Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IAEME Publication
As longas human being continues to exists,urbanization continues. Urbanizationhasa direct effect on environment which in turn effects the variations in hydrology. It may results from changes inthe land use pattern to built-up areas resulting in runoff which ultimately leads to flood. Most of the studies revealed thatland use pattern has drastically changed in whichthe builtup area increases year after year.The land use land cover changes can be identified using GIS. Many researchers have found that urbanization has an impact on hydrological parameters such as runoff volume, discharge in drains, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration etc. An attempt has been made to consolidate the review of literature related to impact of urbanization on hydrological parameters.
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS IAEME Publication
As longas human being continues to exists,urbanization continues. Urbanizationhasa direct effect on environment which in turn effects the variations in hydrology. It may results from changes inthe land use pattern to built-up areas resulting in runoff which ultimately leads to flood. Most of the studies revealed thatland use pattern has drastically changed in whichthe builtup area increases year after year.The land use land cover changes can be identified using GIS. Many researchers have found that urbanization has an impact on hydrological parameters such as runoff volume, discharge in drains, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration etc. An attempt has been made to consolidate the review of literature related to impact of urbanization on hydrological parameters.
A Holistic Approach for Determining the Characteristic Flow on Kangsabati Cat...ijceronline
Kangsabati river rises from the Chotanagpur plateau in the state of West Bengal, India and passes through the districts of Purulia, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal before joining into river Rupnarayan. It is life of these three districts of West Bengal situated in the western part of the state. The river has ephemeral characteristics i.e. it has low flow in the year round and have a high peak on a certain time basis. In the Kangasabati catchment hydrological study gives an evident that during the period every two years there is a chance of drought condition and consecutively after that there is a high flow year. In our study period from 1991 to 2010 there are six low streamflow year i.e. in that year there is less rainfall than the average rainfall on that area. The year 1991, 2002 and 2009 are the drought prone year and above that in 2010 the severe drought condition was seen and this is the lowest rainfall year among the last 20 years and the rainfall on this year is only 766 mm which is in an about 38% less rainfall than the average rainfall of the catchment. And the highest flood peak in the last twenty year is noted on 19th Aug 2007 as 377107.8 Mm3
Assessment and Analysis of Maximum Precipitation at Bharkawada Village, Palan...RSIS International
Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Holistic Approach for Determining the Characteristic Flow on Kangsabati Cat...ijceronline
Kangsabati river rises from the Chotanagpur plateau in the state of West Bengal, India and passes through the districts of Purulia, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal before joining into river Rupnarayan. It is life of these three districts of West Bengal situated in the western part of the state. The river has ephemeral characteristics i.e. it has low flow in the year round and have a high peak on a certain time basis. In the Kangasabati catchment hydrological study gives an evident that during the period every two years there is a chance of drought condition and consecutively after that there is a high flow year. In our study period from 1991 to 2010 there are six low streamflow year i.e. in that year there is less rainfall than the average rainfall on that area. The year 1991, 2002 and 2009 are the drought prone year and above that in 2010 the severe drought condition was seen and this is the lowest rainfall year among the last 20 years and the rainfall on this year is only 766 mm which is in an about 38% less rainfall than the average rainfall of the catchment. And the highest flood peak in the last twenty year is noted on 19th Aug 2007 as 377107.8 Mm3
Assessment and Analysis of Maximum Precipitation at Bharkawada Village, Palan...RSIS International
Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
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We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
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final project ppt (2).ppt
1. “Management of floods in urban environment - A study from Bengaluru”
Presentation by
Anusha C M (1GA18CV009)
Ashik G K (1GA18CV012)
Bhumika H S (1GA18CV015)
C Harsha (1GA18CV017)
Under the guidance of
Dr. Radhika K N(Msc PhD)
Department of Civil Engineering
Global Academy of Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru – 98
2021-2022
Visvesvaraya Technological University
2. CONTENTS
• ABSTRACT
• INTRODUCTION
• JUSTIFICATION OF PROBLEM
• OBJECTIVE
• STUDY AREA
• LITERATURE SURVEY
• METHODOLOGY
• HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES
• STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• BIBILOGRAPHY
2
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg.
GAT, Bengaluru – 98
3. ABSTRACT:
Flooding is one of the world's most serious and common natural disasters.
More over half of these occurrences take place in Asia. Floods claim the lives of
people, animals, homes, goods, and property every year.
Due to rapid population expansion in urban areas, precipitation penetration is
decreasing, and runoff and flood peak are increasing. Climate change,
socioeconomic devastation, migration, development practices, and political
instability may all contribute to severe and frequent flooding events, which
constantly redefine flood susceptibility.
