The fulacht fiadh, AR10, is located in the townland of Garraundarragh and the parish of Currans (National Grid Reference Q093050/107950) in north Kerry, c. 4km north of Farranfore and c. 8km south-east of Tralee town. It is situated at the southern end of a wet and low-lying field used for rough pasture and is bounded to the south and east by a substantial drainage dyke.
The basal remains of the fulacht fiadh mound were recorded in test trench 22, chainage 7470-7495, Field 10, and measured 15m north-south by 17m east-west and up to 0.40m deep. This feature is not a classic fulacht fiadh as described above but the remains of a mound that has been disturbed by land reclamation and the digging of drainage ditches and cultivation furrows.
Irish National Strategic Research (INSTAR) programme findings from the first...Robert M Chapple
The document summarizes the findings presented at a one-day conference on the Irish National Strategic Research (INSTAR) Programme from 2008-2011. Several papers discussed advances in knowledge of early Christian landscapes in Ireland through interdisciplinary research combining archaeology, history and landscape analysis. Key findings included identifying the extent of early monastic estates and recognizing 'cemetery settlements' as integral parts of the early Christian landscape. Other projects discussed included analyzing Neolithic and Bronze Age landscapes in North Mayo through GIS mapping, and using GIS to integrate data on landscape evolution in the River Boyne valley, revealing over 130 new archaeological sites.
The excavation at Killeisk, Co. Tipperary uncovered evidence of activity from the Early Bronze Age and medieval periods. Two groups of pits dated to the Early Bronze Age contained charcoal-rich fills. A large elliptical enclosure and associated linear field boundaries and droveways were dated to the high and late medieval periods. A late medieval kiln and enclosure were also excavated, located southwest of the main enclosure. Fragments of decorated quern stones were recovered from the enclosure and field boundaries.
The excavation of the site at Gortnahown 3 revealed prehistoric settlement remains. These were concentrated in the eastern part of the site and they included a hearth and a group of pits and stake-holes dated to the Late Bronze Age. In the western part of the site a small concentration of stake-holes, a pit and two post-holes was found clustered around a hearth. In between the eastern and the western concentrations of archaeological features there was a single isolated hearth dated to the Iron Age. Lithic artefacts dating to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age and sherds of Domestic Cordoned Urn were recovered from some of the pits.
This report analyses the individual structures and researches the historical and social
background of a small group of buildings in Roevehagh townland which were subject to
survey and test excavations. The group included a pair of buildings and a single, similar
building, located c. 45 m to the north. This building group appears to represent two prefamine
farming households likely to have been constructed by a group of tenant farmers
at Roevehagh. It is likely to have been abandoned prior to the Great Famine 1845–49.
Structure 1 is depicted on the 1838 OS map and is partly depicted on the 1895 OS map. It
is depicted only as a small outline, indicating that it is roofless on the 1929 OS map. These
buildings probably went out of use after the earlier 19th century village of Roevehagh was
established, as a response to changes in the socio-economic structures in Galway.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for a spade mill and lime kiln excavated at Coololla, Co. Galway. It includes background information on the archaeological and historical context of the site. The excavation uncovered the remains of a post-medieval building interpreted as a water-powered forge or spade mill, as well as a post-medieval lime kiln. While there is no evidence linking the two structures, they could potentially have been operated by the same individuals. The report provides detailed descriptions of the excavated structures and artifacts, and places them in the historical context of land use changes in the local area from the medieval to post-medieval periods.
The site comprised a cluster of ten pits and post-holes and a series of plough furrows. There was also a small charcoal-rich feature located 5m south of the main cluster. The features appear to be the remains of a funerary pyre from the Middle Bronze Age. No buried cremated remains were found. The site suggests a single burning episode, with the posts of the pyre either built on the ground surface or raised above ground.
The excavation revealed the presence of a burnt mound with associated pits and troughs.
The two troughs both had internal stakeholes suggesting in one case some form of lining
and in the other some form of suspension rack. The remains of a H-frame suspension
frame was situated north-west of the largest trough. A number of external pits and stake-
holes hinted at related structures or activities. Two Late Bronze Age dates were returned
for the site cal BC 1010–909. A cow horn and a shed red-deer antler were found in the
abandonment fills of a pair of boiling pits.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Irish National Strategic Research (INSTAR) programme findings from the first...Robert M Chapple
The document summarizes the findings presented at a one-day conference on the Irish National Strategic Research (INSTAR) Programme from 2008-2011. Several papers discussed advances in knowledge of early Christian landscapes in Ireland through interdisciplinary research combining archaeology, history and landscape analysis. Key findings included identifying the extent of early monastic estates and recognizing 'cemetery settlements' as integral parts of the early Christian landscape. Other projects discussed included analyzing Neolithic and Bronze Age landscapes in North Mayo through GIS mapping, and using GIS to integrate data on landscape evolution in the River Boyne valley, revealing over 130 new archaeological sites.
The excavation at Killeisk, Co. Tipperary uncovered evidence of activity from the Early Bronze Age and medieval periods. Two groups of pits dated to the Early Bronze Age contained charcoal-rich fills. A large elliptical enclosure and associated linear field boundaries and droveways were dated to the high and late medieval periods. A late medieval kiln and enclosure were also excavated, located southwest of the main enclosure. Fragments of decorated quern stones were recovered from the enclosure and field boundaries.
The excavation of the site at Gortnahown 3 revealed prehistoric settlement remains. These were concentrated in the eastern part of the site and they included a hearth and a group of pits and stake-holes dated to the Late Bronze Age. In the western part of the site a small concentration of stake-holes, a pit and two post-holes was found clustered around a hearth. In between the eastern and the western concentrations of archaeological features there was a single isolated hearth dated to the Iron Age. Lithic artefacts dating to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age and sherds of Domestic Cordoned Urn were recovered from some of the pits.
This report analyses the individual structures and researches the historical and social
background of a small group of buildings in Roevehagh townland which were subject to
survey and test excavations. The group included a pair of buildings and a single, similar
building, located c. 45 m to the north. This building group appears to represent two prefamine
farming households likely to have been constructed by a group of tenant farmers
at Roevehagh. It is likely to have been abandoned prior to the Great Famine 1845–49.
Structure 1 is depicted on the 1838 OS map and is partly depicted on the 1895 OS map. It
is depicted only as a small outline, indicating that it is roofless on the 1929 OS map. These
buildings probably went out of use after the earlier 19th century village of Roevehagh was
established, as a response to changes in the socio-economic structures in Galway.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for a spade mill and lime kiln excavated at Coololla, Co. Galway. It includes background information on the archaeological and historical context of the site. The excavation uncovered the remains of a post-medieval building interpreted as a water-powered forge or spade mill, as well as a post-medieval lime kiln. While there is no evidence linking the two structures, they could potentially have been operated by the same individuals. The report provides detailed descriptions of the excavated structures and artifacts, and places them in the historical context of land use changes in the local area from the medieval to post-medieval periods.
