The document discusses an upcoming lecture on rabies awareness in Zamfara State, Nigeria. The lecture will be delivered on World Rabies Day, September 28th. It will cover topics like the history and epidemiology of rabies, modes of transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and case management. The objectives are to raise awareness about rabies and its impact, provide information to prevent the disease, and promote education and coordination of prevention and control efforts.
NDWC Chennai 2013 - Prevention & Control of Zoonotic Disease - Dr Shilpi Das Dogs Trust
Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many new infectious diseases affecting humans originate in animals. Proper hygiene practices for both animals and humans can help prevent transmission. Key steps include vaccinating pets, cleaning animal living areas, practicing good hand hygiene, and consulting doctors promptly after any animal bites or exposures. Coordination between veterinary and public health agencies is important for surveillance, reporting, and controlling zoonotic diseases. Rabies remains a serious threat in India, with most cases resulting from dog bites. Efforts are needed to strengthen rabies diagnosis, vaccination programs for both animals and humans, and inter-sectoral cooperation.
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines,
medicines, tools, and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of
dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over
40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically disadvantaged countries in Africa
and Asia. Of all human cases, up to 99% are
acquired from the bite of an infected dog.
This document discusses rabies, a viral disease transmitted through animal bites that affects the central nervous system. Some key points:
- Rabies causes 59,000 human deaths annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. Dogs are responsible for 99% of human rabies through bites.
- After an incubation period, symptoms include hyperactivity, hydrophobia, and paralysis. It is almost always fatal without post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine in 1890. Modern cell-culture vaccines have replaced nerve tissue vaccines. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleaning and a series of vaccine doses, with rabies immunoglobulin for severe exposures.
- In India, rabies causes
State two factors that have contributed to the development of emergi.pdfeyevisioncare1
State two factors that have contributed to the development of emerging infectious diseases.
For either Rabies or Anthrax, provide the following information:
1.Causative agent (e.g., viral, bacterial, parasitic)
2.Symptoms (at least two)
3.Geographic distribution
4.Host factors
5.Responsible vector
6.Potential human hazards
7.A method of control
Solution
1. The causative agent of rabies is virus called Rabies virus (RV) or Lyssavirus which is a
negative stranded ribonucleic acid virus belonging to rhabdovirus family.
The causative agent of Anthrax is a bacillus bacterium called Bacillus anthracis which is a large
Gram positive rod shaped aerobic belonging to Rhabdoviridae family.
2. The symptoms of Rabies are initially similar to flu which includes fever, muscle weakness and
tingling. Other symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, excess salivation, hydrophobia, problems in
swallowing etc.
The symptoms of Anthrax are different depending upon the route of infection. The symptoms of
cutaneous anthrax are raised itchy bump like insect bite alongwith swelling in the lymph glands
and sore. The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include nausea,vomiting, headache. loss of
appetite, severe bloody diarrhoea, swollen neck etc. The symptoms of pulmonary anthrax include
flu like symptoms with shortness of breath, coughing up blood, nausea etc.The symptoms of
injection anthrax include redness and swelling of the area of infection, shock,meningitis,
multiple organ failure etc.
3. Rabies is present in mammals in most parts of the world. Per year Most of the estimated 55
000 human rabies deaths occur in Africa and Asia.
Sporadic cases of Anthrax occur in animals worldwide. However there are occasional outbreaks
in Africa, central and southern Asia.
4. Like many rhabdoviruses, Rabies virus has an extremely wide host range. Many mammalian
species in the wild has been found infecting , while in the laboratory it has been found that birds
can be infected, as well as cell cultures from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects.
Anthrax is spread from infectious animal products by contact with the spores of the bacteria.
Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread
directly between people.
5. There are three vectors for rabies:
c. Tissue transplants (such as corneas) from infected humans.
In its infectious form, anthrax is a spore that usually populates the soil but which, in rare cases,
can become airborne and inhaled. With cutaneous anthrax, the bacteria infects the host through
direct penetration of the host skin.
It depends on the death of its host for propagation which is different from many pathogenic
organisms. Once the host is dead, its body starts decaying and the bacteria in the bloodstream are
exposed to oxygen. These bacteria turn into spores which populate the surrounding soil.. The
spores can be eaten up by herbivores or from cutaneous infection.
Anthrax does not appear to be transmissable from person to per.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and affects cattle and water buffalo. It causes skin nodules and economic losses through reduced milk production, hide damage, animal emaciation, infertility, and abortions. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and multiple skin and membrane nodules 2-5cm in diameter. LSDV is a double-stranded DNA virus in the Capripoxvirus genus. It was first reported in Africa in 1929 and has since spread throughout the continent and beyond. Current control methods include vaccination, movement controls, biosecurity, vector control, and awareness campaigns.
The document provides information about rabies including its definition, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines rabies as a viral disease affecting the nervous system that is fatal if not treated. The rabies virus is transmitted via saliva, usually through animal bites. Symptoms start with fever and pain at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy of skin or antibody tests. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure can prevent onset of disease. Vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals are key prevention methods.
This document discusses viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and focuses on arboviral infections. It describes that VHFs are caused by viruses from three groups, including arboviruses, which are transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. The document then details several arboviruses, their symptoms, locations, vectors and animal reservoirs. It specifically examines dengue virus, describing its structure, transmission from mosquitoes to humans, antibody response and laboratory diagnosis methods like NS1 antigen detection and antibody detection.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the nervous system that primarily affects dogs and can also be transmitted to humans. It is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a virus. The word Rabies originated about 3000BC from the word Rabha, which means, “violence”
NDWC Chennai 2013 - Prevention & Control of Zoonotic Disease - Dr Shilpi Das Dogs Trust
Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many new infectious diseases affecting humans originate in animals. Proper hygiene practices for both animals and humans can help prevent transmission. Key steps include vaccinating pets, cleaning animal living areas, practicing good hand hygiene, and consulting doctors promptly after any animal bites or exposures. Coordination between veterinary and public health agencies is important for surveillance, reporting, and controlling zoonotic diseases. Rabies remains a serious threat in India, with most cases resulting from dog bites. Efforts are needed to strengthen rabies diagnosis, vaccination programs for both animals and humans, and inter-sectoral cooperation.
