As awareness of the consumers about environmental issues increases, the impact on their life-style, buying behavior, consumption pattern and purchasing habits is also changed in order to help improve the environment. Corporate strategies of environmental marketing include green advertisement, consumer willingness to pay more for green products, recycled products, biodegradable packaging, and eco-friendly labeling.

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It’s not easy being green, but it can be profitable
Stephanie Marchant
West Virginia University

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As awareness of the consumers about environmental issues increases, the impact on their
life-style, buying behavior, consumption pattern and purchasing habits is also changed in order
to help improve the environment. Corporate strategies of environmental marketing include green
advertisement, consumer willingness to pay more for green products, recycled products,
biodegradable packaging, and eco-friendly labeling. (Neese & Favia, 2013) Consumers are not
merely buying a product to satisfy their need but the use of a product also represents what the
owner values and it becomes an extension of the owner. Marketing plays a vital function in the
consumer goods industry as differentiation on product function or specification appears futile to
the consumers through advertisement. Advertising in the category of consumer goods industry
increasingly relies on emotional appeal seeking to connect with the norms and values of the
customers. (Rundh, 2013) This paper is an attempt to review the impact of green advertisement
and eco-friendly labeling on the buying behavior of the consumers.
Over 70 % of purchase decisions are made at the shelf. Since packaging of a product is
the first thing that a consumer sees, it plays a vital role in differentiating a brand from the
competition. (Rundh, 2013) Consumers are strongly influenced by the packaging of products
that they are considering to buy. Marketers are well aware of this fact, and go to great lengths to
create packaging that will draw in consumers and convince them to buy the product. This shift
in consumer decision making means that marketers need to adjust their messages and to view the
change not as a loss of power over consumers but as an opportunity to be in the right place at the
right time, giving them the information and support they need to make the right decisions.
(Laroche, Bergeron, & Barbaro-Forleo, 2001) Packaging is often the last impression the
consumer or customer will have of a product before that final purchase decision is made.
Therefore, it is worth ensuring that packaging is working as hard as possible to secure that sale.

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This may be in the form of imagery, brand values, product functionality or pure innovation.
There are many ways in which packaging can add value. Marketers should consider a few things
in order to make packaging support their brand positioning, build competitive advantage,
maintain innovation or increase their price premium.
Two major values that influence consumer behavior are individualism and collectivism.
On one hand, individualism represents how much a person focuses on his/her independent self.
Individualist people engage in voluntary associations and they make sure that they remain
distinct individuals, even when they belong to groups. They also compete with others for status,
which depends on their accomplishments much more than on their group memberships. On the
other hand, collectivism implies cooperation, helpfulness, and consideration of the goals of the
group relative to the individual. Being a collectivist means that one may forego individual
motivations for that which is good for the group. (Solomon, 2013)
In addition, the impact of two other relevant values on consumers’ environmentally
conscious behavior includes fun/enjoyment and security. The fun/enjoyment value can be
positively related to attitudes about the importance of recycling and to the recycling behavior.
This relationship makes sense if one considers that those who value fun and enjoyment in life
may see a fulfillment of this end-state through interaction with the environment. (Laroche,
Bergeron, & Barbaro-Forleo, 2001)
Developing a better understanding of what causes individuals to pay more for
environmentally friendly products leads to a greater opportunity for marketers to develop
strategies specifically targeted at these consumers.
For instance, the wine industry is growing more competitive, and marketers are seeking
ways to differentiate their brands to consumers. How consumers perceive wine as a product and

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its characteristics is an essential factor in the decision process and to a brands success. However,
with the choice of wines numbering in the thousands, when consumers begin selecting a
particular wine over another is still unknown. Companies promoting increased environmental
awareness believe information will lead to increasing environmental knowledge, thus changing
attitudes and buying behaviors.
Buyers are engaging in decisions about everyday consumption as well as sustainable
purchase consumption. Everyday consumption is driven by convenience, habit, value for money,
personal health concerns, and individual responses to social and institutional norms. Whereas
sustainable consumption is based on a thoughtful decision-making process that considers social
responsibility in addition to individual needs and wants. (Laroche, Bergeron, & Barbaro-Forleo,
2001) One possible opportunity of incorporating environmental responsibility into consumer
behavior and related package design and planning is to attract consumers who are fundamentally
interested in protecting the environment and consequently behave in ways that lead to a smaller
ecological footprint. (Bemporad & Baranowski, 2007)
Understanding customers and satisfying their needs is the basis of marketing theory,
particularly because different customers have different needs, and by treating them all alike, it is
seldom possible to satisfy all customers. Therefore, to place “green” products in the right market
position, it is important to determine who the environmental consumers are. Segmentation by
using attitudes, values, knowledge, levels of environmental purchase behavior, and
demographics is one possible method. (Neese & Favia, 2013) Once the segmentation is
completed, then target the “greener” consumer with the appropriate advertising and
communication medium.

