The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It provides definitions of mental health and illnesses like depression and anxiety according to WHO. Several studies in Malaysia and other countries are mentioned which found the lifetime prevalence of depression ranges from 1.8% to 16.9%, with women, younger age groups and those in urban areas at higher risk.
The document discusses depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Some key points:
- Depressive disorders are common worldwide and a leading cause of disability. MDD accounted for 8.2% of disabilities globally in 2010.
- Prevalence of depression varies widely between studies but is estimated to be 7.9-15.1% in India. Rates are higher in urban areas, primary care clinics, and the elderly.
- Depression is associated with high suicide rates, accounting for 50-70% of suicides. India has high suicide rates, with 37.8% of those committing suicide being under 30.
This presentation about mental health, Factor Affecting the Health, Mental illness, Psychological and physiological symptoms of mental disorders,Common mental disorders (depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, addictive behaviors and Alzheimer’s disease), prevention and promotion program, Types of behavioral therapy, Factors contribute to the achievement of mental health.
mental health mo na na na na na na song lyrics pikit naman e 😭 and i don't ha...MauriaPaglicawan
hey I got a gf like a nice sleep well I love love love you too I will be there in about kay king of the world baby I love love love e a lot of education phone ko sa'kin mahal just want to say na Miata na nga po ako ng pagkain ko mahal e and ako na na song lyrics 'no ba 'yan mahal e a nice sleep well I love love love again aaaaaaa hugs and prayers to say na Miata na nga po e poster ang ginawa mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa kanila at ihahatid pa kita kausap ay ay ay ay papi I can do that always mahal ha ha ha iloveyouuuuuuuuuu muchhh muchh tangiii always proud ang asawa mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na iloveyouuuuuuuuuu muchhh muchhh mahal e a lot
This document discusses mental health and mental illness. It provides statistics on the global burden of mental disorders, including that 450 million people worldwide have a mental disorder at any time, and over 800,000 die by suicide each year. The text defines mental health and mental illness, and notes that mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. It emphasizes that mental health is closely tied to physical health, and discusses the impact of mental illness on individuals and communities.
Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme shifts in mood between mania and depression. It has been documented since ancient times but was classified as its own disorder in the 19th century. There are two main types, Bipolar 1 and 2, distinguished by the severity of manic episodes. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Around 5-6% of people will experience bipolar disorder in their lifetime. With treatment including medication and therapy, many people are able to effectively manage the disorder and live fulfilling lives.
This document provides information on different types and aspects of depression. It begins with introducing depression and outlining its diagnostic criteria according to the ICD-10 and DSM-V. It then discusses the epidemiology of depression, including prevalence rates. Next, it covers various correlates, risk factors, and causes of depression including genetic, biological, and psychosocial factors. The document also describes different types of depression and discusses depression in special populations such as children/adolescents, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with medical conditions like stroke, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Finally, it outlines treatment approaches for depression including psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses depression, including statistics on prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, and costs. Some key points:
- About 25% of adults experience a mental health condition in a given year, with 26% suffering from chronic depression.
- Major depressive disorder affects about 15 million Americans annually and is the leading cause of disability in developed countries.
- Risk factors include past abuse, family history, medical illnesses, and life stressors. Depression is associated with increased mortality and medical costs in the billions each year.
The document discusses various topics related to mental health including:
- 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental disorders at any given time. Depression will become the second leading cause of disease burden globally within 15 years.
- Mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. Poverty, unemployment, conflicts and disasters can increase the risk of mental illness.
- Most middle and low-income countries devote less than 1% of their health budgets to mental health. As a result, policies, services and treatments for mental illness are lacking.
- Conditions like depression, alcohol use disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Early and effective treatment of mental disorders is
The document discusses depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Some key points:
- Depressive disorders are common worldwide and a leading cause of disability. MDD accounted for 8.2% of disabilities globally in 2010.
- Prevalence of depression varies widely between studies but is estimated to be 7.9-15.1% in India. Rates are higher in urban areas, primary care clinics, and the elderly.
- Depression is associated with high suicide rates, accounting for 50-70% of suicides. India has high suicide rates, with 37.8% of those committing suicide being under 30.
This presentation about mental health, Factor Affecting the Health, Mental illness, Psychological and physiological symptoms of mental disorders,Common mental disorders (depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, addictive behaviors and Alzheimer’s disease), prevention and promotion program, Types of behavioral therapy, Factors contribute to the achievement of mental health.
mental health mo na na na na na na song lyrics pikit naman e 😭 and i don't ha...MauriaPaglicawan
hey I got a gf like a nice sleep well I love love love you too I will be there in about kay king of the world baby I love love love e a lot of education phone ko sa'kin mahal just want to say na Miata na nga po ako ng pagkain ko mahal e and ako na na song lyrics 'no ba 'yan mahal e a nice sleep well I love love love again aaaaaaa hugs and prayers to say na Miata na nga po e poster ang ginawa mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa kanila at ihahatid pa kita kausap ay ay ay ay papi I can do that always mahal ha ha ha iloveyouuuuuuuuuu muchhh muchh tangiii always proud ang asawa mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na naman ako sa sarili mo na iloveyouuuuuuuuuu muchhh muchhh mahal e a lot
This document discusses mental health and mental illness. It provides statistics on the global burden of mental disorders, including that 450 million people worldwide have a mental disorder at any time, and over 800,000 die by suicide each year. The text defines mental health and mental illness, and notes that mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. It emphasizes that mental health is closely tied to physical health, and discusses the impact of mental illness on individuals and communities.
Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by extreme shifts in mood between mania and depression. It has been documented since ancient times but was classified as its own disorder in the 19th century. There are two main types, Bipolar 1 and 2, distinguished by the severity of manic episodes. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Around 5-6% of people will experience bipolar disorder in their lifetime. With treatment including medication and therapy, many people are able to effectively manage the disorder and live fulfilling lives.
This document provides information on different types and aspects of depression. It begins with introducing depression and outlining its diagnostic criteria according to the ICD-10 and DSM-V. It then discusses the epidemiology of depression, including prevalence rates. Next, it covers various correlates, risk factors, and causes of depression including genetic, biological, and psychosocial factors. The document also describes different types of depression and discusses depression in special populations such as children/adolescents, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with medical conditions like stroke, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Finally, it outlines treatment approaches for depression including psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses depression, including statistics on prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, and costs. Some key points:
- About 25% of adults experience a mental health condition in a given year, with 26% suffering from chronic depression.
- Major depressive disorder affects about 15 million Americans annually and is the leading cause of disability in developed countries.
- Risk factors include past abuse, family history, medical illnesses, and life stressors. Depression is associated with increased mortality and medical costs in the billions each year.
The document discusses various topics related to mental health including:
- 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental disorders at any given time. Depression will become the second leading cause of disease burden globally within 15 years.
- Mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. Poverty, unemployment, conflicts and disasters can increase the risk of mental illness.
- Most middle and low-income countries devote less than 1% of their health budgets to mental health. As a result, policies, services and treatments for mental illness are lacking.
- Conditions like depression, alcohol use disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Early and effective treatment of mental disorders is
Major depression is a serious mental health issue that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Some key points about depression from the document include:
- Approximately 450 million people suffer from depression globally according to the WHO.
- Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and will be the second leading cause of disease burden by 2020.