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines,
medicines, tools, and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of
dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over
40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically disadvantaged countries in Africa
and Asia. Of all human cases, up to 99% are
acquired from the bite of an infected dog.
This document discusses rabies, a viral disease transmitted through animal bites that affects the central nervous system. Some key points:
- Rabies causes 59,000 human deaths annually, mostly in Africa and Asia. Dogs are responsible for 99% of human rabies through bites.
- After an incubation period, symptoms include hyperactivity, hydrophobia, and paralysis. It is almost always fatal without post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine in 1890. Modern cell-culture vaccines have replaced nerve tissue vaccines. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleaning and a series of vaccine doses, with rabies immunoglobulin for severe exposures.
- In India, rabies causes
State two factors that have contributed to the development of emergi.pdfeyevisioncare1
State two factors that have contributed to the development of emerging infectious diseases.
For either Rabies or Anthrax, provide the following information:
1.Causative agent (e.g., viral, bacterial, parasitic)
2.Symptoms (at least two)
3.Geographic distribution
4.Host factors
5.Responsible vector
6.Potential human hazards
7.A method of control
Solution
1. The causative agent of rabies is virus called Rabies virus (RV) or Lyssavirus which is a
negative stranded ribonucleic acid virus belonging to rhabdovirus family.
The causative agent of Anthrax is a bacillus bacterium called Bacillus anthracis which is a large
Gram positive rod shaped aerobic belonging to Rhabdoviridae family.
2. The symptoms of Rabies are initially similar to flu which includes fever, muscle weakness and
tingling. Other symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, excess salivation, hydrophobia, problems in
swallowing etc.
The symptoms of Anthrax are different depending upon the route of infection. The symptoms of
cutaneous anthrax are raised itchy bump like insect bite alongwith swelling in the lymph glands
and sore. The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include nausea,vomiting, headache. loss of
appetite, severe bloody diarrhoea, swollen neck etc. The symptoms of pulmonary anthrax include
flu like symptoms with shortness of breath, coughing up blood, nausea etc.The symptoms of
injection anthrax include redness and swelling of the area of infection, shock,meningitis,
multiple organ failure etc.
3. Rabies is present in mammals in most parts of the world. Per year Most of the estimated 55
000 human rabies deaths occur in Africa and Asia.
Sporadic cases of Anthrax occur in animals worldwide. However there are occasional outbreaks
in Africa, central and southern Asia.
4. Like many rhabdoviruses, Rabies virus has an extremely wide host range. Many mammalian
species in the wild has been found infecting , while in the laboratory it has been found that birds
can be infected, as well as cell cultures from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects.
Anthrax is spread from infectious animal products by contact with the spores of the bacteria.
Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread
directly between people.
5. There are three vectors for rabies:
c. Tissue transplants (such as corneas) from infected humans.
In its infectious form, anthrax is a spore that usually populates the soil but which, in rare cases,
can become airborne and inhaled. With cutaneous anthrax, the bacteria infects the host through
direct penetration of the host skin.
It depends on the death of its host for propagation which is different from many pathogenic
organisms. Once the host is dead, its body starts decaying and the bacteria in the bloodstream are
exposed to oxygen. These bacteria turn into spores which populate the surrounding soil.. The
spores can be eaten up by herbivores or from cutaneous infection.
Anthrax does not appear to be transmissable from person to per.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and affects cattle and water buffalo. It causes skin nodules and economic losses through reduced milk production, hide damage, animal emaciation, infertility, and abortions. The disease is characterized by fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and multiple skin and membrane nodules 2-5cm in diameter. LSDV is a double-stranded DNA virus in the Capripoxvirus genus. It was first reported in Africa in 1929 and has since spread throughout the continent and beyond. Current control methods include vaccination, movement controls, biosecurity, vector control, and awareness campaigns.
The document provides information about rabies including its definition, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines rabies as a viral disease affecting the nervous system that is fatal if not treated. The rabies virus is transmitted via saliva, usually through animal bites. Symptoms start with fever and pain at the bite site then progress to neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy of skin or antibody tests. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 7 days of exposure can prevent onset of disease. Vaccination and avoiding contact with wild animals are key prevention methods.
This document discusses viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and focuses on arboviral infections. It describes that VHFs are caused by viruses from three groups, including arboviruses, which are transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. The document then details several arboviruses, their symptoms, locations, vectors and animal reservoirs. It specifically examines dengue virus, describing its structure, transmission from mosquitoes to humans, antibody response and laboratory diagnosis methods like NS1 antigen detection and antibody detection.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the nervous system that primarily affects dogs and can also be transmitted to humans. It is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a virus. The word Rabies originated about 3000BC from the word Rabha, which means, “violence”
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the Nervous system, caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The virus is commonly transmitted to man through the bite of a rabid animal. More than 3.3 billon people are at risk of rabies worldwide, with approximately 55,000 deaths estimated per year. Rabies epidermis occurs in Asia with an estimated 31,000 deaths and Africa with an estimated 24,000 deaths. Rabies virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family (Genus: Lyssavirus). The virus travels to the brain through the peripheral nerves causing acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals (man). Early symptoms associated with the virus includes Malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, restlessness, hyperactivity, uncontrolled excitement, depression, hydrophobia, etc.