The site comprised a cluster of ten pits and post-holes and a series of plough furrows. There was also a small charcoal-rich feature located 5m south of the main cluster. The features appear to be the remains of a funerary pyre from the Middle Bronze Age. No buried cremated remains were found. The site suggests a single burning episode, with the posts of the pyre either built on the ground surface or raised above ground.
The excavation revealed the presence of a burnt mound with associated pits and troughs.
The two troughs both had internal stakeholes suggesting in one case some form of lining
and in the other some form of suspension rack. The remains of a H-frame suspension
frame was situated north-west of the largest trough. A number of external pits and stake-
holes hinted at related structures or activities. Two Late Bronze Age dates were returned
for the site cal BC 1010–909. A cow horn and a shed red-deer antler were found in the
abandonment fills of a pair of boiling pits.
The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified.
Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wetter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.
Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...Robert M Chapple
The document provides a summary and review of the book "Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes, August 2009". The book contains papers from the seminar that discuss various archaeological discoveries and analyses from sites excavated as part of road construction projects in Ireland. The review provides overview of several of the papers, including discussions of lithic assemblages from a Neolithic site, analyses of spindle whorls, Irish pottery traditions, paleoenvironmental research, early wheels, iron smelting, hand bells from a monastic site, and medieval charcoal production. The reviewer notes the value of the radiocarbon dates listed in an appendix but also inconsistencies between
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...Robert M Chapple
This document provides a summary of the book "Corrstown: A Coastal Community" which presents the results of an excavation of a large Bronze Age village in Northern Ireland. The excavation uncovered 76 structures including houses, paths, and roads, making it the largest Bronze Age settlement found in Ireland or the UK. Artifacts recovered included over 9,000 sherds of pottery and 16,500 pieces of flint, providing important new information about Middle and Late Bronze Age material culture and daily life. Specialists analyzed the lithics, pottery, stone tools, and plant remains, finding evidence of domestic occupation and the local production of bronze and stone tools.
This document provides an overview of Irish archaeology from the Mesolithic period through modern times. It discusses various archaeological sites that have been excavated in Ireland, including settlements, burials, artifacts, and structures from different eras. These archaeological findings help establish a timeline of Irish history and provide insights into past lifeways. For example, Mesolithic sites reveal the diets and lifestyles of early hunter-gatherers, while Bronze Age hillforts and artifacts show the emergence of social hierarchies and trade networks. Together, archaeological evidence and historical documents help illuminate and refine our understanding of Irish culture and society over thousands of years.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Appendix | Dunbeg, Co. Kerry | Radiocarbon Dating. Blogsp...Robert M Chapple
This document summarizes the results of radiocarbon dating from an excavation at Dunbeg Promontory Fort in County Kerry, Ireland. Four radiocarbon dates were obtained: one from the Late Bronze Age (2530±35 BP), and three from the Early Christian period between the 8th-11th centuries AD. While limited in number, these dates provide valuable chronological evidence given the lack of diagnostic artifacts. They indicate the site was in use from the Late Bronze Age through the Early Christian period. The author calls for further dating to better understand the site's full chronology and landscape context.
Following the discovery of human remains during archaeological monitoring of engineering trial pits in Sawpit Lane a 1 m wide trench was excavated along Sawpit Lane, Church Lane and The Mall in advance of pipelaying associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply in July 2010. The remains of 15 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a series of ditches and pits. A stone culvert and the remains of a boundary wall were also identified. Two of the skeletons and a bone fragment from the base of one of the ditches returned calibrated radiocarbon dates centring on the seventh century. In addition a smithing hearth cake typical of early iron smithing was recovered from the upper fill of the ditch along with a bone trial motif piece which has sixth/seventh century parallels. The other pits and ditches had fills containing relatively mixed finds and animal bone fragments. The excavated features are located outside the present Temple Jarlath enclosure in the middle of Tuam and close to the site of the early medieval market area and the site of the post-medieval shambles. The pits may have acted as refuse pits for waste and the ditches may have demarcated areas or being used as open drains. The early burial evidence and the early possible enclosing ditch coupled with reports of an early unclassified cross slab suggest that the graveyard and enclosure at Temple Jarlath may be associated with St Jarlath’s original early Christian foundation.
The site was a recorded early medieval enclosure or cashel (GA113:121) which was depicted on the first edition Ordnance Survey map of the area. The site was levelled and destroyed by land clearance in recent decades and was not visible above ground. The remains of a small 19th-century farmstead are located just to the east of the site. The footprint of the cashel was identified during the excavation as a doughnut-shaped rise in the natural subsoil.
Some remains of the original cashel wall survived below one of the field boundaries that intersect the site. A possible entrance was also identified. The stone-built field walls represent townland boundaries dividing Drumharsna North, Drumharsna South and Owenbristy. Analysis of the animal bone, plant remains and charcoal from the site was undertaken and the finds were also assessed. The find and sample assemblages from the site were mixed with material relating to the nearby post-medieval settlement.
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...Robert M Chapple
This document provides an introduction and background information about a study of 17th-19th century gravestones from two church sites in County Galway, Ireland. It summarizes the history of the church sites at Killora and Killogilleen and the physical remains. It then describes in detail six gravestones found at the sites that depict the occupations of the deceased, including two previously documented gravestones marking blacksmiths, one of which is shown in figures with hammer, tongs and horseshoe carvings. The document aims to present some of the finest examples of post-Medieval gravestone carving found and discuss them in the context of memorial trends over time.
The excavation of a charcoal-rich layer atop a gravel ridge at Caherweelder revealed an
ironworking hearth or furnace which produced two Iron Age dates. A single chert piece,
identified as a possible hone stone, was found, and along with a small but varied animal
bone assemblage, including cattle, pig, sheep/goat and red deer may represent detritus
from a broad time span. Charcoal analysis identified that a range of species were collected
for ironworking with alder dominating one lower layer and charcoal from hawthorn/
apple-type dominating a higher layer of the ironworking pit. The two radiocarbon dates
acquired for the site revealed dates tightly clustered in the Iron Age period (cal BC 85–80
–cal AD 54–59; cal BC 91–69 – cal AD 36–52).
Skara Brae is a late Neolithic settlement located in Orkney, Scotland that was inhabited between 3200 BC and 2200 BC. It was uncovered in 1850 after a storm eroded the sand dunes. Archaeologists excavated eight stone houses connected by narrow passageways, containing stone furniture such as beds, dressers, and seats. The site provides a rare glimpse into Neolithic life in northern Europe due to its excellent preservation beneath thick shell midden refuse.
An investigation into folklore associated with Bronze Age stone circles of K...Victor Reijs
An overview of the results from investigations around the folklore. Taking the psychological types of Jung as the investigation directions: pragmatic, artistic, mythic and scientific.
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown BypassRobert M Chapple
This document provides a review of the book "Of Troughs and Tuyères: The archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass". The reviewer summarizes that the book presents the results of over 40 archaeological excavations along the route, covering 6,000 years of human activity in the region. A notable site discussed is Lowpark, described as unique in the Irish archaeological record, containing evidence of Iron Age and Early Christian ironworking. The reviewer praises the high quality of reporting and illustrations in the book, while noting some preferences on terminology. Overall, the reviewer considers the book a significant contribution to understanding Ireland's archaeological past.