- Prevalence of depression is increasing due to factors like urbanization, stress, and substance abuse.
- Depression has significant social and economic costs due to disability, suicide, and impacts on work productivity. Effective treatment of depression is therefore important for public health.
An overview of depression and its pharmacotherapypharmaindexing
This document provides an overview of depression and its pharmacotherapy. It defines depression as a common and serious mental health disorder. Left untreated, depression can lead to complications like suicidal thoughts and negatively impact quality of life. The document classifies depression, discusses its prevalence, risk factors, and health impacts. It causes symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Pharmacotherapy options for depression include antidepressants, often used for mild to moderate cases. Psychotherapy combined with antidepressants can increase treatment success rates compared to medication alone.
An overview of depression and its pharmacotherapypharmaindexing
This document provides an overview of depression and its pharmacotherapy. It defines depression as a common and serious mental health disorder. Left untreated, depression can lead to complications like suicidal thoughts and negatively impact quality of life. The document classifies depression, discusses its prevalence, risk factors, and health impacts. It causes symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Pharmacotherapy options for depression include antidepressants, often used for mild to moderate cases. Psychotherapy combined with antidepressants can increase treatment success rates compared to medication alone.
This document provides an overview of interventions for geriatrics in mental health. It discusses several topics including geriatrics population trends in the US, neurocognitive disorders like dementia and Alzheimer's, delirium, depression, loss and grief. For each topic, it outlines characteristics, assessment tools, and treatment options. Key interventions discussed are pharmacological treatments, cognitive behavioral therapy, support groups and counseling. The document emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for conditions affecting older adults' mental health.
schizophrenia and other psychotic .. by Mwebaza Victor.pdfDr. MWEBAZA VICTOR
This document contains information about schizophrenia including a list of public figures diagnosed with the condition, definitions, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, etiological factors, subtypes, pathophysiology including neurochemical and anatomical abnormalities, and dopaminergic pathways involved. It discusses the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and how first and second generation antipsychotics work to modulate dopamine and serotonin. The document aims to provide an overview of key aspects of schizophrenia.
Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being and involves how people think, feel and behave. According to the WHO, mental health is a state of well-being that allows one to cope with life stresses and contribute productively to their community. Mental health issues can affect daily living, relationships and physical health, and vice versa. Common mental illnesses include anxiety disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide while suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds.
Depression is a significant global public health issue and the theme of this year's World Mental Health Day. Some key points:
- Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and will become the leading cause of disease burden by 2030.
- Around 350 million people currently suffer from depression. Treatment gaps are large, with less than 50% of cases receiving treatment globally.
- Risk factors include female gender, low socioeconomic status, family history, and exposure to violence. Left untreated, depression increases the risk of suicide.
- Effective treatments exist but many barriers prevent treatment, including lack of resources, trained providers, and stigma. Primary care-based treatment with medication and psychotherapy can effectively manage depression.
The document discusses mental health in Jamaica based on a 2007-2008 health survey. It finds that approximately one-third of Jamaicans experienced symptoms of depression in the previous month, with females experiencing higher rates than males. Depressive symptoms were more common in those with lower education and socioeconomic status. The majority of Jamaicans reported engaging in relaxation activities weekly but one-fifth were dissatisfied with their life. Mental health issues including depression were associated with chronic diseases like diabetes. Strengths of Jamaica's mental health system included free care and community integration, while weaknesses included limited facilities, understaffing and lack of research.
This PowerPoint Presentation reviews common mental health disorders and highlights evidence-based strategies for supervising justice-involved individuals with mental health diagnoses. It will be presented at the 2019 State of Maryland Behavioral Health Symposium by Aaron Wonneman and Ginger Miller.
This document discusses factors that make some individuals more vulnerable to depression than others. It identifies several risk factors for depression including genetics, medical conditions, lifestyle factors like smoking and diet, socioeconomic status, and gender. The diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode according to the DSM-IV-TR are outlined. Beck's cognitive theory of depression is explained, involving negative thought patterns and schemas. Islamic teachings on satisfaction, contentment, remembering God, good deeds, and prayer are presented as effective remedies for depression according to Prophet Muhammad.
This document discusses mental illness, including common types like depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. It notes that approximately 1 in 4 people will experience a mental illness in their lifetime. Mental disorders can cause abnormal thoughts, emotions and behaviors and impact daily life and relationships. Diagnosis involves physical exams, lab tests, and psychological evaluations to determine the appropriate illness and treatment, which may include medication, therapy, and community support programs. Theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and conflict theory are discussed in relation to mental illness.
The document summarizes research on depression among medical students. Some key findings:
- Depression rates are similar entering medical school but increase disproportionately over the course of study, peaking as students prepare for clinical work. Long hours, stress, and insecurity about examinations contribute.
- Over 50% of medical students seek help for depression or other mental health issues. Females are more likely to experience depression than males.
- Depression can be effectively treated with antidepressants and psychotherapy. Untreated, it can lead to disability, absenteeism, suicide and economic costs.
- A study of Gulf Medical University students found depression in 25% of students. Rates varied by gender, nationality,
SA 202 class #3 Mood Disorders - Co-occurring 1.19.21BealCollegeOnline
Mood disorders are characterized by serious changes in mood that disrupt daily life. The three major types are depressive disorder, manic disorder, and bipolar disorder. Depressive disorder involves depressed mood, while mania or hypomania involve elevated moods. Substance use disorder, especially alcohol abuse, is more common in men with mood disorders than women. People with bipolar disorder and substance use disorders tend to have an earlier onset of both conditions and more hospitalizations. The causes of mood disorders involve biological and genetic factors as well as trauma and substance abuse.
This document discusses mental illness, including definitions, prevalence, stigma, and treatment. It provides statistics showing that approximately 1 in 6 Americans have a serious mental illness. Common disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, ADHD, and personality disorders. Substance abuse is also discussed, with nearly 9% of Americans misusing drugs or alcohol. The document addresses the stigma surrounding mental illness and how people may react by avoiding treatment or concealing their status. Finally, it covers treatment options and barriers to care, noting that untreated mental illness costs over $100 billion per year.
“Mental health is as important as physical health to the overall well-being of individuals, societies and countries. Yet only a small minority of the 450 million people suffering from a mental or behavioural disorders are receiving treatment” (The World Health Report 2001, Chapter 1).
Abstract Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental .docxdaniahendric
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation's largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversati ...
Mental illness is highly prevalent around the world, affecting over 1 billion people. It occurs in people of all backgrounds and often first arises during teenage years. However, many cases remain undiagnosed and untreated for nearly a decade on average. Mental illness is associated with high suicide rates and loss of productivity, contributing to over 15% of disability worldwide. It also has a significant economic impact, accounting for around 2.5% of GDP in some countries due to healthcare costs and lost work. While funding for mental healthcare is inadequate in many places, evidence shows that with proper treatment including medication, therapy and social support, those with mental illness can often regain their health and participate fully in society.
