
A.K.Gupta2,Prof.D.B.Desai3:
A study of various factors affecting labour
productivity and methods to Impove it
October 2014; IOSR
Journal of mechanical and
civil Engineering
(IOSR-JMCE)
• Defining productivity
• Factors affecting labour
productivity
• Barriers to productivity
• Suggestion to remove
inefficiencies
4. Prachi R. Ghate1,Prof. Pravin R.Minde2
:IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT OF
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN
CONSTRUCTION
Working paper July 2016 :
researchgate publication
• Factors affecting
productivity
• Relative weightage
• suggestions

7. 5. B.Prakash Rao , Ambika Sreenivasan,
Prasad Babu NV:
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS AND
RANKING
June-2015 : International
Research Journal of
Engineering and
Technology(IRJET)
• Data collection via five
methods
• Responsible factors
• Frequency of factors
• conclusion
6. Bernard Vogl, Ph.D.1; and
Mohamed Abdel- Wahab,Ph.D,2;
Measuring the construction industry’s
productivity
Performance : critique of international
productivity comparisons at industry level
Feb 2014: American
society of civil Engineers
• Different factors based on
industrial needs
• Economic contribution of
construction industry (GDP)
• Comparison among
different countries
7. Awad S. Hanna, Ph.D.,P.E.,M.ASCE1;
Chul-Ki Chang,Ph.D.2;Kenneth
T.Sullivan,Ph.D.3;and Jaffery A.
Lackney,Ph.D.4:
IMPACT OF SHIFT WORK ON LABOR
PRODUCTIVITY FOR LABOUR INTENSIVE
CONTRACTOR
March 2008: JOURNAL OF
CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
• Data collection
• Percentage shift calculated
• Effect on various site
activities

8. 1) Major factor affecting labour productivity are low payment, poor
construction methods, use of technology/level of mechanization, delay in
material delivery etc.
2) For large companies, equipment factor is highly affecting labour
productivity. While in small and medium companies owner/consultant
factor need special attention.
3) Technology exploration will increase the productivity.
4) Some construction labours are engaged in some other profession like
farms, factory, domestic servant etc. and hence they do not give full
importance to construction work and tend to work informally.

9. 5) Factors affecting productivity are categorized under four
groups such as Organizational,Economical, Physical and Socio-
physiological.
6) Key for productivity improvement is not to complete as many
tasks as possible or to maximize workload but focus on
maintaining a predictable workflow.
7) A 1.03 units reduction (or increase) in time overrun causes
1.0 units increase in labour productivity.

10. 1. To understand the importance of the productivity in construction
industry.
2. To find out the factors that affects the real performance of the
productivity and the project.
3. To see the regional trend of using resources and labour by taking a
real time project.
4. To find out the reasons for the gap in the productivity in that region.
5. To suggest a labour selection model.

11. Methodology
For finding the significant factors associated to labor productivity of construction projects
in Bihar, the methodology adopted
Site Selection for the Study
Find Productivity of Site
Selecting Factors affecting Labour’s Productivity
Measuring the Severities of Factors using RII
Method
Identification of Critical Factors

12. 12
Adopting RII measure to increase productivity of site
Comparision between after/before scenerio of
Labour productivity
Recommendation if any

13. • The sites were chosen on the basis of the demography of the location,
• Sites having active projects and reliable data (like work schedule, progress report,
etc.) were available.
• Following are the five sites taken into the consideration of our study:
1. Construction of O.H.T & building in Ara, district Bhojpur (Site1)
2. Road side construction building in district Bhojpur (Site2)
3. River side construction of Over head tank Buxar, district Buxar (Site3)
4. Over head tank & Building in plain region of Hajipur, district vaishali (Site4)
5. O.H.T construction in Urban area of Sasaram, district Rohtas (Site5)
Site Selection

14. Factors Affecting the Labour Productivity
1. Environmental factors 9. Rework due to improper guide
2. Material availability 10. Lack of locally available labour
3. Safety 11. Financially weakness of a contractor
4. Lack of required tools and equipments 12.
Scanty financial policies of the
government
5. Lack of experience of labour & staff 13. Waging seven days without holidays
6. Time available 14. Availability of equipment/tools
7. Motivational leadership 15.
Miscommunication b/w contractor
and labour
8. Strikes caused by political parties 16. Unskilled labours
• Factors were devised by reviewing literatures and reviewed from the experts from industry
and Construction Management

15.  Work sampling tool used at site for observation making
 Labour activites at randam time interval of time
 Percentage of observations to be calculated for each activity
 As per convenience activities divided as here productive, semi
productive and non productive
15

16. Productivity check: Work Sampling Method
S. No.
Productive
(direct
work)
Semi-
productive
(support
work)
Non-
productive
(delay)
1 *
2 *
3 *
4 *
5 *
6 *
7 *
8 *
9 *
10 *
Total 5 3 2
Producti
vity
50% 30% 20%
Table 1. Productivity of Site 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
site 1 site 2 site 3 site 4 site 5
Percent(%) Sites
Productive
semi productive
Non Productive
Fig 1. Productivity of different sites in percentage

17.  Relies upon simply observing for a short interval of time(five
minutes)
 Provide some insight as to the effectiveness of the crew
 Pattern of usage of resources get revealed
 Total work effectiveness to be calculated at each site
17

18. Time Pump Spreader Screeder Concrete machine
10:05AM * *
10:10AM * * *
10:15AM * * *
10:20AM * * *
10:25AM * * *
10:30AM * *
Effective
observations
3 5 4 4
18
Total observation=24
Observed effective=16
Effectiveness=16/24
5-minute rating=66%