Smallpox is a contagious and sometimes fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease results in a raised, blister-like rash and fever. There are two clinical forms of smallpox - variola major which is more severe and variola minor which is less severe. The global eradication of smallpox was declared in 1980 after a worldwide vaccination program led by the World Health Organization. Small amounts of variola virus are still stored in approved research laboratories in the US and Russia, raising bioterrorism concerns if it were to be weaponized. Public health officials have plans in place to respond to a smallpox outbreak that include isolation, contact tracing, and mass vaccination campaigns
- Swine rabies can be transmitted to pigs by dogs infected with rabies virus. In China and parts of the USA and Brazil, transmission from dogs to pigs has been reported.
- Rabies virus causes acute lethal infection in pigs. Clinical signs in pigs may include aggressiveness, neurological signs, fever, anorexia and progressive paralysis.
- Diagnosis is usually confirmed by fluorescent antibody test on brain tissue post-mortem, though PCR and ELISA methods can also be used. Vaccination of pigs exposed to rabid animals and control of rabies in dog populations is important for prevention.
This document discusses zoonotic and vector borne diseases. It begins with an introduction to zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The document then discusses the main mechanisms of infection such as direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne transmission, foodborne transmission, and waterborne transmission. It identifies populations that are at high risk of zoonotic diseases such as children, elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. The document also examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. Finally, it provides examples of major zoonotic diseases and discusses Malaysia's mult
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain. It is transmitted via saliva from bites or scratches of infected animals, mostly dogs. Rabies has been known since ancient times and was considered a serious problem in the 19th century. While still fatal once symptoms appear, vaccination is highly effective post-exposure at preventing the disease. Current recommendations include vaccination of animals to eliminate rabies in populations and informing people in endemic areas on risks and prevention.
This document discusses the epidemiology, control measures, and essential lab tests for four arthropod-borne diseases at the primary level: malaria, dengue, Zika, and filaria. It covers the agent, host, and environmental factors; indications for common lab tests and vector control measures; and the role of national health programs and global disease control strategies for these diseases. Details are provided on the transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with trends in infectious diseases, then defines emerging and re-emerging diseases. Factors that contribute to emergence include changes in the agent, host, and environment. Examples are provided of diseases that have emerged or re-emerged recently, including SARS, avian influenza, hepatitis C, and antibiotic resistance. The response from public health is also mentioned.
Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through animal bites that infects the central nervous system. It is caused by rabies virus which belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses. The bullet-shaped virus enters through wounds or mucous membranes. Initial symptoms may resemble the flu but later include anxiety, confusion and insomnia. Once symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. India accounts for about 20,000 of the 50,000 annual rabies deaths worldwide. The virus travels via nerve cells to the brain and is shed in saliva, perpetuating transmission through bites.
World Zoonoses Day is marked annually on 6 July to commemorate the first vaccination administered against a zoonotic disease like influenza, ebola and West Nile virus
The document discusses rabies, including its causes, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including the rabies virus. It is transmitted primarily through bites or scratches from infected animals.
- Dogs are the most common source of human rabies globally. In the Americas, bat bites are more common.
- Diagnosis involves fluorescent antibody testing of brain or spinal cord tissue. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 10 days of exposure can prevent disease if vaccination and sometimes immunoglobulin are administered.
- No effective treatment exists once symptoms appear. Prevention focuses on vaccinating animals and prompt medical care after exposures.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Rabies is a severe, viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans. Infection results in damage to the nervous system. The disease almost always ends in death. Rabies occurs worldwide.
This document provides an overview of Variola Major (Smallpox) including its virology, history, epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. It discusses computational approaches that have been used to model and simulate smallpox outbreaks and response strategies. The document also notes that smallpox is considered a potential bioterrorism agent and outlines mitigation and control efforts that would be implemented in response to an attack.
The document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, examples, and strategies for prevention and control. Emerging diseases are caused by new pathogens while re-emerging diseases were previously controlled but have risen again. Factors contributing to emergence include human behavior, travel, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures. Examples provided include SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola, Zika, and Nipah virus. Prevention strategies involve controlling reservoirs, interrupting transmission, protecting susceptible populations, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research. Public health authorities and doctors play key roles in awareness,
An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. the affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is primarily a disease of rodents and their fleas. It can occur in various forms including endemic, epidemic, sporadic, pneumonic and bubonic. While historically a major epidemic disease, plague still causes occasional outbreaks in parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Transmission is usually from infected rodents to humans via flea bites. Diagnosis involves lab tests of samples from patients. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin. Control relies on early detection, vaccination, flea and rodent control through insecticides and improved sanitation.
Community Medicine lecture on Arthropod borne diseases in keeping with CBME curriculum. From Dr. Mandar Baviskar, Asso Prof Community Medicine, Dr. BVP RMC, Loni, Maharashtra
Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infections that are endemic in developing regions and cause significant disease burden. They include roundworm, hookworm, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, sleeping sickness, and others. These diseases primarily affect poor populations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Integrated control programs involving mass drug administration, vaccination, sanitation efforts, and public-private partnerships can help eliminate neglected tropical diseases.
ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES ON ONE HEALTH APPROACH ON RABIES PREVENTION AND CONTROLibrahimhassan715266
Theses slides are mainly for use in research, study and training for both human nd veterinary professionals, and it was developed on the one health concept
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. Globally, malaria incidence and mortality rates have declined in recent years due to increased funding for prevention and treatment efforts. However, malaria remains a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially among young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control relies on a combination of vector control strategies, prompt diagnosis and treatment, and community education.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the Nervous system, caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The virus is commonly transmitted to man through the bite of a rabid animal. More than 3.3 billon people are at risk of rabies worldwide, with approximately 55,000 deaths estimated per year. Rabies epidermis occurs in Asia with an estimated 31,000 deaths and Africa with an estimated 24,000 deaths. Rabies virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family (Genus: Lyssavirus). The virus travels to the brain through the peripheral nerves causing acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals (man). Early symptoms associated with the virus includes Malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, restlessness, hyperactivity, uncontrolled excitement, depression, hydrophobia, etc.