The document discusses mental health and defines it as a state of well-being where one can cope with stress and function productively. It notes that mental health affects daily living and relationships and can be impacted by interpersonal and physical factors. Common mental disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide while suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth. Everyone is at some risk of a mental health issue regardless of demographics. Families tend to thrive when members are mentally healthy as it allows them to be productive and contribute to the family and community. Risk factors for mental health issues include genetics, stressful life events, medical conditions, trauma, substance use, childhood abuse/neglect
Depression is a common and treatable medical illness that affects physical, mental, and emotional well-being. It causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest that interfere with daily functioning. Symptoms include changes in sleep, appetite, concentration, energy level, and thoughts of death or suicide. While the causes are unclear, depression may be related to genetic, environmental, physical, or biological factors like changes in brain chemistry. It is diagnosed based on symptoms lasting at least two weeks and is treated through psychotherapy, medication, or electroconvulsive therapy. Certain groups like women, older adults, and young adults are at higher risk.
ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES ON ONE HEALTH APPROACH ON RABIES PREVENTION AND CONTROLibrahimhassan715266
Theses slides are mainly for use in research, study and training for both human nd veterinary professionals, and it was developed on the one health concept
The document discusses an upcoming lecture on rabies awareness in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The lecture will be delivered on World Rabies Day, September 28th. It will cover topics like the history and epidemiology of rabies, modes of transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and case management. The objectives are to raise awareness about rabies and its impact, provide information to prevent the disease, and promote education and coordination of prevention and control efforts.
More Related Content
Similar to (FINAL2018)COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH LECTURE.ppt
Major depression is a serious mental health issue that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Some key points about depression from the document include:
- Approximately 450 million people suffer from depression globally according to the WHO.
- Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and will be the second leading cause of disease burden by 2020.
- Prevalence of depression is increasing due to factors like urbanization, stress, and substance abuse.
- Depression has significant social and economic costs due to disability, suicide, and impacts on work productivity. Effective treatment of depression is therefore important for public health.
An overview of depression and its pharmacotherapypharmaindexing
This document provides an overview of depression and its pharmacotherapy. It defines depression as a common and serious mental health disorder. Left untreated, depression can lead to complications like suicidal thoughts and negatively impact quality of life. The document classifies depression, discusses its prevalence, risk factors, and health impacts. It causes symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Pharmacotherapy options for depression include antidepressants, often used for mild to moderate cases. Psychotherapy combined with antidepressants can increase treatment success rates compared to medication alone.
An overview of depression and its pharmacotherapypharmaindexing
This document provides an overview of depression and its pharmacotherapy. It defines depression as a common and serious mental health disorder. Left untreated, depression can lead to complications like suicidal thoughts and negatively impact quality of life. The document classifies depression, discusses its prevalence, risk factors, and health impacts. It causes symptoms like sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep. Pharmacotherapy options for depression include antidepressants, often used for mild to moderate cases. Psychotherapy combined with antidepressants can increase treatment success rates compared to medication alone.
This document provides an overview of interventions for geriatrics in mental health. It discusses several topics including geriatrics population trends in the US, neurocognitive disorders like dementia and Alzheimer's, delirium, depression, loss and grief. For each topic, it outlines characteristics, assessment tools, and treatment options. Key interventions discussed are pharmacological treatments, cognitive behavioral therapy, support groups and counseling. The document emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for conditions affecting older adults' mental health.
schizophrenia and other psychotic .. by Mwebaza Victor.pdfDr. MWEBAZA VICTOR
This document contains information about schizophrenia including a list of public figures diagnosed with the condition, definitions, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, etiological factors, subtypes, pathophysiology including neurochemical and anatomical abnormalities, and dopaminergic pathways involved. It discusses the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and how first and second generation antipsychotics work to modulate dopamine and serotonin. The document aims to provide an overview of key aspects of schizophrenia.
Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being and involves how people think, feel and behave. According to the WHO, mental health is a state of well-being that allows one to cope with life stresses and contribute productively to their community. Mental health issues can affect daily living, relationships and physical health, and vice versa. Common mental illnesses include anxiety disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide while suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds.
Depression is a significant global public health issue and the theme of this year's World Mental Health Day. Some key points:
- Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and will become the leading cause of disease burden by 2030.
- Around 350 million people currently suffer from depression. Treatment gaps are large, with less than 50% of cases receiving treatment globally.
- Risk factors include female gender, low socioeconomic status, family history, and exposure to violence. Left untreated, depression increases the risk of suicide.
- Effective treatments exist but many barriers prevent treatment, including lack of resources, trained providers, and stigma. Primary care-based treatment with medication and psychotherapy can effectively manage depression.
The document discusses mental health in Jamaica based on a 2007-2008 health survey. It finds that approximately one-third of Jamaicans experienced symptoms of depression in the previous month, with females experiencing higher rates than males. Depressive symptoms were more common in those with lower education and socioeconomic status. The majority of Jamaicans reported engaging in relaxation activities weekly but one-fifth were dissatisfied with their life. Mental health issues including depression were associated with chronic diseases like diabetes. Strengths of Jamaica's mental health system included free care and community integration, while weaknesses included limited facilities, understaffing and lack of research.
This PowerPoint Presentation reviews common mental health disorders and highlights evidence-based strategies for supervising justice-involved individuals with mental health diagnoses. It will be presented at the 2019 State of Maryland Behavioral Health Symposium by Aaron Wonneman and Ginger Miller.
This document discusses factors that make some individuals more vulnerable to depression than others. It identifies several risk factors for depression including genetics, medical conditions, lifestyle factors like smoking and diet, socioeconomic status, and gender. The diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode according to the DSM-IV-TR are outlined. Beck's cognitive theory of depression is explained, involving negative thought patterns and schemas. Islamic teachings on satisfaction, contentment, remembering God, good deeds, and prayer are presented as effective remedies for depression according to Prophet Muhammad.
This document discusses mental illness, including common types like depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. It notes that approximately 1 in 4 people will experience a mental illness in their lifetime. Mental disorders can cause abnormal thoughts, emotions and behaviors and impact daily life and relationships. Diagnosis involves physical exams, lab tests, and psychological evaluations to determine the appropriate illness and treatment, which may include medication, therapy, and community support programs. Theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and conflict theory are discussed in relation to mental illness.
The document summarizes research on depression among medical students. Some key findings:
- Depression rates are similar entering medical school but increase disproportionately over the course of study, peaking as students prepare for clinical work. Long hours, stress, and insecurity about examinations contribute.
- Over 50% of medical students seek help for depression or other mental health issues. Females are more likely to experience depression than males.
- Depression can be effectively treated with antidepressants and psychotherapy. Untreated, it can lead to disability, absenteeism, suicide and economic costs.
- A study of Gulf Medical University students found depression in 25% of students. Rates varied by gender, nationality,
SA 202 class #3 Mood Disorders - Co-occurring 1.19.21BealCollegeOnline
Mood disorders are characterized by serious changes in mood that disrupt daily life. The three major types are depressive disorder, manic disorder, and bipolar disorder. Depressive disorder involves depressed mood, while mania or hypomania involve elevated moods. Substance use disorder, especially alcohol abuse, is more common in men with mood disorders than women. People with bipolar disorder and substance use disorders tend to have an earlier onset of both conditions and more hospitalizations. The causes of mood disorders involve biological and genetic factors as well as trauma and substance abuse.
This document discusses mental illness, including definitions, prevalence, stigma, and treatment. It provides statistics showing that approximately 1 in 6 Americans have a serious mental illness. Common disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, ADHD, and personality disorders. Substance abuse is also discussed, with nearly 9% of Americans misusing drugs or alcohol. The document addresses the stigma surrounding mental illness and how people may react by avoiding treatment or concealing their status. Finally, it covers treatment options and barriers to care, noting that untreated mental illness costs over $100 billion per year.