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles MountRobert M Chapple
This document summarizes and analyzes 61 radiocarbon dates from Ireland that fall within the timeframe of the Irish Copper Age (2600-2400 to 2200/2100 BC). Many of the dates are associated with sites that have produced Beaker pottery or are known Bronze Age settlements, suggesting they could represent additional Copper Age structures. Others come from isolated pits of unknown function. The author argues these dates warrant further research to investigate whether any represent previously unidentified Copper Age houses or settlements.
The excavation at Drumharsna North in Co. Galway uncovered the remains of a historic field system. Archaeologists discovered the subsurface footings of a large field boundary wall that was part of an agricultural field layout marked on 19th century maps. Fragments of a quern stone and lithic artifacts, including a possible Neolithic knife, were found amongst remnants of the collapsed field wall. The site was identified as the location of a recorded ringfort and burial ground, but no structures or human remains were uncovered. Instead, the excavation revealed evidence that the land was used for pasture and agriculture from at least the early medieval period until the late 19th century, when the old field system had been removed.
Published on http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal
The excavation of the site at Ballynamona 2 revealed metalworking features, two Bronze Age round houses, a cremation pit, a burnt mound/fulacht fiadh and a series of field ditches. The radiocarbon dates from the site included material from the Middle Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
The document summarizes archaeological research on the Thornborough Henges ritual monument complex in North Yorkshire, England. It describes the layout and features of the site, including three large henge monuments arranged in a straight line across a gravel plateau. Archaeological investigations aimed to determine the chronology and role of the site in the surrounding Neolithic landscape. Surface surveys found lower artifact densities near the henges, suggesting the area was kept clear, while distant scatters implied temporary occupation when visiting the ritual center.
Project 1 stone age_bronze age_iron ageMartin Brown
1. The document discusses the development of megalithic tombs and wedge tombs in Ireland during the Neolithic period. It describes the different types of megalithic tombs including court tombs, portal dolmens, passage tombs, and wedge tombs.
2. It provides details on the wedge-shaped gallery grave located at Lough Gur, including that it dates to around 2500 BC and has two chambers - a main chamber and portico. Artifacts found inside included human bones and animal remains.
3. The document outlines some of the decorative motifs found on megalithic art in passage tombs, including circles, spirals, arcs, lozenges, and parallel lines.
Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
Archaeological Report - Ballyglass West , Co. Galway (Ireland) John Tierney
This report constitutes the final excavation report of a large burnt mound and modern well in the townland of Ballyglass West, Co. Galway (Fig 1). The site was excavated as part of the archaeological excavation programme in advance of construction for the N18 Gort to Oranmore road scheme. The site was discovered during Phase 1 archaeological testing of the new route under Ministerial Directions A045 (E3723).
The excavation of a large burnt mound at Ballyglass West revealed a number of archaeological features. The mound itself contained up to 16 different deposits consisting of varying amounts of stone, burnt stone and charcoal-rich black silty clay. Eight potential troughs were identified below the burnt mound deposits one of which appeared to be stone lined, and others had internal and external stakeholes. Five pits of varying size and shape were also excavated. A natural spring towards the centre of the burnt mound material was used and adapted as a well in the modern period comprising an encircling drystone wall and entrance steps. A single chert flake from the early prehistoric period was recovered from a layer in the burnt mound. Other more recent finds, associated with the well, such as copper alloy pins and a button, clay pipes and ceramic pottery fragments were also uncovered. A small assemblage of animal bone was recovered during the excavation. The analysis of the plant remains revealed that Ballyglass West is among the few burnt mound sites that have yielded cereal remains, albeit in very small amounts. The four radiocarbon dates acquired for the site revealed dates ranging from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age.
QUAKER BURIAL GROUND CORK STREET HOW TO RESTORE, COMMEMORATE, AND CELEBRATE ...kieran rose
QUAKER BURIAL GROUND CORK STREET Dublin 8
HOW TO RESTORE, COMMEMORATE, AND CELEBRATE A HISTORIC PLACE, A PART OF OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE: SUMMARY
“It is a peaceable place to visit”
The Historic Graves Project involves community volunteers conducting archaeological surveys of historic graveyards. Volunteers use GPS cameras and audio recorders to photograph, document, and map over 1,200 headstones across 11 graveyards over two years. For each graveyard, the project creates a folder with a register of graves, a sketch map, contact sheets of photographs, and record sheets. The goal is to explore, protect, and promote awareness of Ireland's historic graveyards.
An Introduction to the Ballyhoura Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration ProjectJohn Tierney
This document provides an overview of a genealogical tourism project led by Dr. Paul MacCotter and John Tierney to document the history of families that took part in the Peter Robinson Assisted Emigration from Ireland to Canada in the 1820s-1830s. The project involves surveying graveyards and mapping homestead locations to build an online geolocated database of records. The goal is to help descendants research their ancestry and trace the places their families lived before emigrating. Methods for collecting, organizing, and publishing the historical data online are discussed.
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Review: Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Dis...Robert M Chapple
The document provides a summary and review of the book "Creative Minds: Proceedings of a Public Seminar on Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes, August 2009". The book contains papers from the seminar that discuss various archaeological discoveries and analyses from sites excavated as part of road construction projects in Ireland. The review provides overview of several of the papers, including discussions of lithic assemblages from a Neolithic site, analyses of spindle whorls, Irish pottery traditions, paleoenvironmental research, early wheels, iron smelting, hand bells from a monastic site, and medieval charcoal production. The reviewer notes the value of the radiocarbon dates listed in an appendix but also inconsistencies between
Corrstown: a coastal community. Excavations of a Bronze Age village in Northe...Robert M Chapple
This document provides a summary of the book "Corrstown: A Coastal Community" which presents the results of an excavation of a large Bronze Age village in Northern Ireland. The excavation uncovered 76 structures including houses, paths, and roads, making it the largest Bronze Age settlement found in Ireland or the UK. Artifacts recovered included over 9,000 sherds of pottery and 16,500 pieces of flint, providing important new information about Middle and Late Bronze Age material culture and daily life. Specialists analyzed the lithics, pottery, stone tools, and plant remains, finding evidence of domestic occupation and the local production of bronze and stone tools.
This document provides an overview of Irish archaeology from the Mesolithic period through modern times. It discusses various archaeological sites that have been excavated in Ireland, including settlements, burials, artifacts, and structures from different eras. These archaeological findings help establish a timeline of Irish history and provide insights into past lifeways. For example, Mesolithic sites reveal the diets and lifestyles of early hunter-gatherers, while Bronze Age hillforts and artifacts show the emergence of social hierarchies and trade networks. Together, archaeological evidence and historical documents help illuminate and refine our understanding of Irish culture and society over thousands of years.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Appendix | Dunbeg, Co. Kerry | Radiocarbon Dating. Blogsp...Robert M Chapple
This document summarizes the results of radiocarbon dating from an excavation at Dunbeg Promontory Fort in County Kerry, Ireland. Four radiocarbon dates were obtained: one from the Late Bronze Age (2530±35 BP), and three from the Early Christian period between the 8th-11th centuries AD. While limited in number, these dates provide valuable chronological evidence given the lack of diagnostic artifacts. They indicate the site was in use from the Late Bronze Age through the Early Christian period. The author calls for further dating to better understand the site's full chronology and landscape context.