Increased urban flood events have disrupted the socioeconomic situation of urban
life in various regions of the world. In India, the annual average economic loss due
to floods is 75-80 percent of total economic loss.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, B engaluru
– 98 3
4. In Bangalore, a dense network of Telemetric Rain gauges (TRG), Telemetric Weather
stations (TWS), and a few stream gauges have been erected to monitor weather and
runoff in near real time.
Rainfall is forecasted in 12 hourly forms for the next 72 hours by the Satellite
Application Center (SAC).
With an 8-hour lead time, advanced GIS data, high-resolution weather forecasts, and
open-source hydrologic modelling tools such as Storm Water Management Model
(SWMM), a flood forecast, and early warning are developed for Bangalore.
Flood extents are calculated using the output of a hydrological model and rainfall
forecasts.
KEYWORDS: Natural disasters,Rainfall-runoff, Telemetric Rain gauges (TRG),
Telemetric Weather stations(TWS)
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 4
5. INTRODUCTION:
Our country's most prevalent natural calamity is flooding.
Thousands of people, animals, and homes, as well as standing crops, are lost each
year across eight million hectares of land.
Urbanization is a dynamic and progressive process of the development operations
will result in encroached water bodies and stream linkages, changing runoff
coefficient and decreasing storm drain carrying capacity, resulting in increased flood
frequency.
Land use changes resulting from increased population and urbanization factor have
been directly connected to historical flood event statistics in Bangalore city during
the last decade.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 5
6. JUSTIFICATON OF PROBLEM:
Flooding in cities causes a slew of issues that affect people's daily lives.
Indeed, in our country, urban flooding has become a major disaster
management issue.
We have a difficult problem as we approach the height of urbanisation,
when about 300 million people are estimated to be added to our cities over
the following two decades.
Finally, population pressures, particularly in urban areas, have resulted in
haphazard and unplanned settlements in floodplains, exposing more people
to flood dangers.
The following are the most common and anticipated problems associated
with urban flooding:
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 6
7. Commuters have a tough time passing through under pass and fly overs which
are water clogged due to heavy rainfall.
Several vehicles parked in the basement were covered with slush, had to be
towed away for expensive repairs.
Work on storm water drains were in progress in several parts. These sites are
now flooded and water has over flowed on the roads.
Many rescue boats were used in several affected residential localities to shift
stranded residences.
If there are heavy rains traffic in the city gets affected.
Every time there is rain, there is flooding with 3 feet of water in houses.Lack
of outlet to rainwater to flow causes water clogging and flooding.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 7
8. The following photographs Show the effect of urban flooding face by bangaloreans in
the recent times .
Fig 1. Flood related disaster in Bangalore
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 8
9. OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine how the city's rainfall pattern influences the available
water's run-off characteristics.
2. To ascertain the impact of land use and land cover on the city's
urbanisation.
3. To investigate the infiltration ability of red soil, which is widely
distributed throughout the study area.
4. To outline the planning and development of appropriate strategies, as in
developed countries, which has become critical for a fast-growing city like
Bengaluru.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 9
10. STUDY AREA:
Population: 1.31 crores as of 2022 ( “Increased by 3.35% from 2021” )
Longitude and Latitude: 12º 40’-13º 20’ N; 77º 20’-77º 50’ E
Elevation: 920 m
Total area: 709 km²
Soil: The soils of districts can be grouped into red loamy soil and lateritic soil
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 10
11. LITERATURE SURVEY:
SL NO BRIEF ABOUT
JOURNAL PAPER
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
01 Flood damage and risk
assessment for urban
area in Malaysia.
Noor Suraya Romali
and Zulkifli Yusop.
The assessment
considers flood hazard,
exposure, and flood
vulnerability. Assess
ment of effect of
flooding due to
residential and
commercial land usage,
and the estimation of
flood damage and
percentage of damage.
Overall, this research
has succeeded in
developing a
framework for
assessing flood damage
and risk in a city. The
hazard, exposure, and
vulnerability factors are
combined in the flood
damage estimation
framework. A site-
specific damage curve,
flood inundation maps,
flood damage
estimates, flood
damage–probability
curve, expected annual
damage (EAD), and
flood damage risk map
of Segamat town are
among the study's key
outputs.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 11
12. SL NO BRIEF ABOUT
JOURNAL PAPER
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
02 Urban flood disaster
management
R. K. Price & Z.
Vojinovic
Collection of historical
rainfall data. Modelling
and flood hazard
mapping, flood damage
analysis, risk
assessment, structural
and non-structural
measures and disaster
management strategies.