“Mental health is as important as physical health to the overall well-being of individuals, societies and countries. Yet only a small minority of the 450 million people suffering from a mental or behavioural disorders are receiving treatment” (The World Health Report 2001, Chapter 1).
Abstract Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental .docxdaniahendric
Abstract
Everyone is susceptible to the development of mental health regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. More than half of the citizens in the United States are recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime, and African Americans are at higher risk of developing a mental illness due to limited resources and other barriers. The challenge is further enhanced in the community due to a stigma prevailing in the group that prevents most members from seeking medical help. The lack of knowledge about mental illness calls for increased awareness of the challenge, especially when the condition is viewed differently from other physical diseases. The significant impacts of mental illness in the African American demography makes it a healthcare issue and calls for further consideration of the condition as more social workers are needed to work with the community to address the issue. The barriers to knowledge and access to medical assistance among African Americans take center-stage in this paper.
Introduction
Mental health conditions have effects regardless of race, color, gender, or identity. Anyone can experience the challenges of mental illness regardless of their background. Although we are similar, your experiences and how you understand and deal with these conditions may be different. Anyone can develop a mental health problem, but African Americans sometimes experience more severe forms of mental health conditions because of limited resources and other barriers. African Americans are twenty percent more likely to have severe psychological distress than Whites are. Also, African Americans and other minority communities are more likely to have similar experiences, such as barriers from health, educational, social, and economic resources because of cultural and societal factors. These may contribute to worse mental health outcomes. More than half of the people in the United States are being recognized with a mental illness in their lifetime; however, now not everybody will acquire the assistance they need. Even though mental illness is common and might affect everyone, there is still a stigma attached. This stigma creates shame in seeking help, especially in the African American community. The understanding of mental illnesses has come a far way from where it used to be, but improvements have to make. Mental illnesses should not be viewed any differently from physical diseases. I believe the two are very similar. When the mind is ill, it is not just the brain, but it has effects on the whole body and health overall. Substance abuse, self-damage, and suicide are widespread and dangerous in people with mental illness. The stigma connected to mental illness stops people from getting the assistance they need and causes them to cover their pain. Clinically trained social workers are the nation's largest group of mental health service providers. (Staff, 2016). This is important to social work because social workers push the conversati ...
Mental illness is highly prevalent around the world, affecting over 1 billion people. It occurs in people of all backgrounds and often first arises during teenage years. However, many cases remain undiagnosed and untreated for nearly a decade on average. Mental illness is associated with high suicide rates and loss of productivity, contributing to over 15% of disability worldwide. It also has a significant economic impact, accounting for around 2.5% of GDP in some countries due to healthcare costs and lost work. While funding for mental healthcare is inadequate in many places, evidence shows that with proper treatment including medication, therapy and social support, those with mental illness can often regain their health and participate fully in society.
The document discusses mental health and defines it as a state of well-being where one can cope with stress and function productively. It notes that mental health affects daily living and relationships and can be impacted by interpersonal and physical factors. Common mental disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide while suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth. Everyone is at some risk of a mental health issue regardless of demographics. Families tend to thrive when members are mentally healthy as it allows them to be productive and contribute to the family and community. Risk factors for mental health issues include genetics, stressful life events, medical conditions, trauma, substance use, childhood abuse/neglect
Depression is a common and treatable medical illness that affects physical, mental, and emotional well-being. It causes persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest that interfere with daily functioning. Symptoms include changes in sleep, appetite, concentration, energy level, and thoughts of death or suicide. While the causes are unclear, depression may be related to genetic, environmental, physical, or biological factors like changes in brain chemistry. It is diagnosed based on symptoms lasting at least two weeks and is treated through psychotherapy, medication, or electroconvulsive therapy. Certain groups like women, older adults, and young adults are at higher risk.
Similar to (FINAL2018)COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH LECTURE.ppt (20)
ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES ON ONE HEALTH APPROACH ON RABIES PREVENTION AND CONTROLibrahimhassan715266
Theses slides are mainly for use in research, study and training for both human nd veterinary professionals, and it was developed on the one health concept
The document discusses an upcoming lecture on rabies awareness in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The lecture will be delivered on World Rabies Day, September 28th. It will cover topics like the history and epidemiology of rabies, modes of transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and case management. The objectives are to raise awareness about rabies and its impact, provide information to prevent the disease, and promote education and coordination of prevention and control efforts.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. Globally, malaria incidence and mortality rates have declined in recent years due to increased funding for prevention and treatment efforts. However, malaria remains a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially among young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control relies on a combination of vector control strategies, prompt diagnosis and treatment, and community education.
The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It notes that major depressive disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and the prevalence of depression and anxiety is higher in females and urban populations in Malaysia based on national health surveys. Screening questionnaires are used to detect cases of depression and other mental illnesses in primary care and the community.
The document discusses the disease burden of mental health in Malaysia. It begins by defining mental health and types of mental illnesses such as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, and eating disorders. It then discusses the epidemiology of mental health worldwide, including statistics from the World Health Organization on the prevalence of mental health problems globally and in different regions. It also provides data on the prevalence of mental health issues in Malaysia from the National Health and Morbidity Surveys.
The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It notes that major depressive disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, and prevalence studies in Malaysia have found the lifetime prevalence of diagnosed depression to be around 2.4% with higher rates among women, urban residents, and younger age groups. The document also outlines different tools used to screen for mental health conditions like depression and anxiety in primary care settings.
1. The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It finds that major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, and the prevalence of depression in Malaysia is between 1.8-2.4% currently.
2. Mental health issues like depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in primary care settings. A study in Malaysia found 14.4% of primary care patients had depression.
3. The document outlines various questionnaires and screening tools used to detect mental health issues like depression and anxiety in primary care and community settings. Further management is needed after detecting these disorders.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
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14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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(FINAL2018)COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH LECTURE.ppt
1. Profesor Dr Sherina Mohd Sidik
MBBS (Malaya), MMED (Fam Med) (UKM), PHD (ComM Health) (Auckland)
Department of Psychiatry
Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences
Universiti Putra Malaysia
DISEASE BURDEN OF
MENTAL HEALTH IN
MALAYSIA
2. LECTURE CONTENT
• Definition of mental health
• Types of mental illnesses
• Epidemiology of mental health
worldwide
• Disease burden of mental health in
Malaysia
• Determinants of mental health
3. INTRODUCTION
World Health Organization defines HEALTH as:
“A state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease”.
(WHO, 2001)
4. DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH
A state of well-being in which the individual
realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with
the normal stresses of life, can work
productively, and is able to make a contribution
to his or her community.
(WHO, 2001)
5. Mental health is more than the absence
of mental illness.
Mental, physical and social functioning
are interdependent.
Mental health is the foundation for
individual well-being and the effective
functioning of a community.
6. MENTAL DISORDERS
“ Health conditions characterized by alterations
in thinking, mood or behavior (or some
combination thereof) associated with distress
and/or impaired functioning.”
(US Department of Health and Human Services, 1999)
7. MENTAL ILLNESS
“A term that refers collectively to all diagnosable
mental disorders”.