Following the discovery of human remains during archaeological monitoring of engineering trial pits in Sawpit Lane a 1 m wide trench was excavated along Sawpit Lane, Church Lane and The Mall in advance of pipelaying associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply in July 2010. The remains of 15 individuals were recorded and excavated along with a series of ditches and pits. A stone culvert and the remains of a boundary wall were also identified. Two of the skeletons and a bone fragment from the base of one of the ditches returned calibrated radiocarbon dates centring on the seventh century. In addition a smithing hearth cake typical of early iron smithing was recovered from the upper fill of the ditch along with a bone trial motif piece which has sixth/seventh century parallels. The other pits and ditches had fills containing relatively mixed finds and animal bone fragments. The excavated features are located outside the present Temple Jarlath enclosure in the middle of Tuam and close to the site of the early medieval market area and the site of the post-medieval shambles. The pits may have acted as refuse pits for waste and the ditches may have demarcated areas or being used as open drains. The early burial evidence and the early possible enclosing ditch coupled with reports of an early unclassified cross slab suggest that the graveyard and enclosure at Temple Jarlath may be associated with St Jarlath’s original early Christian foundation.
The site was a recorded early medieval enclosure or cashel (GA113:121) which was depicted on the first edition Ordnance Survey map of the area. The site was levelled and destroyed by land clearance in recent decades and was not visible above ground. The remains of a small 19th-century farmstead are located just to the east of the site. The footprint of the cashel was identified during the excavation as a doughnut-shaped rise in the natural subsoil.
Some remains of the original cashel wall survived below one of the field boundaries that intersect the site. A possible entrance was also identified. The stone-built field walls represent townland boundaries dividing Drumharsna North, Drumharsna South and Owenbristy. Analysis of the animal bone, plant remains and charcoal from the site was undertaken and the finds were also assessed. The find and sample assemblages from the site were mixed with material relating to the nearby post-medieval settlement.
Workingman’s Dead: notes on some 17th to 19th century memorials, from the gra...Robert M Chapple
This document provides an introduction and background information about a study of 17th-19th century gravestones from two church sites in County Galway, Ireland. It summarizes the history of the church sites at Killora and Killogilleen and the physical remains. It then describes in detail six gravestones found at the sites that depict the occupations of the deceased, including two previously documented gravestones marking blacksmiths, one of which is shown in figures with hammer, tongs and horseshoe carvings. The document aims to present some of the finest examples of post-Medieval gravestone carving found and discuss them in the context of memorial trends over time.
The excavation of a charcoal-rich layer atop a gravel ridge at Caherweelder revealed an
ironworking hearth or furnace which produced two Iron Age dates. A single chert piece,
identified as a possible hone stone, was found, and along with a small but varied animal
bone assemblage, including cattle, pig, sheep/goat and red deer may represent detritus
from a broad time span. Charcoal analysis identified that a range of species were collected
for ironworking with alder dominating one lower layer and charcoal from hawthorn/
apple-type dominating a higher layer of the ironworking pit. The two radiocarbon dates
acquired for the site revealed dates tightly clustered in the Iron Age period (cal BC 85–80
–cal AD 54–59; cal BC 91–69 – cal AD 36–52).
Skara Brae is a late Neolithic settlement located in Orkney, Scotland that was inhabited between 3200 BC and 2200 BC. It was uncovered in 1850 after a storm eroded the sand dunes. Archaeologists excavated eight stone houses connected by narrow passageways, containing stone furniture such as beds, dressers, and seats. The site provides a rare glimpse into Neolithic life in northern Europe due to its excellent preservation beneath thick shell midden refuse.
An investigation into folklore associated with Bronze Age stone circles of K...Victor Reijs
An overview of the results from investigations around the folklore. Taking the psychological types of Jung as the investigation directions: pragmatic, artistic, mythic and scientific.
Review: Of troughs and tuyères: the archaeology of the N5 Charlestown BypassRobert M Chapple
This document provides a review of the book "Of Troughs and Tuyères: The archaeology of the N5 Charlestown Bypass". The reviewer summarizes that the book presents the results of over 40 archaeological excavations along the route, covering 6,000 years of human activity in the region. A notable site discussed is Lowpark, described as unique in the Irish archaeological record, containing evidence of Iron Age and Early Christian ironworking. The reviewer praises the high quality of reporting and illustrations in the book, while noting some preferences on terminology. Overall, the reviewer considers the book a significant contribution to understanding Ireland's archaeological past.
Irish Copper Age houses in a radiocarbon landscape: a reply to Dr Charles MountRobert M Chapple
This document summarizes and analyzes 61 radiocarbon dates from Ireland that fall within the timeframe of the Irish Copper Age (2600-2400 to 2200/2100 BC). Many of the dates are associated with sites that have produced Beaker pottery or are known Bronze Age settlements, suggesting they could represent additional Copper Age structures. Others come from isolated pits of unknown function. The author argues these dates warrant further research to investigate whether any represent previously unidentified Copper Age houses or settlements.
The excavation at Drumharsna North in Co. Galway uncovered the remains of a historic field system. Archaeologists discovered the subsurface footings of a large field boundary wall that was part of an agricultural field layout marked on 19th century maps. Fragments of a quern stone and lithic artifacts, including a possible Neolithic knife, were found amongst remnants of the collapsed field wall. The site was identified as the location of a recorded ringfort and burial ground, but no structures or human remains were uncovered. Instead, the excavation revealed evidence that the land was used for pasture and agriculture from at least the early medieval period until the late 19th century, when the old field system had been removed.
Published on http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal
The excavation of the site at Ballynamona 2 revealed metalworking features, two Bronze Age round houses, a cremation pit, a burnt mound/fulacht fiadh and a series of field ditches. The radiocarbon dates from the site included material from the Middle Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
The document summarizes archaeological research on the Thornborough Henges ritual monument complex in North Yorkshire, England. It describes the layout and features of the site, including three large henge monuments arranged in a straight line across a gravel plateau. Archaeological investigations aimed to determine the chronology and role of the site in the surrounding Neolithic landscape. Surface surveys found lower artifact densities near the henges, suggesting the area was kept clear, while distant scatters implied temporary occupation when visiting the ritual center.
Project 1 stone age_bronze age_iron ageMartin Brown
1. The document discusses the development of megalithic tombs and wedge tombs in Ireland during the Neolithic period. It describes the different types of megalithic tombs including court tombs, portal dolmens, passage tombs, and wedge tombs.
2. It provides details on the wedge-shaped gallery grave located at Lough Gur, including that it dates to around 2500 BC and has two chambers - a main chamber and portico. Artifacts found inside included human bones and animal remains.
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Public talk by John Tierney on recent work on the O'Daly Bardic School, Dromnea, Sheepshead, Cork and outlining a strategy for community-led heritage projects.