This paper presents and
describes the digital
city concept as a means
of managing in an
affordable way the
urban stormwater. The
particular focus of the
paper is on urban flood
disaster management.
Such floods are
generated either by
flows originating from
outside the urban area.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 12
13. SL NO BRIEF ABOUT
JOURNAL PAPER
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
03 A systematic approach
for effective storm
water management at
building level during
extreme rainfall events
– a case study.
Vasantha Kumar S. &
Shishodiya Ghanshyam
Singh.
Preparation of maps for
extracting topographic
and hydrologic
parameters.
Identification of low-
lying areas using the
maps of topographic
and hydrologic
parameters. Study of
effectiveness of
stormwater
management plan
through hydrological
analysis of extreme
rainfall events.
Proper management of
stormwater runoff
would help to recharge
the groundwater and
reduce the load on the
central stormwater
drains. Further,
flooding in streets and
water stagnation around
the buildings can be
avoided. The study
reported in this paper
would be useful in
places where the water
stagnation is a potential
problem after a heavy
rainfall.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 13
14. SL NO BRIEF ABOUT
JOURNAL PAPER
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
04 Change detection
based flood mapping
using multi-temporal
Earth Observation
satellite images:
2018 flood event of
Kerala, India
V. S. K. Vanama, Y. S.
Rao & C. M. Bhatt
The overall
methodology adopted is
broadly divided into
five modules, i.e. data
preprocessing, PWB
mask creation, training
dataset creation and
flood mapping
techniques and CD
indices.
In this study, the
potential of freely
available multi-
temporal EO images
in flood mapping was
demonstrated for 2018
Kerala flood event.
This study explores this
scenario for assessing
the combined use of
ascending and
descending pass
satellite images over
the same location on
the same date to
monitor
the flood progression
and recession in the
duration of
a flood event.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 14
15. SL NO BRIEF ABOUT
JOURNAL PAPER
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
05 Flood Related Disaster:
Concerned to urban
flooding in Bangalore,
India.
Shubha Avinash.
Analysis of average
annual and monthly
rainfall in Bangalore.
Zonal distribution of
low lying areas in
BBMP, watershed
catchments and storm
water drain networks in
Bangalore.
The analysis reveals
that the excess runoff is
due to less carrying
capacity of storm water
drains in area. Due to
urban development on
wetlands and open
spaces, the paved area
is increased. It has
caused less infiltration
and more runoff.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 15
16. SL NO BRIEF ABOUT
JOURNAL PAPER
METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION
06 Influence of Land Use
Changes on Urban
Flooding: Case Study
of Bangalore City, India
Shubha Avinash , K.
Lakshmi Prasad , G.S.
Srinivasa Reddy , D.
Mukund
Google earth, the
geospatial software
program maps the earth
by superimposing
satellite images, aerial
photography, and GIS
data onto a 3D globe.
Which in turn acts as a
guide in calculation of
impervious area
coefficient of runoff
and runoff volume.
Since the expanding
urban drainage system
requires a massive
investment with host of
commercial and
residential building in
the city, alternative
rainwater strategies
should be considered.
rainwater harvesting,
paved areas could be
minimized or replaced
with porous paving, and
also a variety of
landscape measures and
practices could be
applied to reduce the
volume of rainwater
runoff to decrease the
effects of flood.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 16
17. METHODOLOGY:
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 17
Study area
Objectives
1.To determine city’s
rainfall pattern
2.Impact of land use and
land cover
3.Infiltration ability of red
soil
4.Planning and
development
Data collection Literature Survey
1.Rainfall
2.Population
3.Infiltration
1.Estimation of percentage of damage due to
flood
2.Structural and non-structural measures
3.Storm water management plan
4.Analysis of average annual and monthly
rainfall data in Bangalore
Problems occurred
1.Clogging 2.Traffic congestion 3.Basement covered
with slush
4.Water scarcity 5.Groundwater
depletion
Strategies
Structural Non-Structural
Sloped apron
G-cans
Tunnels
Artificial levee
Sponge city
Water infiltration System
Green Roof
Sustainable development
18. HYDRO METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES:
ANALYTICAL DATA:
Monthly Rainfall variation in Bangalore:
Month
January
,
Temperature
28° / 16
Rainfall
(mm)
22
February 31° / 18° 24.5
March 33° / 20 26.5
April 34° / 22 28
May 33° / 22 27.5
June 29° / 20 24.5
July 28° / 20 24
August 28° / 20 24
September 28° / 20 24
October 28° / 20 24
November 27° / 18° 22.5
December 27° / 16 21.5
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 18
19. TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL FROM 2009-2017 RAINFALL
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 19
YEAR ANNUAL RAINFALL
2009 953.307
2010 811.736
2011 936.397
2012 552.058
2013 849.352
2014 764.411
2015 1170.412
2016 697.411
2017 1201.26
2018 1050
2019 950.72
2020 1210
20. B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 20
The change in rainfall pattern over the year is one of the reasons for urban
flooding and this has occurred in the year 2009,2013,2017 and as well as in
2021.