(US Department of Health and Human Services, 1999)
8. TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
There are many types of mental illnesses. The common types include:
a) Anxiety disorders
b) Depressive disorders
c) Bipolar disorders
d) Psychotic disorders
e) Eating disorders
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness
9. TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
a) Anxiety disorders
• Characterized by feelings of fear, worry, nervousness, rapid
heartbeat and sweating.
• Examples are:
i. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
ii. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
iii. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
iv. Panic disorder
v. Social anxiety disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness
10. b) Depressive disorders
• Characterized by persistent depressed mood and loss
of interest or pleasure.
• Examples are:
i. Major depressive disorder
ii. Dysthymia
iii. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness
11. Major depressive disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same two week period and represent a change from
previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood, or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday
2. Marked diminished interest and pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly everyday
3. Significant weight loss (not dieting) or weight gain (more than 5% body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in
appetite nearly every day
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others)
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
7. Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt nearly every day
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
9. Recurrent thoughts of suicide or death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a
suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning
C. The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical condition.
D. The occurrence of the MDE is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia etc.
E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
12. c) Bipolar disorders
• Characterized by feelings of overly happy,
fluctuations from extreme happiness to extreme
sadness.
• Example: Manic disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness
14. e) Eating disorders
• Involve extreme emotions, behaviors and attitudes
towards weight and food.
• Examples are:
i. Anorexia nervosa
ii. Bulimia nervosa
iii. Binge eating disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-types-illness
16. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• DALY : Disability Adjusted Life Years
: The sum of years of productive life lost due to
disability
• YLD: Years lived with disability
: It is the number of years that a person lives with disease
18. World Health Organization
• The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2001 that
mental health disorders account for 24% of all health-related
disability (WH0, 2001).
• These disorders are of significant public health importance and
accounted for 10.5% of all disabilities (WHO, 2001).
• Major depression was found to be the fourth disorder
worldwide in terms of disease burden, and was expected to be
the second highest disorder by the year 2030 (Mathers C.D.
et.al, 2006) (Table 5)
• Globally, estimated 350 million people are affected by
depression (mostly are women); 60 million bipolar
affective disorder; 21 million schizophrenia; 47.5
million dementia (WHO, 2015).
20. • Unipolar depressive disorder is projected to
be the highest burden of disease in high
income countries.
• Whereas, in middle income countries and
worldwide it is projected to be the second
highest disorder only to HIV/AIDS (Table 6)
(Mathers CD and Loncar D, 2006)
22. Global burden of disease 2004
Mental health disorders were the most important
causes of disability, accounting for around one third
of years lived with disability (YLD) among adults aged
15 years and over.
The disabling burden of mental health disorders
ranked highest compared to other disorders for both
genders. The percentage was higher among females
compared to males (next slide).
(Global burden of disease, 2004)
26. • Anxiety disorders:
Most prevalent class of mental disorders in the
general population.
Lifetime prevalence of any anxiety disorder was
14.3%.
12-month prevalence of anxiety disorder of 8.3%.
Prevalence was higher in Western developed
countries than in developing countries.
27. • Depressive disorders:
Next most prevalent class of mental disorders in the
community.
Lifetime prevalence of any depressive disorder was
10.6%.
12-month prevalence was 5.1%.
Prevalence was generally higher in Western developed
countries than in developing countries.
Kessler RC, 2009
IQR: Inter quartile range
28. • Mental health problems and illnesses such as dementia,
schizophrenia, depression, bipolar, attention deficit disorder
and autism affect 26.2% of Americans aged 18 years or older.
• About 6% of the population (1 in 17) suffer from a serious
mental illness.
• 45% of those with any mental disorder met criteria for 2 or
more disorders, with severity strongly related to comorbidity.
(Kessler RC, 2005 & National Institute of Mental Health, 2008)
29. PREVALENCE IN US
In US, 22.1% of Americans aged 18 years and above suffer from a diagnosable
psychiatric disorder (American Nurses Association, 2007).
Estimates of psychiatry disorders among American adults aged 18 years and
above:
Type of psychiatry disorder Prevalence
% (Million)
Mood disorder 9.5% (20.9)
Major depressive disorder 6.7% (14.8)
Dysthymic disorder 1.5%
Bipolar disorder 2.6% (5.7)
Schizophrenia 1.1% (2.4)
Post Stress Traumatic Disorder 3.5% (7.7)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 1.0% (2.2)
Generalized anxiety disorder 3.1% (6.8)
(Kessler RC 2005)
30. • Approximately 40 million American adults (18.1%) in a given
year, have an anxiety disorder.
• Most people with one anxiety disorder also have another
anxiety disorder.
• Approximately 6 million of them (2.7%) suffer from panic
disorder.
(Kessler RC 2005)
31. PREVALENCE IN EUROPE
Of the 870 million people living in the European
Region, at any one time about:
100 Million people are estimated to suffer from anxiety
and depression
21 M suffer from alcohol use disorders
7 M suffer from Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
4 M suffer from schizophrenia
4 M suffer from bipolar affective disorder
4 M from panic disorders.
(WHO, 2005)
32. Neuropsychiatric disorders are the second greatest cause of
the burden of disease on the Europe Region after
cardiovascular diseases.
They account for 19.5% of all disability-adjusted life-years
(DALY).
Depression alone is the third greatest cause, accounting for
6.2% of all DALYs.
(WHO, 2005)
34. PREVALENCE IN SINGAPORE
• In a household survey that was carried out among
6616 adults in Singapore, the 12-month prevalence
of MDD was 5.8% (Chong SA et al 2012a).
• The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was
12.0% (Chong SA et al 2012b).
36. National Health and
Morbidity Surveys (NHMS)
• Important platforms for monitoring the health of
the Malaysian population, and provide community-
based data on the pattern of common health
problems, health service utilisation and health
expenditure in the community (Nor Ani A, 2016)
• NHMS II (1996): The prevalence of mental
problems in Malaysian households among people
aged 16 years and above was 10.7% and increased
to 11.2% (NHMS III, 2006) using the General
Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12 and GHQ-28,
respectively)
37. National Health Morbidity
Surveys (NHMS)
• NHMS IV (2011-2014): The MINI International
Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI); a short, structured
structured diagnostic interview compatible with the
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders-IV (DSM-IV). Prevalence for diagnosed
diagnosed lifetime and current Depression was 2.4%
and 1.8% respectively.
• NHMS V (2016): The GHQ-12; same screening
questionnaire for mental health in the NHMS II was
was used to compare the current findings with the
previous ones. The prevalence of mental health
problems had increased to 29.2% (almost 3-fold
increment from NHMS II findings).
38. PREVALENCE IN MALAYSIA
Risk factors based on National Health
Morbidity Surveys
Depression was higher in urban areas, among
16-24 age group, among females, widowed
and adults with lower education.
Generalized anxiety (GAD) was higher in
urban areas, among 16-24 age group, among
females, widowed and adults with tertiary
education.