19. Time Pump Spreader Screeder Concrete Machine
2:05pm * * *
2:10pm * * *
2:15pm * * * *
2:20pm * *
2:25pm * *
2:30pm *
Effective
observation
2 4 5 3
19
Total observation=24
Observed effective=14
Effectiveness=14/24
5-minute rating=58.3%

20. 20
Effectiveness:
Morning shift- 66%
Evening shift – 58.3%
Pie chart showing the use
of different resources

21. 21
Effectiveness:
Morning shift-37.5%
Evening shift – 70.8%
Pie charts showing the use of
different resources

22. 22
Effectiveness:
Morning shift-33%
Evening shift-54%
Pie charts showing the use of
different resources

23. 23
Effectiveness;
Morning shift-62%
Evening shift-54%
Pie charts showing the use of
different resources

24. 24
Effectiveness:
Morning shift-45%
Evening shift-41%
Pie charts showing the use of
different resources

25. Questionnaire Survey
 Questionnaire was circulated for the responses from each site.
 With the well planned questionnaire survey and on-site data collection have been
carried out a total of x valid responses (site1-x1; site 2-x2; site 3-x3, site 4-x4, and site
5-x5) from engineers and workers at respective sites were obtained.
 Validity of the data was done using “Test-retest Method”, Responses received 2nd
time from questionnaire were similar to the previous one implying the data reliability.
 Work was being divided into two stages.
 The First stage is to prepare the questionnaire and distribute it to the respondent. In
this stage was completed by fixating each factors and problems associated with it
which is hindering construction labor productivity.
 The second stage was to evaluate the data using the relative importance index (RII).

26. Relative Importance Method(RII)
 The statistical tests have been applied on the data collected from questionnaire survey,
 RII (relative importance index) for each factor has been calculated to highlight the total score
responses received for each attributes.
 The RII method is explained below and it will be used to find ranking of the critical factors at
each sites.
RII = ΣW / (A*N)
Where,
W is the sum of score of all the weight-age of each factor by the respondents
(ranging from 1 to 5),
A is the highest weight (i.e. 5 in this case),
N is the total number of respondents.
 Higher the value of RII, more important was the cause of delays. Ranking of the factors
affecting labour productivity has been computed from the site1 and shown in Table.

27. S.NO. Factor RII RANKING
1 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR 0.6063 10
2 MATERIAL AVAILABLITY 0.8129 2
3 SAFETY 0.7255 7
4 LACK OF REQUIRED TOOLS
AND EQUIPMENT
0.7635 3
5 ENGINEER IMPROPER
SUPERVISION
0.7298 5
6 FOREMAN COMMUNICATION
SKILL
0.6007 11
7 MOTIVATIONAL LEADERSHIP 0.6118 9
8 STRIKE CAUSED BY POLITICAL
PARTIES
0.7349 4
27

28. S.NO. FACTORS RII RANKING
9 REWORK DUE TO IMPROPER
GUIDE
0.8216 1
10 LACK OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE
LABOUR
0.6271 8
11 FINANCIALLY WEAKNESS OF
CONTRACTOR
0.5690 13
12 LACK OF CONSULTANT
EXPERIENCE IN PROJECTS
0.5878 12
13 WORKING WITHOUT HOLIDAYS 0.7275 6
14 POOR SITE CONDITION 0.6271 8
15 MISCOMMUNICATION B/W
CONTRACTOR AND LABOUR
0.6118 9
16 UNSKILLED LABOURS 0.6007 11
28

29.  Regression is the study of the nature of relationship between
the variables so that one may be able to predict the unknown
value of one variable for a known value of another variable.
 In regression one variable is considered as an independent
variable and another variable is taken as dependent variable.
 With the help of regression possible values of the dependent
variable are estimated on the basis of the values of the
independent variables
29

30.  Regression is the measure of average relationship between
two or more variables.
M.M.Blair
30

31.  Where,
 R=dimensionless quantity that can
be used to measure the linear
association b/w pairs of variables
 Xi , Yi = pair of variables
 Respective means.
 N=no of pairs of data used in the
analysis
31

32. X Y
297 102 16 11.8
109 102 9 11.8
11 102 8 11.8
48 102 15 11.8
45 102 11 11.8
 After calculation value of
R=0.98
 That means rework factor is
more effective.
32

33.  Topographical factors variation
 Tradition use of tools (urban area or local area)
 Climatic conditions
 Location of construction
 Training of the labour ( speed in doing work)
 Batching plant distance
 Haul distance
 Literacy of labour(way to do work)
 Material availability
33

34. 1) Identify main goal and associated objectives
2) Identify the kind of resources we have and the estimate of
time of whole project
3) Identify nature of work:
 Skilled
 Unskilled
 Experienced
34

35. 4)Screening for the labour
Main aim to do so:
a)Segregation of labour as
 Technical
 Non technical
b)On the basis of performance and ranking
c)Expertise in tools to be used in particular projects
d)Segregate helper labour and technical labour
5)Underline the new factors
6)Compare on global standard ( under consideration)
7) New selection of labour periodically
35

36. Sr.no. Month Activity
1. Dec - Jan Lierature review
2. Jan – Feb Make a questionnaire (83nos of ques select)
3. Feb - March Collect data from various site
4. March Mid term presentation
5. 1April – 10May Make report and calculation
6. 31May Final presentation

37.  Title of Paper; Sensitivity Analysis Of the Factors Affecting
Construction Labour Productivity In Projects in Himachal
Pradesh.
 Name of Author(s);Biprendra kumar,Rishi Rana and Kaushal Kumar
 Accepted for publication; In lacture notes in civil Engineering
 Conference Name; International conference on structures Materials
and Construction ICSMS 2021
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat
Solan,H.P-173234

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39. Thank You