953.307
811.736
936.397
552.058
849.352
764.411
1170.412
697.411
1201.26
1050
950.72
1210
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
ANNUAL
RAINFALL
YEAR
ANNUAL RAINFALL
21. Annual average monthly rainfall:
Sl.no. YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Total
annual(m
m)
1 2009 0.738 1.231 185.401 665.364 1688.353 1020.680 470.580 1272.450 2999.312 337.161 782.864 108.931 953
2 2010 48.000 41.900 76.900 667.733 828.492 653.307 1182.294 996.982 1233.424 827.194 1473.171 88.235 812
3 2011.000 8.235 136.765 60.000 1119.706 1519.265 523.235 957.353 2143.824 811.765 1616.412 399.529 67.882 936
4 2012 9.706 2.941 25.882 244.412 860.882 133.824 670.882 1141.176 362.647 847.941 1039.118 181.176 552
5 2013 2.353 51.176 27.941 390.588 1164.412 980.588 862.941 852.059 2517.353 1134.412 495.294 14.412 849
6 2014 0.000 0.294 160.588 113.529 940.588 844.706 643.235 780.000 1377.941 2412.353 323.824 47.059 764
7 2015 130.000 0.882 321.765 1464.118 1439.412 1033.235 530.588 1291.471 2245.000 967.353 2184.412 95.882 1170
8 2016 68.529 0.000 47.647 67.353 1279.706 1560.000 2046.176 440.294 407.647 345.588 36.471 674.706 697
9 2017 8.824 0.294 194.500 272.353 2101.700 456.400 314.120 2506.500 3405.000 2458.580 105.800 188.700 1201
Monthly temperature
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
22 24.5 26.5 28 27.5 24.5 24 24 24 24 22.5 21.5
Lm 10.56 11.76 12.72 13.44 13.2 11.76 11.52 11.52 11.52 11.52 10.8 10.32
Runoff using Khosla's formula[Rm=Pm-Lm] (Lm=0.48Tm)
Sl.no. YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 2009 0.0 0.0 172.7 651.9 1675.2 1008.9 459.1 1260.9 2987.8 325.6 772.1 98.6
2 2010 37.4 30.1 64.2 654.3 815.3 641.5 1170.8 985.5 1221.9 815.7 1462.4 77.9
3 2011 0.0 125.0 47.3 1106.3 1506.1 511.5 945.8 2132.3 800.2 1604.9 388.7 57.6
4 2012 0.0 0.0 13.2 231.0 847.7 122.1 659.4 1129.7 351.1 836.4 1028.3 181.2
5 2013 0.0 39.4 15.2 377.1 1151.2 968.8 851.4 840.5 2505.8 1122.9 484.5 4.1
6 2014 0.0 0.0 147.9 100.1 927.4 832.9 631.7 768.5 1366.4 2400.8 313.0 36.7
7 2015 119.4 0.0 309.0 1450.7 1426.2 1021.5 519.1 1280.0 2233.5 955.8 2173.6 85.6
8 2016 58.0 0.0 34.9 53.9 1266.5 1548.2 2034.7 428.8 396.1 334.1 25.7 664.4
9 2017 0.0 0.0 181.8 258.9 2088.5 444.6 302.6 2495.0 3393.5 2447.1 95.0 178.4
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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22. Calculation:
Runoff method using Khosla’s formulae
Rm=Pm-Lm
Lm=0.48Tm
Where Rm=Monthly runoff (mm)
Pm=Monthly precipitation(mm)
Lm=Monthly losses(mm)
Example 1:At Tm=22℃
Lm=0.48Tm
=0.48(22)
= 10.56 mm
If Pm=0.738
Rm=Pm-Lm
= 0.738-10.56
=-9.82 == 0
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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23. Evapotranspiration Data:
Evapotranspiration by Thronwaith formula [Et= 1.6La(10*T/It)^a]
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
12.22 12.04 14.22 14.85 15.67 14.29 14.67 14.15 13.36 13.23 12.08 12.11
Monthy Temperature
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
22 24.5 26.5 28 27.5 24.5 24 24 24 24 22.5 21.5
Adjustment factor for La
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0.97 0.91 1.03 1.04 1.11 1.08 1.12 1.08 1.02 1.01 0.95 0.97
It [(T/5)^1.514]
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
9.42 11.09 12.49 13.58 13.21 11.09 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.75 9.75 9.10
Emperical constant (a)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0.65 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.65
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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24. CALCULATION:
Evapotranspiration by Thronwaith formulae
Ep=1.6La(10T/It)^a
Where It=(T/5)^1.514
It=Annual heat index.