Smallpox is a contagious and sometimes fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease results in a raised, blister-like rash and fever. There are two clinical forms of smallpox - variola major which is more severe and variola minor which is less severe. The global eradication of smallpox was declared in 1980 after a worldwide vaccination program led by the World Health Organization. Small amounts of variola virus are still stored in approved research laboratories in the US and Russia, raising bioterrorism concerns if it were to be weaponized. Public health officials have plans in place to respond to a smallpox outbreak that include isolation, contact tracing, and mass vaccination campaigns
- Swine rabies can be transmitted to pigs by dogs infected with rabies virus. In China and parts of the USA and Brazil, transmission from dogs to pigs has been reported.
- Rabies virus causes acute lethal infection in pigs. Clinical signs in pigs may include aggressiveness, neurological signs, fever, anorexia and progressive paralysis.
- Diagnosis is usually confirmed by fluorescent antibody test on brain tissue post-mortem, though PCR and ELISA methods can also be used. Vaccination of pigs exposed to rabid animals and control of rabies in dog populations is important for prevention.
This document discusses zoonotic and vector borne diseases. It begins with an introduction to zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The document then discusses the main mechanisms of infection such as direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne transmission, foodborne transmission, and waterborne transmission. It identifies populations that are at high risk of zoonotic diseases such as children, elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. The document also examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. Finally, it provides examples of major zoonotic diseases and discusses Malaysia's mult
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain. It is transmitted via saliva from bites or scratches of infected animals, mostly dogs. Rabies has been known since ancient times and was considered a serious problem in the 19th century. While still fatal once symptoms appear, vaccination is highly effective post-exposure at preventing the disease. Current recommendations include vaccination of animals to eliminate rabies in populations and informing people in endemic areas on risks and prevention.
This document discusses the epidemiology, control measures, and essential lab tests for four arthropod-borne diseases at the primary level: malaria, dengue, Zika, and filaria. It covers the agent, host, and environmental factors; indications for common lab tests and vector control measures; and the role of national health programs and global disease control strategies for these diseases. Details are provided on the transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with trends in infectious diseases, then defines emerging and re-emerging diseases. Factors that contribute to emergence include changes in the agent, host, and environment. Examples are provided of diseases that have emerged or re-emerged recently, including SARS, avian influenza, hepatitis C, and antibiotic resistance. The response from public health is also mentioned.
Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through animal bites that infects the central nervous system. It is caused by rabies virus which belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses. The bullet-shaped virus enters through wounds or mucous membranes. Initial symptoms may resemble the flu but later include anxiety, confusion and insomnia. Once symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. India accounts for about 20,000 of the 50,000 annual rabies deaths worldwide. The virus travels via nerve cells to the brain and is shed in saliva, perpetuating transmission through bites.
World Zoonoses Day is marked annually on 6 July to commemorate the first vaccination administered against a zoonotic disease like influenza, ebola and West Nile virus
The document discusses rabies, including its causes, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including the rabies virus. It is transmitted primarily through bites or scratches from infected animals.
- Dogs are the most common source of human rabies globally. In the Americas, bat bites are more common.
- Diagnosis involves fluorescent antibody testing of brain or spinal cord tissue. Post-exposure prophylaxis within 10 days of exposure can prevent disease if vaccination and sometimes immunoglobulin are administered.
- No effective treatment exists once symptoms appear. Prevention focuses on vaccinating animals and prompt medical care after exposures.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
Rabies is a severe, viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans. Infection results in damage to the nervous system. The disease almost always ends in death. Rabies occurs worldwide.
This document provides an overview of Variola Major (Smallpox) including its virology, history, epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. It discusses computational approaches that have been used to model and simulate smallpox outbreaks and response strategies. The document also notes that smallpox is considered a potential bioterrorism agent and outlines mitigation and control efforts that would be implemented in response to an attack.
The document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, examples, and strategies for prevention and control. Emerging diseases are caused by new pathogens while re-emerging diseases were previously controlled but have risen again. Factors contributing to emergence include human behavior, travel, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures. Examples provided include SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola, Zika, and Nipah virus. Prevention strategies involve controlling reservoirs, interrupting transmission, protecting susceptible populations, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research. Public health authorities and doctors play key roles in awareness,
An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. the affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is primarily a disease of rodents and their fleas. It can occur in various forms including endemic, epidemic, sporadic, pneumonic and bubonic. While historically a major epidemic disease, plague still causes occasional outbreaks in parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Transmission is usually from infected rodents to humans via flea bites. Diagnosis involves lab tests of samples from patients. Treatment involves antibiotics like streptomycin. Control relies on early detection, vaccination, flea and rodent control through insecticides and improved sanitation.
Community Medicine lecture on Arthropod borne diseases in keeping with CBME curriculum. From Dr. Mandar Baviskar, Asso Prof Community Medicine, Dr. BVP RMC, Loni, Maharashtra
Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infections that are endemic in developing regions and cause significant disease burden. They include roundworm, hookworm, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, sleeping sickness, and others. These diseases primarily affect poor populations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Integrated control programs involving mass drug administration, vaccination, sanitation efforts, and public-private partnerships can help eliminate neglected tropical diseases.
Similar to 2022 world rabies day lectures.pptx (20)
ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES ON ONE HEALTH APPROACH ON RABIES PREVENTION AND CONTROLibrahimhassan715266
Theses slides are mainly for use in research, study and training for both human nd veterinary professionals, and it was developed on the one health concept
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. Globally, malaria incidence and mortality rates have declined in recent years due to increased funding for prevention and treatment efforts. However, malaria remains a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially among young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control relies on a combination of vector control strategies, prompt diagnosis and treatment, and community education.