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Wine packaging and design can engage a customer, increasing the likelihood of positive
purchase. The key is for the product to appeal to the main prompting “cues.” Examples of these
cues are grape variety; country or region of origin; label design; bottle shape; recommendation
and/or third-party endorsement; environmental concerns; packaging, closure, and price/quality.
(Henley, Fowler, Yuan, Stout, & Goh, 2011)
Through an appropriately targeted advertising campaign, marketers can encourage
positive attitudes and behaviors held by ecologically friendly people through the purchase of
these alternative packaging containers. It is of critical importance for marketers to advertise
why it is convenient to purchase green wine packaging and to change consumer perceptions in a
positive way. (McIntyre, 2009) More and more companies educate consumers about the
convenience of buying ecologically safe products.
While marketing is essential to a sustainable business, the process can have a very
different feel to it than the process of self-improvement in vineyard and winery management.
The goal of sustainable winegrowing is to leave a smaller environmental footprint and
contributing in a positive way to the local community. The goal of marketing is to add value to
and sell more wine grapes and wine. Packaging is one example. There is wine in a box/Tetra
packs vs. glass bottles, synthetic closures vs. cork, recyclable packaging, and so forth. From an
energy standpoint, the argument for producing wine in a box, or wine in plastic bottles is
compelling. Glass is heavy and a lot of carbon based fuel is burned to move it around. By
putting wine in a box a much smaller carbon footprint is created regarding transportation.
(McIntyre, 2009)
Winemaking is a complex undertaking, part science, part art and all business.
Winemakers striving to be greener must balance a number of interests. Although demand for

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sustainable wine is increasing, green practices wouldn't take root in the industry if they were to
compromise quality. But one needn't overcomplicate something so enjoyable. When in doubt,
take the advice of American wine legend Robert Mondavi, "Instead of relying totally on critics,
drink what you like and like what you drink."
Some wine producers are thinking beyond the wine making process, and are going green
when it comes to packaging. Packaging like kegs, cans and pouches, as well as Tetra Pak
cartons (made primarily from paper), which have previously only been associated with other
beverages, are making their way into the wine industry. Many wineries are also switching to
lighter-weight wine bottles as less glass means less energy, shipping weight and materials to
recycle. Aside from the philosophical reasons for going green, wineries can also save money—
always a strong incentive. For instance, when Sonoma’s Rodney Strong installed more than
80,000 square feet of solar panels in 2003, the winery—which produces about 800,000 cases of
wine per year—cut its electricity bill by more than 40 percent. (Caputo, 2007)
The bottom line is consumers are comparing not only products and how eco-friendly they
are, they are evaluating the companies that make them and whether their production processes
and business practices are eco-friendly and sustainable. There's no denying it -- green is in, and
a brand that uses eco in marketing stands to gain more competitive ground than its less eco-
friendly counterparts. An increasing number of consumers prefer to purchase eco-friendly
products, claiming that they will only do business with a brand that embraces environmentally
friendly practices. (Bemporad & Baranowski, 2007)
This is just the tip of the iceberg, especially as curiosity in eco-friendly lifestyles
continues to grow. No matter which type of socially conscious consumers marketers are
targeting, understanding what motivates them and delivering marketing that is key to inspiring

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their ongoing pursuit of sustainable products, consumption habits and lifestyles. (Solomon,
2013)
Green marketing isn't just a catchphrase; it's a marketing strategy that can acquire more
customers and make more money. But only if done properly. For green marketing to be
effective, a brand needs to be genuine, educate, and give consumers the opportunity to
participate. Being genuine actually doing what is claimed in a green marketing campaign and
that the rest of the company’s business policies are consistent with whatever being done that's
environmentally friendly. Both these conditions have to be met to establish the kind of
environmental credentials that will allow a green marketing campaign to succeed. (Bemporad &
Baranowski, 2007) Conscious consumers insist that companies reliably and accurately detail
product features and benefits. They will reward companies that are honest about processes and
practices, authentic about products and accountable for their impact on the environment and
larger society. (Rundh, 2013) Making unsubstantiated green claims or over promising benefits
risks breeding cynicism and distrust.
Educating consumers isn't just a matter of letting people know a company is doing
whatever they’re doing to protect the environment, but also a matter of letting them know why it
matters. Otherwise, for a significant portion of a target market, it's a case of "So what?" and the
green marketing campaign goes nowhere. (Martin & Morich, 2011) These consumers want to
do what’s easy, what’s essential for getting by and make decisions that fit their lifestyles and
budget.
Giving consumers the opportunity to participate means personalizing the benefits of
environmentally friendly actions, normally by letting the customer take part in positive
environmental action. They are looking for standards and safeguards to ensure the quality of the

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products they consume. (Bemporad & Baranowski, 2007) These consumers want more
meaningful relationships with the brands in their lives. They seek out opportunities to support
the local economy when given the chance, want to know the source of the products they buy and
desire more personal interactions when doing business. (Neese & Favia, 2013)
Trust matters. At a time of extreme clutter (messages, labels, products), conscious
consumers are prizing transparency, accountability and authenticity more than ever. They are
looking for deeper, more meaningful relationships – a chance to participate in brands and be
empowered by them. (Martin & Morich, 2011) Companies who align their values with their
actions will earn enduring loyalty among conscious consumers.
Smart marketers will meet conscious consumers where they are. They will help
companies back their eco-friendly promises with sincere socially responsible actions. They will
empower consumers to become brand ambassadors. (Solomon, 2013) They will share
knowledge across communications platforms, and increasingly, they will see marketing’s power
to enable deeper, more meaningful and mutually beneficial relationships.
Marketers should also communicate to the target audience that buying green products can
have a significant impact on the welfare of the environment. Marketers should persuade
consumers that environmental protection is not the sole responsibility of business and that each
individual can also make a difference. Marketers should regularly provide feedback to show
consumers that they are making a difference.
Marketing’s next frontier will move beyond transactions to embrace connections and
collaboration, as trust, transparency and purpose become the new currency of corporate
reputation.

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References
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marketing. Are you ready? New York: BBMG.
Caputo, T. (2007, November 26). Established wineries going 'green'. Retrieved from Wines &
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Henley, C., Fowler, D., Yuan, J., Stout, B., & Goh, B. (2011). Label design: impact on
millenials' perceptions of wine. International Journal of Wine Business Research, Vol.
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Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to
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