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The excavation of a large burnt mound at Ballyglass West revealed a number of archaeological features. The mound itself contained up to 16 different deposits consisting of varying amounts of stone, burnt stone and charcoal-rich black silty clay. Eight potential troughs were identified below the burnt mound deposits one of which appeared to be stone lined, and others had internal and external stakeholes. Five pits of varying size and shape were also excavated. A natural spring towards the centre of the burnt mound material was used and adapted as a well in the modern period comprising an encircling drystone wall and entrance steps. A single chert flake from the early prehistoric period was recovered from a layer in the burnt mound. Other more recent finds, associated with the well, such as copper alloy pins and a button, clay pipes and ceramic pottery fragments were also uncovered. A small assemblage of animal bone was recovered during the excavation. The analysis of the plant remains revealed that Ballyglass West is among the few burnt mound sites that have yielded cereal remains, albeit in very small amounts. The four radiocarbon dates acquired for the site revealed dates ranging from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age.
QUAKER BURIAL GROUND CORK STREET HOW TO RESTORE, COMMEMORATE, AND CELEBRATE ...kieran rose
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Similar to Final Excavation, N22 Gortatlea To Farranfore, Co Kerry 04 E0646 (20)
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The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
From headstone to homestead - crowdsourcing & heritage in IrelandJohn Tierney
This document outlines John Tierney's work with Eachtra Archaeological Projects surveying historic graves and homesteads in Ireland. It provides guidance on conducting graveyard surveys through sketch plans, geotagged photos, and record sheets. It also describes a process for identifying historic homesteads through reconnaissance, geotagged photographs, and publishing findings online and in a shared spreadsheet. The goal is to link Irish emigrant communities both within Ireland through shared heritage sites and records, and with communities abroad where emigrants settled.
Human remains of 48 individuals were discovered and excavated during works associated with the Tuam Town Water Supply Scheme in Toberjarlath townland on the eastern edges of Tuam, County Galway. The burials were located within the bounds of the former Tuam Union Workhouse, which opened in 1846. Eighteen grave pits containing between two and four burials each were uncovered. Analysis showed the individuals were paupers buried in the former workhouse grounds in the 19th century. A section of the workhouse boundary wall and internal ditch were also excavated.
Slides from John Tierney's talk on exploring the heritage of Ardmore in the era of digital research and publication. This talk is part of the www.reyndr.com project being developed by Eachtra in association with a number of community groups.
Community Genealogy in Ireland - Historic GravesJohn Tierney
Community engagement in historic graveyard surveys has a multiplier effect. What started as an archaeological survey of headstones has become community genealogy and local history. This talk was presented to the Irish Genealogical Research Society AGM in May 2013.
The Historic Graves Project is a community collaboration that aims to promote genealogical tourism by pinpointing family names and histories across centuries in graveyards in southeast Cork, Ireland. Volunteers record information from historic graveyards to share online and create puzzles and stories to engage people in learning about the people and families represented in each place through time.
This document provides an archaeological excavation report for Adare Castle in County Limerick, Ireland. It includes:
- A history of Adare Castle from its origins in the medieval period through different periods of occupation.
- A description and maps showing the location of the castle and areas excavated between 2001-2006, including the drawbridge, moat, kitchen, great hall, and two domestic areas.
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- Environmental evidence from animal bones, plant remains, and shells analyzed to understand life at
Archaeological Report - 50-60 South Main Street, Wexford, Co. WexfordJohn Tierney
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity, in the form of a well and boundary wall, associated with the demolished buildings on Peter Street was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the central southern part of the site. The area of excavation measured 11.5m north-south by 12m east-west.
All the pits in the excavation trench were medieval in date and are likely to have served as rubbish dumps. The artefactual material and the faunal remains recovered from the various fills would support this hypothesis. There was no evidence that they were used for industrial practises, though waste material from industrial activity was mixed with domestic refuse. They were located in the area of the medieval house burgage plots. No evidence of medieval structures was recorded. It is likely to exist under the foundations of the existing upstanding structures on South Main Street.
The pottery assemblage from the site was examined by the ceramic specialist Clare McCutcheon. The majority of the pottery consisted of local and Irish wares, comprising of Lenister Cooking ware, Wexford-type coarse ware, ware, fine ware and cooking ware. The English wares consisted of Minety-type, Ham Green and Redcliffe wares. The Wexford-type wares indicate local pottery production, although no medieval pottery kilns have as yet been located in Wexford. The French wares particularly the Saintonge ware, from the southwest of France, jugs, represented the wealthier tastes.
Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, C...John Tierney
The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neolithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th century cobbled surface (Area 5).
The site consisted of a sub-circular enclosure with a diameter of approximately 36 m; it was initially identified as a crop mark on an aerial photograph, with no trace at ground level. Three sides of the enclosure were formed by two ditches (recorded as the ‘east ditch’ and the ‘west ditch’). The fourth side was characterised by large pits/postholes and slot trenches which probably continued the line of the enclosure, despite the absence of a ditch. The enclosure surrounded a Bronze Age settlement site, with a sub-circular post and stake-built structure excavated near the centre of the enclosed area and an ancillary structure to the west. This report details the results of excavation at the site and the descriptions are broken down into context complexes: the enclosure, the internal structure, the ancillary building, other internal features and external features.
The greatest proportion of archaeological features encountered at Shandon relate to Medieval activity. While nothing dateable was recovered from the sub-rectangular enclosure ditch itself, the discovery of 12th/13th century pottery from features inside and immediately outside the enclosure provides a strong case that the ditch is contemporaneous.
It must be considered a possibility that the enclosure at Shandon is a Medieval moated site. The latter have been defined as “all rectangular enclosures bounded by banks and moats of Medieval date, whether they enclosed a major house or simply a garden or cattle pen” (Barry 1987, 84). While there was no definite evidence of a bank at Shandon, there is a suggestion that one may have existed. Moated sites date to the 13th and 14th century (ibid., 85) and the local pottery found at Shandon overlaps with this date range.
It must also be considered that the Shandon enclosure relates to Hiberno-Norse activity. Prior to the present work, the motif piece was the sole indicator of such activity. However, this find is now further substantiated by the discovery of an 11th century Hiberno-Norse coin (Plate 12). Because of preservation by redesign and avoidance, a large proportion of archaeological features at Shandon were not excavated and consequently it is quite possible that further diagnostic Hiberno-Norse material survives on the site. However, one coin and a trial piece do not a Hiberno-Norse settlement make and it is plausible that the coin was deposited in Anglo-Norman times long after its original period of manufacture and use.
Eachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.
The buildings to the rear of 26 Patrick St. were demolished. The area of the extension to the rear to the hotel measured 20m by 13m. The area of excavation was bounded by a stone wall to the south, by a building site to the north and west and by the Georgian building, 26 Patrick St., due for refurbishment to the east.
Occupation evidence dating to the 13th century and later post medieval activity associated with the demolished extension to 26 Patrick St. was excavated. The medieval activity was recorded at the western side of the site. Post-medieval construction, associated with the red brick foundations of the extension to the rear of the Georgian building which fronts onto Patrick St., had truncated medieval activity at the eastern end. The destroyed earlier medieval activity is evidenced by the occurrence of both medieval and post-medieval pottery in the same strata.
Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits, 26 in total, two walls and a well were also excavated.
Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively or almost exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits, with inclusions of post-medieval artefacts, were actually open and in use in the medieval period.
The remains uncovered can be divided into medieval, post-medieval and modern. The pits were in general sub-circular and oval in plan, and, with the exception of pit C.98, were on average 2.06 m in length by 1.36 m in width by 0.61 m in depth. The fills of the pits were a mix of dark grey brown silty clay with occasional inclusions of animal bone and pottery. A total of 26 pits, two walls and a well were recorded.
Until monitoring of top-soil stripping commenced in 2003 only one archaeological monument was recorded on the site of the current development, Enclosure LI005:037. Following monitoring and subsequent excavation this area now includes records of at least three Late Bronze Age unenclosed flat cremation cemeteries, a ring-ditch in close proximity to one of the smaller cemeteries and the remains of four Fulachta Fiadh.
In May 2005, Eachtra Archaeological Projects excavated a fulacht fiadh and an isolated pit in Skehacreggaun td., Mungret. The fulacht fiadh dates to the Middle Bronze Age, within the usual date range for these monument types. The isolated pit is likely to date to the Bronze Age and it contained the only artefact recovered through these archaeological works. The scraper suggests craft and subsistence since prehistoric times.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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2. The Forge,
Innishannon, Co. Cork.
Tel.: 021 470 16 16
Fax: 021 470 16 28
E-mail: info@eachtra.ie
Web Site: www.eachtra.ie
Contact details:
March 2010.
Written by:
Client:
Final Excavation Report
N22 Gortatlea to Farranfore (Inchinveema)
Road Improvement Scheme
CONTRACT 2
Kerry County Council
04E0646
Niamh O’Callaghan
Niamh O’Callaghan
Licence No.:
Licensee:
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Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report,
including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be
the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may
not be reproduced or used in any form withoutthe written consent of the writer or Eachtra
Archaeological Projects.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ii
Background................................................................................................................1
Site location and description.................................................................................1
Archaeological and historical background........................................................1
Methodology.............................................................................................................2
Excavation Results...................................................................................................3
Conclusion.................................................................................................................4
References.................................................................................................................5
Appendix 1: Context Register...............................................................................14
Appendix 2: Matrix..................................................................................................14
Appendix 3: Charcoal Identification...................................................................15
Appendix 4: Plant remains report........................................................................17
Acknowledgements
Eachtra Archaeological Projects wish to acknowledge the assistance of Kerry County Council, Kerry
National Road Design Office, Project Archaeologist Sébastien Joubert, Martin Reid of National Mon-
uments Section of the Dept. of Environment, Heritage & Local Government and Denis Moriarty
Plant Hire.
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Background
The National Roads Authority are undertaking a programme of works to upgrade the N22 between
Cork and Tralee. Part of this work involves the realignment of c. 3.8km of the N22 between Gortatlea
and Farranfore, Co. Kerry. Eachtra Archeological Projects carried out an archaeological assessment
followed by a programme of centreline and offset testing, under licence 04E104, on behalf of Kerry
County Council in relation to the N22 road improvement scheme during which a fulacht fiadh was
recorded at chainage 7450-7475 in the townland of Garraundarragh. This feature was fully excavated
by Eachtra Archaeological Projects, under the direction of the author with the permission of the licens-
ing authorities 04E0646, and the results are presented below.
Site location and description
The fulacht fiadh, AR10, is located in the townland of Garraundarragh and the parish of Currans
(National Grid Reference Q093050/107950) in north Kerry, c. 4km north of Farranfore and c. 8km
south-east of Tralee town. It is situated at the southern end of a wet and low-lying field used for rough
pasture and is bounded to the south and east by a substantial drainage dyke.
Archaeological and historical background
The townland of Garraundarragh or Garrán darach means ‘oaky underwood’ (OSNB). This name is
an indicator of what the region used to look like, however, most of the landscape has been cultivated
and is now divided into fields for pasture with divisions of mature hedgerows rather than the forest
undergrowth that the townland name suggests.
The archaeological landscape in the general area extends from the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age to the
Medieval Period. Prehistoric monuments in the surrounding landscape include standing stones and
fulachta fiadh (Figure 2). The single Standing Stone or gallaun/gallán is the simplest and most numer-
ous of Irish megalithic monuments (O’Sullivan & Sheehan, 1996). They have been interpreted in
various ways, excavations of some examples showed that they marked burials of a Bronze Age date
(1400 – 700 BC) however excavated examples have not always shown this and it is usually impossible
to date these features without excavation, although it is generally accepted that they were erected over
a long period of time. Some Standing Stones are interpreted as boundary markers or ancient route-
ways or used to commemorate important ritualistic or ceremonial events or possibly as the remaining
evidence of a once more complex feature. Some examples are found in isolation while others occur in
close proximity to other archaeological features eg decorated stones, Wedge tombs or Ring-barrows
(Cuppage, 1986).
Fulacht fiadh are the most common Bronze Age monument in Ireland. These monuments survive as
low mounds of charcoal rich black silt packed with heat-shattered stones and are generally situated
close to a water source. In many cases, however, all that survives to the present day are black spreads
with fragments of shattered stones visible in ploughed fields. These are the most numerous prehistoric
site in Ireland with over 4,500 examples recorded, although, numbers continue to rise with on-go-
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ing fieldwork (Waddell 1998, 174). Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cooking places’, whereby
stones were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough of water, the water continued
to boil with the addition of hot stones and the wrapped food was cooked within the hot water. The
trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and charcoal that were removed and formed the basis of
the familiar mound. However, even though these monuments are numerous relatively few have been
scientifically excavated. This leads to the ongoing debate that ‘cooking’ was not their primary func-
tion, particularly due to the lack of hearths and absence of animal remains recorded. Other theories
on their interpretation include bathing and dyeing textiles together with the production of hot water
and steam for curative purposes and sweat houses (Kelly, 1989, 225). Waddell (1998, 177) suggests the
semi-industrial purpose of using the boiling water for dipping hides as part of the preparation of the
leather, while Dunne (pers. comm.) suggests a relationship between burnt mounds and Bronze Age
funerary rites and burial practices.
Two fulachta fiadh are located close to the route (KE039 -067 & -109) and an additional eight new
sites were recorded. Three sites were recorded in Garraundarragh townland within the area of the road
take. The subject of this report was excavated under licence 04E0646 and two other fulachta fiadh were
excavated under licence 04E0647 & 04E0647extension. A further five burnt mound deposits were
recorded while monitoring topsoil stripping at a ‘borrow site’ in the same townland c. 80m to the west
of 04E0646 (Fig. 2). The sites were located outside the lands made available for the road improvement
scheme. The sites were recorded and mapped and covered with geoterim.