The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It notes that major depressive disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and the prevalence of depression and anxiety is higher in females and urban populations in Malaysia based on national health surveys. Screening questionnaires are used to detect cases of depression and other mental illnesses in primary care and the community.
The document discusses the disease burden of mental health in Malaysia. It begins by defining mental health and types of mental illnesses such as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, and eating disorders. It then discusses the epidemiology of mental health worldwide, including statistics from the World Health Organization on the prevalence of mental health problems globally and in different regions. It also provides data on the prevalence of mental health issues in Malaysia from the National Health and Morbidity Surveys.
The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It notes that major depressive disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, and prevalence studies in Malaysia have found the lifetime prevalence of diagnosed depression to be around 2.4% with higher rates among women, urban residents, and younger age groups. The document also outlines different tools used to screen for mental health conditions like depression and anxiety in primary care settings.
1. The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It finds that major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, and the prevalence of depression in Malaysia is between 1.8-2.4% currently.
2. Mental health issues like depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in primary care settings. A study in Malaysia found 14.4% of primary care patients had depression.
3. The document outlines various questionnaires and screening tools used to detect mental health issues like depression and anxiety in primary care and community settings. Further management is needed after detecting these disorders.
The document discusses the prevalence and burden of mental health issues globally and in Malaysia. It provides definitions of mental health and illnesses like depression and anxiety according to WHO. Several studies in Malaysia and other countries are mentioned which found the lifetime prevalence of depression ranges from 1.8% to 16.9%, with women, younger age groups and those in urban areas at higher risk.
This is class assignment that was specifically put together by my course mate and i upload it here for other people to see and benefit from their effort.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
1. NIGERIAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (NVMA),
ZAMFARA STATE CHAPTER
2022 WORLD RABIES DAY ANNUAL LECTURE SERIES ON
RABIES AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
TO BE DELIVERED BY
Dr. IBRAHIM HASSAN, DVM, MScPH, MNIM, FIPMA
RESIDENT AT NCDC/FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY & LABROTORY TRAINING PROGRAM
1
2. 5Ws About World Rabies Day
WHAT: A day of declaration, commitment and action on the menace of rabies wherever possible.
WHO: International and national human and animal health organizations, human and veterinary
public health professionals, non-governmental organizations,
World Health Organization, Collaborating Centers, universities, corporate and private partners.
WHERE: As many countries as possible (more than150 countries have so far joined).
WHY: Raise awareness and enhance prevention and control of this dreaded but neglected disease.
WHEN: September 28th Annually ( www.WorldRabiesDay.org ) 2
3. OBJECTIVES
To raise global awareness about rabies.
To raise awareness about impact of rabies on
human and animal.
To provide information and advise on how to
prevent the disease in at risk community.
To promote education in local communities to
control and prevent rabies.
To mobilize and coordinate resources towards
human rabies prevention and animal rabies
control.
To support advocacy for increased efforts in
rabies prevention and control.
(www.WorldRabiesDay.org )
4. WHY 28TH SEPTEMBER EVERY YEAR
Louis Pasteur(a French biologist,
microbiologist and chemist).
He was the first person to diagnose that
rabies targets the Central Nervous System
(CNS).
On July 6, 1885 he created the rabies
vaccine and saved 9 year old Joseph
Meister after he had been bitten by
a rabid dog.
4
Dec. 27, 1822 to Sept. 28, 1895
5. Since September 2007……
Number of participating countries keeps increasing
150+ participating schools of public health, veterinary and medical colleges have
hosted one or more ‘rabies- awareness’ events.
New animal vaccination programs in endemic countries.
New and invigorated educational programs.
Global community networks.
Listed on UN website of globally observed health days.
Partnership with governments and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control.
Additional funds from WHO and other NGOs.
5
6. One Health is a collaborative,
multisectoral and transdisciplinary
approach, working at the local,
regional, national and global levels
with the goal of achieving optimal
health outcomes recognizing the
interconnections between people,
animals, plants and their shared
environment.
What is One Health?
One Health Focus Areas
Zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases
Pandemic preparedness and response
One Health emergencies at the human-
animal-environment interface
Global health security and capacity building
Strategic One Health partnerships
Prevent zoonoses shared between people
and pets etc.
6
9. 9
ETYMOLOGY
The word RABIES originates from the Latin word RABERE & this means
to RAGE or RAVE & may have roots in Sanskrit word RAHABS, which
means to do violence.
The Greeks called RABIES, Lyssa or Lytta which means FRENZY or
MADNESS.
10. WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW ABOUT RABIES
It is acute viral disease that causes fatal encephalomyelitis in
virtually all the warm-blooded animals including man.
The disease is inevitably fatal and perhaps the most painful and
dreadful of all communicable diseases in which the sick person
is tormented at same time with thirst and fear of water
(hydrophobia).
Till date there is no cure if you developed the disease and death
is inevitable.
10
11. What is rabies
Rabies is an acute infectious disease characterized by abnormal behaviours, nervous
disturbances, ascending paralysis followed by death.
It is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) that
affect man and all warm blooded animals such as Dogs, Skunk, Cats, Jackals, Bats and
wolves etc.
It is an ancient ( since 3000 B. C.) viral zoonotic disease (disease that is transmitted
from animals to humans) that is invariably fatal in humans and mammals.
It is caused by neurotropic RNA viruses of the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Lyssavirus.
Mammalian reservoirs include the Carnivora (dogs, foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals,
mangoose etc) and Chiroptera (Insectivorous, hematophagous, and frugivorous bats)
Dogs bite mediated rabies still pose the greatest hazard worldwide. A single infected
dog is capable of transmitting the disease to over an area of 40 km.