39. High risk groups
• Women, elderly, adolescents (NHMS II)
• Women, single, widowed, divorced (NHMS III)
• Women, urban residence, age 16-24 years old, primary
education, widowed / divorced, income RM1000-1999 (NHMS
IV)
• Women are 1.5 – 2.0 times more at risk than men (WHO,
MAGPIE, NHMS II, MBODI, NHMS III)
• Children and adolescents are 13.0% (NHMS II), increased to
20.3% (NHMS III), 20.0% (NHMS IV)
• Suicidal ideation 6.4% (highest among 16-24 years old,
unmarried, unemployed) (NHMS III)
• Suicidal ideation 1.7% (highest among 16-24 years old,
females, Indian, no formal education, widowed and single)
(NHMS IV)
40. PREVALENCE IN MALAYSIA…cont
Recent Studies
• NHMS 2012: 8.1% of the students felt lonely most of the time
or always (significant among female); approximately 5.4%
were unable to sleep at night due to worry; 7.9% have suicidal
ideation (significant among female); 6.8% attempted suicide;
approximately 3.1% not having close friends.
• Community from three districts in Selangor: 10.3% depression
(Siti Fatimah et al, 2014) and anxiety 8.2% (Siti Fatimah et al,
2015).
• 7.0% of undergraduate medical students in a Malaysian public
university have suicidal behaviour risk (Tan et al, 2014).
41. Malaysian Burden of Disease & Injury Study
2004
Study done by MBODI with collaboration with WHO
shown that one-fifth of the non-fatal burden was
contributed by mental disorders (MBODI, 2004).
8.6% of DALY is contributed by mental disorders, and
currently ranked as 4th leading cause of disease
burden.
42.
43. PREVALENCE IN PRIMARY CARE
• In 70 primary care clinics in New Zealand, the prevalence
for anxiety was 20.7% & depression 18.1% for patients
aged 18 years and above (MAGPIE, 2003).
• In Malaysia, a study in a semi-urban primary care centre
found 24.7% patients had mental health problems;
depression (14.4%), somatoform disorder (12.2%), panic
and anxiety disorders (6.5%), binge eating disorder
(3.4%) and alcohol abuse (2.3%) (Ruzana et al, 2009).
• Women attending a Malaysia primary care clinic: 12.1%
depression (Sherina et al, 2012a) and 7.8% anxiety (Sherina et al,
2012b)
44. SUMMARY
• Prevalence of lifetime depression:
• Prevalence of current depression:
Country Prevalence
Malaysia 2.4%
Japan 3.2%
China 3.6%
South Korea 4.3%
USA 16.9%
Country Prevalence
Malaysia 1.8%
Singapore 5.5%
Thailand 4.4%
South Korea 1.7%
Australia 4.1%
47. HOW ARE CASES OF DEPRESSION & OTHER
MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS DETECTED IN
PRIMARY CARE & COMMUNITY?
Questionnaires:
Screening, Case-finding & / or Diagnostic
48. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AFTER DETECTING
MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS IN PRIMARY
CARE?
49. DISCUSSION 1
1. What are the determinants of mental health?
2. Give some examples of causes / predictors of
mental health.
50. DISCUSSION 2
1. Discuss issues related to mental health
problems.
2. Share yours/families/friends stories of
suffering from mental health problems.
3. How do they cope up with their problems?
Can they discuss their problems freely? How
does the society accept this?
51. Profesor Dr Sherina Mohd Sidik
MBBS (Malaya), MMED (Fam Med) (UKM), PHD (ComM Health) (Auckland)
Department of Psychiatry
Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences
Universiti Putra Malaysia
MEASUREMENT OF
DEPRESSION, ANXIETY
& STRESS
52. HOW ARE CASES OF DEPRESSION &
OTHER MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
DETECTED IN PRIMARY CARE &
COMMUNITY?
Questionnaires:
Screening, Case-finding & / or Diagnostic
53. Types of Questionnaires
Questionnaires commonly used in primary
care & community settings in Malaysia:
• General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12, GHQ-28,
GHQ-30)
• Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)
• Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
• Generalized Anxiety Questionnaire (GAD-7)
58. DISCUSSION 1
1. What are the determinants of mental health?
2. Give some examples of causes / predictors of
mental health.
59. Multiple factors determine the level of mental
health of a person at any point of time:
• Social
• Psychological
• Biological
60. SOCIAL FACTORS
• Poverty
• Low level of education
• Rapid social change and social disorganization
• Stressful work conditions
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/
61. • Gender discrimination
• Risks of violence
• Physical ill-health
• Human rights violations
SOCIAL FACTORS
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/
62. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Personality factors
• Stressful life events
• Level of perceived stress
• Low self-esteem
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/
63. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Genetic:
o Family members with mental illness have higher risk of
developing mental illness.
o Siblings of an affected person have 4-12 times likelihood to
develop disorder than the general population
o First degree relatives are at a 10-fold increased risk of illness as
compared to second degree relatives
• Heritability:
o Heritability of mental disorders vary widely, from high
heritability (90%) for autism to low heritability (0%) for
dysthymia.
o Environmental factor make strong contribution to the overall
risk, even for the most heritable mental disorders.
Faraone SV et al 2008
64. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Specific chromosomal loci and genes:
o Autism: linkage to chromosome 7q
o Bipolar disorder: linkage to chromosome 13q
and 22q.
Faraone SV et al 2008
65. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Imbalances of biochemicals in the brain
• A variety of biochemical called
neurotransmitter exists in brain. They are
important to ensure the brain function
properly.
• Disturbance of certain biochemicals in the
brain have been associated with mental
illness.
http://www.myhealth.gov.my/v2/index.php/en/mental-
health/mental-health-for-prime-years/mental-illness
66. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Schizophrenia:
– High concentration of dopamine.
• Depression:
– Lower concentration of serotonin
• Anxiety:
– Lower concentration of serotonin
http://www.myhealth.gov.my/v2/index.php/en/mental-
health/mental-health-for-prime-years/mental-illness
68. Determinants of health, operating at a
population or community level, translate into
risk and protective factors that influence the
physical and mental health of individuals.
69. RISK FACTORS OF MENTAL HEALTH
& ILLNESS
• Risk factors increase the likelihood that a disorder
develops and can exacerbate the burden of existing
disorders.
• Risk factors have negative effect on mental health.
• Factors such as poverty, discrimination and high rates
of crime and violence reduces mental health and
increases mental illness.
• Some of other risk factors that affects mental health
are shown in next slide.
Ritter Lois A and Lampkin SM 2012
70. RISK FACTORS OF MENTAL HEALTH
& ILLNESS
Ritter Lois A and Lampkin SM 2012
71. PREVENTIVE /PROTECTIVE FACTORS OF
MENTAL HEALTH & ILLNESS
• Protective factors reduce the likelihood that a
disorder will develop. It also moderates the impact of
stress and transient symptoms on social and
emotional wellbeing, thereby reducing the likelihood
of disorders.
• Protective factors have positive effect on mental
health.
• Feelings of safety, security and healthy physical
environment increases ones mental health status.
• Some of other protective factors that affects mental
health are shown in next slide.
Ritter Lois A and Lampkin SM 2012
72. PREVENTIVE / PROTECTIVE FACTORS OF
MENTAL HEALTH & ILLNESS
Ritter Lois A and Lampkin SM 2012
75. Level People
responsible
Focus of Disease Action
Level
1
Primary care
Assistant medical
officer
Nurses
Medical Officer
Recognition Screening
Level
2
Primary Care
Family Medicine
Specialist
Medical Officer
Mild Depressive Episode Psychological Intervention-
(counselling , problem solving
and supportive
psychotherapy)
± Medication
Level
3
Primary Care
Family Medicine
Specialist
Moderate Depressive
Episode
Medication
Psychological Intervention
Referral to secondary care if
indicated including for
cognitive behaviour therapy
(CBT)
76. Level 4 Secondary Care
Outpatient
psychiatric
services
Moderate to Severe
Episode
Medication
Psychological intervention
including CBT
Level 5
Secondary Care
In-patient
setting
Risk to self/others
Severe self neglect
Psychotic symptoms
Lack of impulse control
Medication
Psychological intervention
including CBT
ECT
Level People
responsible
Focus of Disease Action
77. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AFTER
DETECTING MENTAL HEALTH
DISORDERS IN PRIMARY CARE?