The landscape is dominated by the presence of Early Medieval activity characterized by ringforts and
earthen enclosures. Ringforts are the most numerous archaeological monument found in Ireland, with
estimates of between 30 and 50,000 illustrated on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6” maps
of the 1840’s (Barry, 1987). As a result of continued research these monuments have a narrow date
range during the Early Christian period between the 7th
and 9th
centuries AD. Although there are some
very elaborate examples of ringforts they often take the form of a simple earth or stone enclosure and
functioned as settlements for all classes of secular society (Stout, 1997).
Enclosures however are quite amorphous and in the absence of investigation identification is not pos-
sible. They could represent any of a number of site types dating from Prehistoric to Early Medieval
times of ritual or secular nature.
Methodology
The excavation was undertaken in a two week period in May 2004 by a team of five archaeologists.
The archaeological features were excavated by hand and recorded with drawings, sections, photographs
and an EDM survey. Samples were also taken for analysis and radiocarbon dating. Two baulks, 1m
wide forming a cross-shape over the mound, were setup and the excavation was then carried out in
four quadrants.
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Excavation Results
The basal remains of the fulacht fiadh mound were recorded in test trench 22, chainage 7470-7495,
Field 10, and measured 15m north-south by 17m east-west and up to 0.40m deep (Plates 1 & 2, Fig-
ures 3- 5). This feature is not a classic fulacht fiadh as described above but the remains of a mound that
has been disturbed by land reclamation and the digging of drainage ditches and cultivation furrows.
The remains of the burnt mound, F2, was roughly oval in plan. Generally the mound was composed
of dark brown/black friable silt with 50% of it composed of burnt, coarse, angular small stones. The
layer, F2, was relatively level and was located in a shallow hollow. It was deepest towards the centre, c.
0.40 – 0.45m, and became shallower towards the outer extremity (Plate 3). A radiocarbon date from
charcoal in this layer returned a date of cal BC 1530 – 1400 (cal BP 3480 to 3350, Beta 200761). The
deposit was sampled for the remains of charred plants and although no seeds were recovered this is
not unusual in burnt mound deposits; the samples from a fulacht fiadh excavated nearby (Gurrandar-
ragh 04E0647) contained only charcoal and at other sites such as Ballydowny, Co. Kerry (02E0055)
there were no charred seeds from any of the five fulachta fiadh excavated. This absence of seeds is due
to the nature of activity at the sites; although they are frequently interpreted as cooking places, they
are particularly associated with the cooking of meat and the absence of cereal grains and other seed
types indicates that any cooking carried out did not include plant foods. Most of the plant materials
found at fulachta fiadh are from charcoal that was used as fuel. At Garraundarragh burnt mound the
charcoal was identified as hazel/alder and willow/poplar. Wood types such as these, in particular alder
and willow, are often found at fulachta fiadh sites; they are damp-loving and therefore often grow near
the low-lying ground where fulachta fiadh are commonly situated.
There was one cut feature recorded below F2, this is tentatively interpreted as a trough (F6), although
as it was not full of typical fulacht material. It was sub-circular in plan with vertical sides, a flat base
and measured 0.98 by 0.95 by 0.50m deep (Figure 6). There were two fills recorded within F6. The
lower fill, F5 was waterlogged and composed of dark grey/brown peaty silt with 90% coarse small
unburnt stones. The upper fill, F4 was composed of dark grey/black peaty silt with only 20% unburnt
coarse small stones. Fragments of roots and twigs were recorded in the basal fill, F5, some of these
were burnt and one piece was possibly worked, 04E0646:6:1. A hazelnut shell was recorded from the
upper fill, F4.
Three land drains truncated the remains of the fulacht mound, these were deemed to be relatively
recent features. The largest of these was F10 was orientated north-west/south-east and filled with F7,
8 and 9.
The subsoil under the remains of the fulacht mound varied from orange clay with iron panning to grey
clay with pockets of white clay.
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Conclusion
The features excavated were the disturbed remains of a fulacht fiadh mound, dating to the Middle
Bronze Age. The mound itself had been leveled and possibly spread out beyond its original location.
It didn’t have a formal shape and was patchy in places. It was also damaged by later drainage features
and land reclamation works.
Charcoal from the fill of the trough in Garraundarragh fulacht fiadh (04E0647)has been dated to
the Later Bronze Age cal BC 1000 to 790 (Beta 200762). The dates contribute to the small but grow-
ing catalogue of dates for fulachta fiadh in Co. Kerry. Fulachta fiadh excavated further south in the
townlands of Coolgarriv (Kiely 2000) and Ballydowney (Kiely 2002) near Killarney have produced an
Iron Age date cal BC 410 to 160 (Beta 170031), a Middle Bronze Age date cal BC 1490 to 1200 (Beta
168811) and an Early Bronze Age date cal BC 1890 to 1540 (Beta 168809) respectively.
Prior to the archaeological works associated with the construction of the N22 between Gortatlea and
Farranfore, two fulachta fiadh were recorded in Garraundarragh townland. In the course of archaeo-
logical work associated with the N22 project a total of eight new fulachta fiadh have been recorded,
three of the sites have been excavated and five were recorded and covered. Fulachta fiadh are generally
Bronze Age in date – as confirmed by the most recent radiocarbon dates obtained - and are a useful
indicator of Bronze Age activity. There are no known Bronze Age settlement sites in the townland.
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References
1st
edition ordnance survey sheet KE039 (1841)
2nd
edition ordnance survey sheet KE039 (1897) in conjunction with the RMP (1997)
Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Discovery Series Map (No. 71)
Ordnance Survey Name Books
Ordnance Survey Letters
National Museum of Ireland, Topographical files, Antiquities of Kerry Origin
Barry, T.B. 1987 The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Routledge, London and New York.
Cuppage, J. 1986 Dingle Peninsula, Archaeological Survey. Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne, Ballyferritor.
Kelly, M. J. 1989 Early Ireland, An Introduction to Irish Prehistory, Cambridge University Press.
Kiely, J. 2000 Excavation of fulacht fiadh at Coolgarriv Co. Kerry. Unpublished excavation report
Eachtra Archaeological Projects.
Kiely, J., O’Callaghan, N. 2002 Excavation of prehistoric and historic sites at Ballydowney, Co. Kerry.
Unpublished excavation report Eachtra Archaeological Projects.
O’Sullivan, A. & Sheehan, J. 1996 The Iveragh Peninsula; An Archaeological Survey of South Kerry. Cork
University Press.
Stout, M. 1997 The Irish Ringfort, Four Courts Press, Dublin.
Waddell, J. 1998 The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland, Galway University Press.
10. Garraundarragh
Townland
04E0648
Fulacht Fiadh
04E0646
Borrow site
Fulachta Fiadh
04E0647
Archaeology
Legend
Fulacht Fiadh
Enclosure
Ringfort
Standing Stone
Townland Boundary
New route of N22
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Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets KE039 & 048 showing line of the new portion of the N22 and
the location of the new fulachta fiadh.
11. Fulacht
Fiadh
Enclosure Ditch
Area of excavation
0 250m
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Figure 3: Location of Fulacht fiadh in Garraundarragh
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Appendix 1: Context Register
Feature No. Dimensions Description Samples
1 Extensive Topsoil
2 17m E-W x 15m x
0.4m deep
Spread of burnt mound material. Dark brown/black fiable silt,
50% burnt coarse sub-angular pebbles.