Rabies is a 100% vaccine-preventable disease. 11
13. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Globally more than 60,000 people died due to rabies infection annually.
> 95% of human death is coursed by dog-mediated rabies.
Worldwide almost half of all rabies death occur in children under 15 yrs.
> 95% of human death occur in Africa & Asia.
It is present in all continent except Antarctica.
It is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting poor and vulnerable
population.
It is a threat to more than 3 billion people across the globe.
One of the oldest described infectious diseases known for more than 4000 yrs.
13
15. GLOBAL BURDEN OF ENDEMIC CANINE RABIES
Every year there is 3.7 million DALYS due to canine rabies worldwide.
Global total death is 60,000 every year.
The annual overall economic cost was estimated at 8.6 billion USD
Premature death is 2.27 billion USD
Direct expenditure for PEP is 1.70 billion USD
Lost of income while seeking for PEP is 1.31 billion USD
Livestock death ( in Africa) is 512 million USD
Globally over 70% of the estimated economic burden was societal (premature death &
losses due seeking for PEP).
20% goes medical sector/bite victims (direct cost )
More than 8% goes to veterinary sector due to livestock losses (direct to community)
Only 0.01% of cost were for Laboratory – based surveillance.
15
17. MORPHOLOGY OF CLASSICAL RABIES VIRUS
Order :– Mononegavirales
Family :– Rhabdoviridae
Genus :– Lyssa virus
Species :– Classical rabies virus
Bullet-shaped (75 x 180 nm)
Enveloped
Single stranded RNA genome
Virus cannot grow unless it is inside a living
cell.
Has a lipoprotein envelope
Knob like spikes or glycoprotein G.
Matrix protein layer
Genome –unsegmented ,linear, negative
sense RNA.
17
18. LYSSAVIRUS GENERA
Rabies virus (RABV genotype 1) being the most prevalent & worldwide in distribution.
Lagos Bat Virus (LBV genotype 2)
Mokola Virus (MKV- genotype 3)
Duvenhage Virus (DV, genotype 4)
European Bat Lyssavirus -1 (EBLV-1 Genotype 5)
European Bat Lyssavirus -2 (EBLV-2 genotype 6)
Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABLV, genotype 7)
Khujand Virus (KV)
Avian Virus (AV)
Irkut Virus (IV)
West Caucasian Bat Virus (WCBV)
Identified in Nigeria in 1950
Identified in South Africa in 1970
NEW GENERA
18
19. MAP OF 7 CONTENENTSAND 5 OCEANSOF THE WORLD
19
21. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Bite/ scratch that introduces virus-bearing Saliva into the victim’s body and
this has 90% chances of developing the infection more than all other route
(Fitzpatrick et al., 2012).
Direct contact (viral contamination) such as broken skin or mucous
membranes in the eyes, nose or mouth with saliva or brain/nervous system
tissue from an infected animal.
Organ transplantation ( very rare).
Aerosol of rabies virus ( especially for lab. Workers).
Ingestion of the virus.
21
24. NOTE
Man remains the dead-end host, as he can’t transmit the disease to his
fellow human being or animal.
24
25. INCUBATIONPERIOD
This is the period from the time of exposure up to the appearance of first clinical signs
and symptoms of rabies.
It has high variability, usually 3 to 8 weeks in some cases.
It may be from 2 weeks to 6yrs, with an average of 2 to 3 months.
It maybe be within 4 days or maybe prolonged for years.
The variability in the incubation period also depends on;
a. Concentration of the viral load contained in the saliva
b. Site of the bite or scratches
c. innervation density of the site
d. Severity of the bite
e. Number of wound
f. Presence/absence of appropriate treatment and PEP protocols 25
27. After inoculation, the rabies virus multiplies in the muscle cells (myocytes or may
invade the nerve directly without prior multiplication in the myocytes.
The virus then penetrates the peripheral nerve cells via viral uptake at neuronal
endings and then transported through both the sensory and motor nerve fibers to the
central nervous system (CNS).
Once the virus reaches the CNS, rabies replication occurs primarily in the neurons or
brain cells through viral budding and the virus spreads and infects the nearby brain
cells.
While viral dissemination occurs in the central nervous system, the rabies virus
spreads into the peripheral tissues such as muscle fibres, salivary glands, corneas,
adrenal medullae, lacrimal glands, myocardium, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and
epidermis.
Infection of salivary glands allows further transmission of the disease to other
mammals. 27
32. CLINICAL STAGES IN MAN
Prodromal stage (Non specific sign/symptoms) occurs when there is initial viral
replication at the striated muscle cells at the site of inoculation just before it enters the
brain.
Headache
Malaise
Sore throat
Slight fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Paraesthesia 32
33. AcuteNeurological Stage: This is when the virus reaches the CNS and replicates
especially in the gray matter. It has two types of presentation Encephalitic or furious
type, which has 80% of cases and paralytic or dumb type, which is seen in 20 % of
cases. This stage lastfor 2 – 7 days
Encephalitic or Furious Rabies
Excessive motor activity, Excitation
,Agitation
Confusion, Hallucinations, Delirium
Hypersalivation, Aphasia, Pharyngeal
Spasms
Hydrophobia or Aerophobia (50 -70% )
Incoordination, Hyperactivity,
Lacrimation, Salivation & Perspiration
Seizures, Muscle spasms, Meningism,
Opisthotonic posturing
paralytic or dumb Rabies
Acute progressive ascending myelitis
symmetrical or asymmetrical flaccid paralysis
pain and fasciculation in the affected muscles with
mild sensory disturbance.
A complete paraplegia develops eventually with
fatal paralysis of the respiratory and pharyngeal
muscles.