78. Major Depressive Disorder DSM-V diagnostic criteria
A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same two week period and represent a change from
previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood, or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly everyday
2. Marked diminished interest and pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly everyday
3. Significant weight loss (not dieting) or weight gain (more than 5% body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in
appetite nearly every day
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others)
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
7. Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt nearly every day
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
9. Recurrent thoughts of suicide or death (not just fear of dying)
B. The symptoms do not meet criteria for a Mixed Episode
C. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning
D. The symptoms are not due to medical illness, alcohol, medication, or drug abuse
E. The symptoms are not due to normal bereavement
In children and adolescents, depressed mood may manifest as irritable mood
Note: Symptoms that are clearly due to general medical condition or mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations are not included.
Adapted from APA (2000) DSM-IV-TR
80. The following are risk factors for suicide:
1. Active suicidal ideas / plans
2. Past suicide attempt
3. Family history of suicide
4. Severity of depression
5. Hopelessness
6. Psychomotor agitation
7. Loss of relationship
8. Financial or occupational difficulties
9. Poor social support
10. Alcohol abuse/dependence
11. Low self-esteem
12. Other co-morbidities
**Patients with suicide risk must be referred immediately to a Psychiatrist
81. Other Indications for Referral to Psychiatric
Services
• Unsure of diagnosis
• Failure to respond to treatment
• Advice on further treatment
• Clinical deterioration
• Recurrent episode within 1 year
• Psychotic symptoms
• Severe agitation
• Self neglect
84. Medication
• Medication for depression in primary care clinics are
only started after consulting the visiting psychiatrist
to the clinic
• Once medication has been started, the patients can
be on follow-up by the FMS and MOs
85. Moderate-severe depressive
episode
• Offer antidepressants
• Drug of first choice is an SSRI (Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors)
– Fluoxetine
– Fluvoxamine
– Sertraline
– Escitalopram
– Paroxetine
– Citalopram
87. ACTIVITIES
• Day care centre for patients with mental illness
(Psycho Social Rehab / PSR)
• Education material / modules on mental health
(patients / primary health care personnel)
• Training of primary health care personnel at
psychiatric units
• Seminars and exhibitions on mental health
• “HELPLINE” by NGOs
88. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Health Education and Health Promotion
• Healthy Lifestyle Activities
• Early Detection
• Early intervention and treatment
• Support from the family, community and
government
90. DISCUSSION 2
1. Discuss issues related to mental health
problems.
2. Share yours/families/friends stories of
suffering from mental health problems.
3. How do they cope up with their problems?
Can they discuss their problems freely? How
does the society accept this?
91. CONCLUSION
• Mental health problems are of significant public health concern.
• It is our responsibility to educate people surrounding us that mental
health problems are disorders which are similar to diseases such as heart
disease, diabetes and other diseases.
• Anyone may develop a mental health disorder at some point of their life
and there are various treatments available for the management of these
disorders.
• Do not stigmatize people suffering from these disorders. Instead offer
them our moral support.
92.
93. REFERENCES
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistic
Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric
Publishing.
• American Nurses Association (2007). Psychiatric mental health nursing
scope & standards. Washington, DC: Author.
• Chong Saa, Janhavi V, Edimansyah A and Mythily S (2012). The prevalence
and impact of major depressive disorder among Chinese, Malays and
Indians in an Asian multi-racial population. Journal of Affective
Disorders.138:128–136.
• Chong SAb, Edimansyah A, Luo Nan, Janhavi V and Mythily S (2012).
Prevalence and impact of mental and physical comorbidity in the adult
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• Faraone SV, Glatt SJ and Tsuang MT (2008). Mental health etiology:
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• Institute for Public Health (IPH) 2011. National Health and Morbidity
Survey 2011 (NHMS 2011). Vol. II: Non-Communicable Diseases, 2011: 188
pages.
• Institute of Public Health (2008). The Third National Health and Morbidity
Survey (NHMS III) 2006. Vol 1. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia.
95. REFERENCES
• Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of
twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-
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• Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, Lee S, Ormel J, Ustun TB and Wang S
(2009). The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental
Health (WMH) Surveys. Epidemiology Psichiatry Sociology: 18(1): 23–33.
• Lois A.Ritter and Shirley Manly Lampkin (2012). Community Mental Health (book).
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2002 to 2030. Plos Medicine 3(11):e442.
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Ministerial Conference (2005).
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depressive disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry. 184: 386-392.
• US Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS] (1999). Mental health: A report of the
surgeon general.
• The global burden of disease (2008): 2004 update.
• World Health Organization (2001). The world health report 2001. Mental health: New
understanding, New Hope.
96. References
• Economy Planning Unit Malaysia. Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Vol
Chapter 13: Women and development. Putrajaya: Prime Minister's
Department; 2006.
• Institute of Public Health. The Second National Health and Morbidity
Survey 1996 (NHMS II). Vol 6. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia;
1999.
• Institute of Public Health. The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey
(NHMS III) 2006. Vol 1. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2008.
• Institute of Public Health. Malaysian burden of disease and injury study
(MBODI). Health prioritization: burden of disease approach. Kuala Lumpur:
Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2004.
• Institute for Public Health (IPH) 2011. National Health and Morbidity
Survey 2011 (NHMS 2011). Vol. II: Non-Communicable Diseases, 2011: 188
pages.
97. References
• MaGPIe. The nature and prevalence of psychological problems in New
Zealand primary healthcare: a report on Mental Health and General
Practice Investigation (MaGPIe). New Zealand Medical Journal.
2003;116(1171).
• MOH Malaysia. Management of Major Depressive Disorder. Clinical
Practice Guidelines, 2007. http://www.moh.gov.my (last accessed 15 July
2011)
• MS Sherina, B Arroll, F Goodyear-Smith. Prevalence of anxiety among
women attending a primary care clinic in Malaysia. British Journal of
General Practice 2011;61:389-390
• World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001. Mental Health:
New Understanding New Hope. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
• World Health Organization. Women's mental health: an evidence based
review. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
98. References
• World Health Organization. Research capacity for mental health in low-
and middle-income countries: results of a mapping project. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2007.
• World Health Organization. Integrating mental health into primary care : a
global perspective. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008
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morbidity among adult patients in a semi-urban primary care setting in
Malaysia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2009;3:13.
100. EXTRA NOTES
DSM 5 CRITERIA – ANXIETY DISORDERS
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Social Anxiety Disorder
101. Generalized anxiety disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months,
about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance).
B. The individuals finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six
symptoms (with at least some symptoms having been present for more days than not
for the past 6 months):
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.
2. Being easily fatigued.
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
4. Irritability.
5. Muscle tension.
6. Sleep disturbances (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep).
D. The anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbances is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g.
drug abuse, a medication) or another medical conditions(e.g. hyperthyroidism).
F. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g. anxiety
about having panic attacks in panic disorder, negative evaluation in social anxiety
disorder and etc).
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
102. Post traumatic stress disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or
more) of the following ways:
1. Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s).
2. Witnessing, in person the event(s) as it occurs to others.
3. Learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend.
In cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must
have been violent or accidental.
4. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s).
2. Presence of one (or more) of the following intrusion symptoms associated with the
traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic events occurred:
1. Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event(s).
2. Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream are related
to the traumatic event(s).
3. Dissociative reactions (e.g. flashbacks) in which the individuals feels or acts as if the
traumatic events were recurring.
4. Intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that
symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s).
5. Marked physiological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an
aspect of the traumatic event(s).
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
103. Post traumatic stress disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
(continue)
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the
traumatic events occurred, as evidenced by one or both of the following:
1. Avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely
associated with the traumatic event(s).
2. Avoidance or efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities,
objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts or feelings about or closely
associated with the traumatic event(s).
D. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event(s),
beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by two (or more)
of the following:
1. Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s) (typically due to
dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol or drugs).
2. Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the
world ( e.g. I’m bad, No one can be trusted).
3. Persistent distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the traumatic events that
lead the individual to blame himself/herself or others.
4. Persistent negative emotional state (e.g. fear, horror, anger, guilt or shame).
5. Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities.
6. Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
7. Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g. inability to experience happiness).
104. Post traumatic stress disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
(continue)
E. Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event(s),
beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by two (or
more) of the following:
1. Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation) typically expressed as
verbal or physical aggression toward people or objects.
2. Reckless or self-destructive behavior.
3. Hyper vigilance.
4. Exaggerated startle response.
5. Problems with concentration.
6. Sleep disturbances (e.g. difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless sleep).
F. Duration of the disturbance (Criteria B, C, D, and E) is more than 1 month.
G. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
H. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of substance (e.g. medication,
alcohol) or another medical condition.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
105. Obsessive compulsive disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both:
Obsessions are defined by 1 and 2.
1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges or images that experienced at some time during the
disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or
distress.
2. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges or images, or to neutralize
them with some other thought or action.
Compulsions are defined as 1 and 2.
1. Repetitive behaviors (e.g. hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g. praying,
counting and repeating words)that the individuals feel driven to perform in response to an
obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
2. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or
prevent some dreaded event or situation.
B. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g. take more than 1 hour a day) or
cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important
areas of functioning.
C. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug
abuse, medication) or another medical condition.
D. The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder (e.g.
excessive worries in GAD, preoccupation with appearance as in body dysmorphic disorder,
etc) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
106. Panic disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear or
intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and during which time four (or
more) of the following symptoms occur:
1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
2. Sweating
3. Trembling or shaking
4. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
5. Feelings of choking
6. Chest pain or discomfort
7. Nausea or abdominal distress
8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed or faint
9. Chills or heat sensations
10. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
11. Derealization or depersonalization
12. Fear of losing control or going crazy
13. Fear of dying
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
107. Panic disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria (continue)
B. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1month (or more) of one of the following:
1. Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences ( e.g. losing
control, having heart attack).
2. A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks (e.g. behaviors designed
to avoid having panic attacks).
C. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug
abuse, medication) or another medical condition(e.g. hyperthyroidism, cardiopulmonary
disorders).
D. The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
108. Social anxiety disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is
exposed to possibly scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions (e.g. having
conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed ( eating or drinking).
B. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be
negatively evaluated (e.g. will be humiliating, lead to rejections).
C. The social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety.
D. The social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear of anxiety.
E. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation.
F. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more.
G. The fear, anxiety or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational or other important areas of functioning.
H. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance.
I. The fear, anxiety or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental
disorder.
J. If another medical condition (e.g. Parkinson’s disease, obesity, disfigurement from burns or
injury) is present, the fear, anxiety or avoidance is clearly unrelated or is excessive.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
110. Dysthymia DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Depressed mood fro most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years.
B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following:
1. Poor appetite or overeating
2. Insomnia or hypersomnia
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self-esteem
5. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
6. Feelings of hopelessness
C. During the 2 year period of the disturbance, the individual has never been without the
symptoms in Criteria A and B for more than 2 months at a time.
D. Criteria for MDD may continuously present for 2 years.
E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode and criteria have never been
met for cyclothymic disorder.
F. The disturbance is not better explained by a persistent schizo-affective disorder,
schizophrenia, delusional disorder end etc.
G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another
medical condition.
H. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or
other important areas of functioning. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
111. Prementrual dysphoric disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least 5 symptoms must be present in the final week
before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses,
and become minimal or absent in the week of postmenses.
B. One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present:
1. Marked affective lability (e.g. mood swings, feeling suddenly sad or tearful)
2. Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts.
3. Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness or self-deprecating thoughts.
4. Marked anxiety, tension and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge.
C. One (or more) of the following symptoms must additionally be present, to reach a total of 5
symptoms when combined with symptoms from Criterion B.
1. Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g. work, school, friends, hobbies)
2. Subjective difficulty in concentration
3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy.
4. Marked change in appetite; overeating or specific food craving.
5. Hypersomnia or insomnia
6. A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control
7. Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness, or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of
bloating or weight gain. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
112. D. The symptoms are associated with clinically significant distress or interference with work,
school, usual social activities, or relationship with others (e.g. avoidance of social
activities).
E. The disturbance is not merely an exacerbation of the symptoms of another disorder, such
as MDD, panic disorder, dysthymia etc).
F. Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least 2 symptomatic
cycles.
G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug
abuse or medication) or another medical condition.
Prementrual dysphoric disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
(continue)
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
113. Schizophernia DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during 1-
month period (or less if successfully treated). At least 1 of these must be (1), (2) or (3):
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (e.g. frequent derailment or incoherence).
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms (e.g. diminished emotional expression or avolition).
B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in
one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care is markedly
below the level achieved prior to the onset.
C. Continuous signs of the disturbances persist for at least 6 months. This 6-months period must
include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A
and may include periods of prodromal or residuals symptoms.
D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been
ruled out.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug abuse
or medication) or another medical condition.
F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood
onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
114. Anorexia nervosa DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Restriction of energy intake related to requirements leading to a significantly low body
weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory and physical health. Significantly
low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal.
B. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behaviors that interferes with
weight gain, even tough a significantly low weight.
C. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence
of body weight or shape on self-evaluation or persistent lack of recognition of the
seriousness of the current low body weight.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
115. Bulimia nervosa DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the
following:
1. Eating in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2 hour period), an amount of food that is
definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under
similar circumstances.
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. a feeling that one cannot stop
eating or control what or how much one is eating).
B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as
self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or
excessive exercise.
C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur on average at least
once a week for 3 months.
D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
116. Binge-eating disorder DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the
following:
1. Eating in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2 hour period), an amount of food that is
definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under
similar circumstances.
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. a feeling that one cannot stop
eating or control what or how much one is eating).
B. The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following:
1. Eating too much more rapidly than normal.
2. Eating until feeling uncomfortably full.
3. Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry.
4. Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating.
5. Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterward.
C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present.
D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months.
E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory
behavior as in bulimia nervosa and does not occur exclusively during the course of bulimia
nervosa or anorexia nervosa.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)