Soil 1
3 CANCELLED
4 1.5m NW-SE x
1.4m NE-SW x
0.3m deep
Upper fill of trough, F 6. Dark grey/black stony silt, 20% un-
burnt coarse sub-angular pebbles, 5% natural unburnt roots and
twigs, occasional lumps of natural. The base of the feature is wa-
terlogged.
Soil 3 & hazel-
nut 6
5 0.98m NE-SW
x 0.95m x 0.5m
deep
Waterlogged, basal fill of trough, F6. Dark grey/brown stony silt,
90% unburnt coarse sub-angular pebbles and occasional medium
sub-angular stones, there are occasional twigs and roots, one pos-
sibly worked.
Soil 4 & Wood
5 & 7
6 0.98m NE-SW
x 0.95m x 0.8m
deep
Cut of possible trough. Filled with F4 and F5. Sub-circular in
plan, vertical sides and flat base.
7 20m NW-SE x
1.5m x 0.2m deep
Upper fill of a ditch F10. Mid-grey/brown clay with silt and oc-
casional coarse angular pebbles.
8 20m NW-SE x
1.45m x 0.2m
deep
Middle fill of ditch, F10. Mottled mid-grey/brown and orange
sandy silt with occasional coarse pebbles.
9 20m NW-SE x
1.7m x 0.6m deep
Basal fill of ditch, F10. Mid-grey/brown clay with silt and occa-
sional angular stones.
10 20m NW-SE x
1.7m x 1.0m deep
Cut of a modern drainage ditch (not illustrated) filled with F7,
8 and 9, it truncated F2. The sides slope vertically in a rounded
base.
11 Sub-soil under remains of fulacht mound. Mid-grey/white clay
with occasional sub-angular stones.
1
2
7
8
9
10
4
5
6
11
Appendix 2: Site Matrix
Appendix 2: Matrix
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Appendix 3: Charcoal Identification
Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional
Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)
Beta - 200761 3220 +/- 40 B P -26.3 o/oo 3200 +/ - 40 B P
SAM PLE : 04E0646: 2:1
ANALYSIS : AM S-Standard delivery
MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid
2 SIGM A C ALIB RATION : Cal B C 1530 to 1400 (C al B P 3480 to 3350)
____________________________________________________________________________________
Beta - 200762 2730 +/- 70 B P -26.3 o/oo 2710 +/ - 70 B P
SAM PLE : 04E0647: 5:5
ANALYSIS : Radiom etric-Standard delivery
MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid
2 SIGM A C ALIB RATION : Cal B C 1000 to 790 (C al B P 2950 to 2740)
____________________________________________________________________________________
Beta - 200763 760 +/- 40 B P -26.3 o/oo 740 +/ - 40 B P
SAM PLE : 04E0648: 5:0
ANALYSIS : AM S-Standard delivery
MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid
2 SIGM A C ALIB RATION : Cal AD 1230 t o 1300 (C al B P 720 to 650)
____________________________________________________________________________________
Consistent Accuracy...
Delivered On Time.
Beta Analytic Inc.
4985 SW 74 Court
Miami, Florida 33155 USA
Tel: 305 667 5167
Fax: 305 663 0964
Beta@radiocarbon.com
Www.radiocarbon.com
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CALIBRATION O F RADIOCARBO N AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: C13/C12=-26.3:lab. mult=1)
La borato ry num ber: Beta-2007 61
Conventio nal radiocarbon age: 3200±40 BP
2 Sigma calibrated result:
(95% probability)
Cal BC 1530 to 1400 (Cal BP 3480 to 3350)
In tercep t data
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve: Cal BC 1450 (Cal BP 340 0)
1 Sigma calibrated result:
(68% probability)
Cal BC 1510 to 1 420 (Cal BP 3460 to 3 380)
4 98 5 S.W . 7 4th Co urt, M iami, Florid a 33 15 5 • Tel: (3 05 )66 7- 51 67 • F ax: (3 05 )6 63 -09 64 • E-M ail: b eta@ra dio carbo n.co m
Beta Analytic Radio carbo n Datin g Laboratory
T alma, A. S., Vogel, J . C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
A Sim pl ifi ed Approac h to Calibratin g C14 D ates
M athe matics
Stui ver, M., e t. al., 1998, Radiocarbon 40(3), p1041-1083
INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age C al ibration
Stui ver, M., v an de r Pl icht, H ., 1998, Radi oc arbon 40(3), pxii -xi ii
Editorial Comm ent
Calibration D atabase
INTC AL 98
Database u sed
References:
Radiocarbonage(BP)
3060
3080
3100
3120
3140
3160
3180
3200
3220
3240
3260
3280
3300
3320
Char red m aterial
3340
Cal B C
1540 1530 1520 1510 1500 1490 1480 1470 1460 1450 1440 1430 1420 1410 1400
3200±40 BP
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Appendix 4: Plant remains report
By Abigail Brewer and Penny Johnston
Introduction
One sample from 04E0646 was scanned for macro-plant remains. This sample (S.1) came from burnt
mound material (C.2) and it produced 30g of charcoal after sieving. No plant remains other than
charcoal were found in this sample.
Methodology
The soil sample was processed using manual wash over and sieves with meshes of 1mm, 500µm and
250µm. The sample was scanned using a binocular microscope at x10 to x40 magnification.
Results
The only type of plant remains found in the sample from this site was charcoal, including fragments
of possible hazel or alder and possible willow or poplar. Wood types such as these, in particular alder
and willow, are often found at fulachta fiadh sites as they are damp-loving, and therefore often grow
near the low-lying ground where fulachta fiadh are commonly situated.
Context: 2
Sample: 1
Weight: 3g
Fragments: 11
Ring Porous
cf Hazel/Alder 6
cf Willow/Poplar 1
Unident. 3
Sample weight for C14: <1g
Table of results from charcoal identification at Gurrandarragh, 04E0646
Discussion
The sample from the burnt mound did not contain any plant remains other than charcoal. Similarly,
the plant remains samples from a fulacht fiadh excavated nearby (Gurrandarragh 04E0647) contained
only charcoal and at other sites such as Ballydowny, Co. Kerry (02E0055) there were no charred seeds
from any of the five fulachta fiadh excavated. This is usual for these sites; several other fulacht fiadh ex-
cavated by Eachtra Archaeological Projects have produced little or no macro-plant remains. Examples
include the fulachta fiadh excavated in advance of works on the Mitchelstown by-pass (04E1119) and
along the Kilmacthomas by-pass in Co. Waterford (e.g. 98E0575, 00E0196, 00E0199, 00E0198 and
00E0293).
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This absence of plant remains evidence is due to the nature of activity at the sites in the past. These
sites are frequently interpreted as cooking sites, in particular used for the cooking of meat; the dearth
of cereal grains and other seeds at the many sites that have been examined indicates that any cooking
carried out at fulachta fiadh did not include cereal foods. Most of the plant materials found at fulachta
fiadh are from fuel used in fires at the sites and therefore vast quantities of charcoal are generally re-
covered.