33
35. COMA STAGE: This is the progression of stages mentioned earlier and is associated with
multi-organ failure, especially Haematemesis and Cardiac arrhythmias seen among 30-
60% of patients.
DEATH STAGE: This occur following cardiac and circulatory insufficiency with myocarditis,
cardiac arrhythmia or congestive heart failure. Once the clinical sign/symptoms sets in,
chances of dying is 99.999%.
35
36. CLINICAL STAGES IN DOG
INCUBATION PERIOD: Ranges from 3-8 weeks but it may be as short as 10 days or as
long as 1 year.
Loses its fear of people , aggression.
Bites unusual objects- stick , straw and mud
(pica appetite)
Tendency to run away from home and
wander.
Barks and growls in a hoarse voice or
unable to bark.
Excessive & Foamy salivation at the angle
of Mouth.
Later stage paralysis of the whole body
leading to coma and death.
Exciting and irritating stage is lacking .
Its predominantly paralytic.
Dog withdraws from being seen and
disturbed.
Elapses into stage of sleepiness and dies.
Dies in about 3 days.
ENCEPHALITIC OR FURIOUS RABIES PARALYTIC OR DUMB RABIES
36
39. DIAGNOSIS IN HUMANS
Laboratory diagnosis of rabies is often based on the following:
Clinical manifestations
History of exposure to rabid animal
NOTE:
In cases where pathognomonic signs (Hydrophobia &/or Aerophobia) are present
diagnosis is straight forward.
Clinical diagnosis may be difficult in paralytic rabies (Atypical presentation).
Laboratory confirmation is necessary.
No single test is sufficient
39
40. DIAGNOSISCONT…….
Array of lab sample required for Rabies diagnosis:
Saliva
CSF
Tears
Serum INTRA VITAM
Urine
Skin biopsy(
(Dachex et al., Plos NTD, 2010)
Array of lab tests required for Rabies diagnosis:
Fluorescent Antibody Testing (FA), it is gold standard test for rabies Dx. (AM)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), it is extremely efficient & sensitive
Serology
Histology, to identify negri bodies, which are round cytoplasmic inclusion
bodies. (gold standard for PM). 40
Samples for post-mortem diagnosis
includes brain tissue that can be
collected through trans-orbital or
trans-foramen magnum route if
autopsy cannot be performed.
41. DIAGNOSIS IN DOGS
DIRECT FLUROSCENT ANTIBODY TEST (DFAT): Highly reliable and best single
test for rabies antigen detection. It is gold standard test approved by both
World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organization for Animal Health
(OIE).
MICROSCOPIC EXAINATION: This is histopathological test conducted at post
mortem, it identifys negri bodies bodies in 75-90% of cases.
41
In 1903, Negri, an Italian
scientist demonstrated
the viral particles as
cytoplasmic inclusion
bodies in the Neurones of
the rabid Animal, now
named after him as
NEGRI BODIES
42. Case management of rabies patient
Once the sign and symptoms sets in, attention should be centred on comfort care as there is no
specific treatment so far, and it include sedation, avoidance of intubation and life support
measures.
1. MEDICATION
Diazepam
Midazolam
Haloperidol + Diphenhydramine
2. SUPPORTIVE CARE
Patient with confirmed rabies case should receive in an appropriate medical facility
Intensive therapy in the form of respiratory and cardiac Support
Ensure hydration and diuresis
Provide suitable emotional and physical support
Honest and gentile discussion concerning prognosis should be provided to the relatives of
the patient.
42
43. Case management cont.……
3. INFECTION CONTROL
Patient should be admitted in a quiet, draft-free, isolation room
Health care workers and relatives in contact with the patient should wear proper PPE (gown,
gloves, mask, goggles).
43
45. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
PREVENTION: This: is the management of those factors that could lead to disease or a
negative health outcome in order to halt the occurrence of that disease or negative
health outcome in a population.
CONTROL: Is the reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to
a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts, continued intervention
measures which are designed in order to maintain the reduction.
PREVENTION & CONTROL PROGRAM: Is a set of policies, plans and guidelines that
form a comprehensive strategy in order to prevent and control infectious diseases.
45
46. CONPONENT OF RABIES PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Generally this has two components viz:
1. Animal Rabies Control
2. Human Rabies Prevention
NOTE:
Disease can be controlled and prevented by adequate measures which include
Diagnosis Investigation
Notification Disinfection
Isolation Blocking of transmission
Treatment Immunization
Quarantine Health education
46
47. ELEMENT OF HUMANRABIES PREVENTION
1. Avoiding Exposure i.e.
Avoiding contact with unknown animals
Nursing rabid human/animal with extreme precaution
2. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): This is a series of Human anti- rabies vaccines
recommended for anyone who is at continual, frequent or increased risk for
exposure to the rabies virus such as laboratory workers, veterinarians and animal
handlers.
3. Post- Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): This is an anti- rabies vaccine administered to
anyone after an exposure to a confirmed or suspected rabies virus.
4. Post-exposure treatment of persons who have been vaccinated previously.
47
48. FIRST AID FOLLOWING ANIMAL BITE
Wound should be washed immediately with
soap and running water for about 10 minutes.
Wound should be clean thoroughly with 70%
alcohol, or povidines iodine.
Next visit the hospital/health facility to receive
specialized treatment such as Anti tetanus
immunization when necessary.
Antimicrobials should be prescribed if
necessary to control bacterial infections.
48
50. MAJOR EXPOSURES
Single or multiple bites with bleeding on head, face, neck, chest, upper arms, palms,
tips of fingers and toes and genitalia.
Multiple scratches with bleeding on head, neck and face.
Single or multiple deep bites on any part of the body.
Contamination of mucus membranes with saliva.
Bites of wild animals with bleeding.