Ep=Monthly potential(mm).
La=Total monthly daylight hours/360.
a=cubic function.
T=temperature.
Example 1:
T=22℃
It=(T/5)^1.514
=(22/5)^1.514
=9.42 mm
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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26. GROSS HYDROLOGICAL RAINWATER POTENTIAL
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 26
S= P - PE
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 39.13504 13.72035 375.74088 1148.74319 966.297305 848.271646 837.913204 2503.99319 1121.18299 483.213218 2.305305
MONTHLY TOTAL RAINFALL (P) 2009-17
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2.352941 51.17647 27.94118 390.58824 1164.41176 980.588235 862.941176 852.058824 2517.35294 1134.41176 495.294118 14.41176
Evapotranspiration by Thronwaith formula [PE= 1.6La(10*T/It)^a]
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
12.21887 12.04143 14.22083 14.84736 15.66857 14.29093 14.66953 14.14562 13.35975 13.22877 12.0809 12.10646
GROSS HYDROLOGICAL RAINWATER POTENTIAL ( S* AREA) AREA=2196km^2
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0 85940.549 30129.881 825126.962 2522640.056 2121988.882 1862804.536 1840057.395 5498769.048 2462117.856 1061136.226 5062.449
27. Calculation:
GROSS HYDROLOGICAL RAINWATER POTENTIAL(GHRP)
S=P-PE
P=Monthly rainfall.
PE=1.6La(10*T/It)^a
where La=Total monthly daylight hours/360.
a=cubic function.
T=temperature.
It=Annual heat index.
GHRP=(S*AREA)
AREA=2196 km^2(from above data)
Example 1: S=P-PE
=51.17647-12.04143
S =39.13504
GHRP=(39.13504*2196)
=85940.549 km^2 B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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30. NON STRUCTURAL MEASURE:
Sustainable Drainage
Sustainable Development B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
– 98 30
Install Water Infiltration Systems
Restoring Flood Plains
31. EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
Innovative approach in managing environmental disaster requires the use of
technology into how technology is used to minimise the casualities and losses
incurred when disaster strikes.
The project is based on role of runoff coefficient and infiltration rate place as tool in
flood prone areas.
The data provided in the project acts as a guide in regulation of catchment area and
stream surface, which place a vital role in flood disaster management and optimum
use of infiltration.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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32. REFERENCES:
[1] Urban Flood Forecast System - A Case study of Bangalore, India.Shubha Avinash,Dr K Lakshmi
Prasad,Dr G S Srinivasa Reddy,Dr D MukundProject Scientist, Karnataka State Natural Disaster
Monitoring Center Principal, Director, Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Center.
[2] Avinash S (2014). Flood Related Disasters: Concerned To Urban Flooding In Bangalore, India.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3, pp. 76–83. Retrieved from
http://www.ijret.org.
[3] Gibbons CL (2007). Impervious Surface Coverage: The Emergence of a Key Environmental
Indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association, 243–258.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369608975688.
[4] Dhrubajyoti Sen (2013): Real –Time rainfall monitoring and flood inundation forecasting for the
city of Kolkata, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 19:2, 137-144.
[5] Brooks, N. “Vulnerability, Risk and Adaptation: AConceptual Framework.” Tyndal Center for
Climate Change Research working Paper 38, 1–20.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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33. [6] National Institute of Urban Affairs (2016) Urban Flooding, Global Journal of
Engineering, Design and Technology. 2013:2(4):63-6.
[7] Gupta and Nair (2010) "Flood risk and context of land-uses: Chennai city case",
Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 3(12), 365-372.
[8]Joshi et al (2012), Urban Flood Mapping by Geospatial Technique A Case Study of 9.
Surat City. 10SR Journal of Engineering (1OSRJEN) ISSN: 2250-3021 Volume 2, Issue
6 (June 2012), PP 43-51.
B.E. Dept of Civil Engg. GAT, Bengaluru
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