50
51. MINOR EXPOSURES
Single, superficial bite or scratch with oozing of blood or scratches with bleeding
on the lower limb, abdomen and back.
Nibbling of uncovered skin.
Contamination of open wounds with saliva.
Multiple bites without bleeding or scratches with oozing of blood on any part of
the body.
Drinking raw milk of rabid cow or goat.
Superficial bites and scratches of wild animal without bleeding. 51
53. ANIMAL SCREENING cont.….
Healthy means:
The behaviors of the animal is normal
Bitten under provocation (provoked bite)
Not Healthy means:
Animal behaviors not normal
Presence of any suspected symptoms/signs
Unobservable means:
Animal dead, killed, missing, stray or wild animal
Observable means:
Animal should be put in a cage or Leashed 53
54. ANIMAL SCREENING cont.….
Vaccinated means: The status of the animal before the bite incidence.
1. Should have minimum of 2 Rabies vaccinations, given not more than 2 years
apart, last vaccination given is within 1 year of the Incident. Bite from animal
of this status is termed as major exposure.
2. Has a minimum of 1 vaccination and the last vaccination given within 1 year
of the incident. Bite from animal with such kind of vaccination status is
termed as minor exposure.
NOTE:
54
vaccination of animal especially dogs and cats is annual.
55. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR PEP INDICATION
55
PATIENT SCREENING
MAJOR MINOR
ANIMAL SCREENING
HEALTHY,
VACCINATED &
OBSERVABLE
SUSPECIOUS,SICK
OR
UNVACCINATED
OBSERVABLE
LAB CONFIRM
OR
UNOBSERVABLE
HEALTHY,
VACCINATED &
OBSERVABLE
SUSPECIOUS,SICK
OR UNVACCINATED
OBSERVABLE
LAB CONFIRM
OR
UNOBSERVABLE
Delay
Observe 14
PEP SUSPENDED
Initiate
PEP
Observe 14 d
Discontinue ±
Initiate PEP
Continue full
course
Delay
Observe 14
PEP SUSPENDED
Initiate
PEP
Observe 14 d
Discontinue ±
Initiate PEP
Continue full
Course
56. If PEP is indicated:
Major category
Immunoglobulin (RIG)
and
Anti Rabies vaccine (ARV)
Minor category
Anti Rabies vaccine (ARV)
56
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
ANTI RABIES VACCINE
57. Intramuscular administration of vaccine for PEP
Essen regimen :
The 5-dose regimen prescribes 1 dose on each of day
0, 3, 7, 14, and 28.
DOSE: one IM dose (1.0 or 0.5 ml) into deltoid (or thigh)
DAY: 0 3 7 14 28
HUMAN RABIES IMMUNOGLOBULINS
HUMAN ANTI
RABIES VACCINE
57
58. Im administration of vaccine for PEP CONT….
Zagreb regimen:
The 4-dose abbreviated multisite regimen prescribes 2 doses on day 0 (1 in
each of the 2 deltoid or thigh sites) followed by 1 dose on each of days 7 and
21, as shown below.
DOSE: one IM dose (1.0 or 0.5 ml) into deltoid (or thigh)
Day: 0 7 21
Sites: X2 Xl Xl
HUMAN RABIES IMMUNOGLOBULIN
HUMAN
ARV
5
59. INTRADERMAL ADMINISTRATIONFOR PEP
The 2-site regimen prescribes injection of 0.1 ml at 2 sites (deltoid or
thigh) on days 0, 3, 7 and 28. The day 14 dose is missed.
2-site intradermal regimen (2+2+2+0+2)
Dose : one ID dose is one fifth of IM dose (0.1 ml) ID per site
Day: 0 3 7 28
Sites: X2 X2 X2 X2
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
ARV
59
60. Post-exposure prophylaxis for previously vaccinated individuals
For rabies-exposed patients who can document previous complete pre-
exposure vaccination or complete post exposure prophylaxis with
human anti rabies vaccine, 1 dose delivered intramuscularly or delivered
intradermally on days 0 and 3 is sufficient.
60
61. Immunization of immunocompromisedindividuals
In immunocompromised individuals including patients with HIV/AIDS, a complete series of 5 doses
of intramuscular CCEEV in combination with comprehensive wound management and local
infiltration with human rabies immunoglobulin is required for patients with category II and III
exposures.
61
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
IM or 0.1 ml ID on days 0, 7 and either day 21 or 28 is recommended for clinicians and
persons attending to human rabies cases, veterinarians, animal handlers
62. ELEMENT OF ANIMAL RABIES CONTROL
1. Massvaccinationof dogs.
2. Movementrestriction/confinement.
3. Inter-sectoral collaboration and coordination.
4. Comprehensive surveillance system.
5. CommunityHealtheducationand participation
6. Legal enactment ( dog ordinance and dog registration act.)
62
63. MASS VACCINATION OF DOGS
Immunize of all dogs (domestic and community dogs) through
mass vaccination campaigns to
achieve adequate coverage.
Need over 70% - 80% coverage to get Heard immunity
Elimination of stray dogs and ownerless dogs.
Immediate destruction of dogs/cats bitten by rabied animals.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis of all pet dogs, with booster dose at an
appropriate interval.
63
64. Movement restriction /confinement
Restrain of dogs in public places
Effective DPM programs.
Registration and licensing of all domestic dogs.
Strong environmental policies/measure against indiscriminate
garbage disposal which stimulate the uncontrolled movement of
dogs.
Quarantine for 6 month of all imported dogs/cats.
64
65. ONE HEALTH APPROACH ON RABIESPREVENTIONAND CONTROL
GOVERNMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
SECTORS
HUMAN HEALTH SECTOR ANIMAL HEALTH SECTOR
WILD LIFE SECTOR
NON GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION
OTHER SECTORS
65
RABIES PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
Develop a pilot or Research
project