Final CHIA - May 2011 - HRIO

Heritage Research Indian Ocean
5/5/2011
Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Le Chaland Resort Village

Le Chaland Resort Village – Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Page 1
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 2
Part 1: Framework 3
Introduction 4
Objective 8
Scope 9
Methodology 11
Part2: Le Chaland 19
Geographical Position and its Surrounding 20
Geomorphology & Geology 25
Etymology and Precise Location of Le Chaland and La Cambuse 29
History 32
Archaeological Findings 41
Intangible Heritage 48
Present Activities 48
Natural Heritage 50
Part 3: Impacts of Development and Mitigation Measures 64
Impacts on the Archaeological features 65
Impacts on the Paleontological features 66
Impacts on flora and fauna 68
Social Impacts 71
References 73

Executive Summary
Currimjee Jeewanjee Group, applicant of the Le Chaland Resort Village (CRV) Development has commissioned Heritage Research Indian
Ocean (HRIO) to produce this Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA) Report to have information on the potential impacts on
heritage as a result of the proposed development. The report will enable the applicant to file a more comprehensive consent application
that satisfies the National Heritage Fund requirement to assess the application.
The CHIA evaluates the heritage value of this landscape, identifies the impacts that the development will have, and propose mitigation
measures that are necessary to reduce or alleviate those impacts.
HRIO identified historical ruins and paleontological features in the proposed area of development and mitigation measures are proposed
to reduce impacts on the features and as far as possible protect them.

PART 1
FRAMEWORK

1. Introduction
1.1 Le Chaland Resort Village Project
Le Chaland Resort Village initially known as La Cambuse Resort Village is a project proposed by the Currimjee Jeewanjee & Co Ltd at Le
Chaland coast in the south east of Mauritius.
It is a major project featuring hotels, residential areas, recreational and
leisure areas, parks and gardens on 95 acres of land; 30 acres of state land leased
for the purpose and 65 acres bought from Omnicane ltd. This project is designed
to have a settlement around three beach hotels. The proposed development
consists of 2 parts:
1. Hotels, proposed on 30 acres of land at the beachfront of Le Chaland
2. Resort Village, proposed on 65 acres of land next to the hotels
In this context different studies are being undertaken to evaluate and
mitigate the impacts of this significant development project. Currimjee Jeewanjee
& Co Ltd has commissioned the Heritage Research Indian Ocean (HRIO) to
undertake a Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA).
Figure 1: Map of Mauritius with location of Le Chaland

Figure 2: Project Site Plan at Le Chaland, shown by the blue boundary

Figure 3: Aerial view of Le Chaland showing development site delimitation
Site for Resort Village
Site for Hotel
Site
for
NCG

1.2 Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
A heritage impact assessment is a study to determine how significant a cultural heritage resource might be and how a proposed land use
development, demolition or site alterations may impact that resource. A Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment is a detailed analysis of
factors that may impact on the cultural landscape of the site proposed for development and proposes mitigating solutions that can be
envisaged by the promoters in their development plan. Thus, the development plan can be adjusted so as to lessen or eliminate the
impacts that may be detrimental to the cultural landscape and to the project itself. These studies recommend and outline a range of
mitigating measures or alternative development approaches that should be applied, based on a range of decision making factors such as:
significance, rarity and integrity of the cultural heritage resource, structural condition, location, contextual and environmental
considerations, policy objectives, proposed land uses, business plan of the subject landowner and other factors.
It is to be noted that a property does not have to be designated or listed on the heritage register to be subject to the heritage impact
assessment process. Any property that may exhibit cultural heritage value or 'heritage potential' is subject to an appropriate level of
heritage due diligence, guided through the heritage impact assessment process. It is a plus for the development project itself to have full
knowledge of the heritage value of the landscape and how those assets can be used for the development.
The present site under study is actually not registered as National Heritage. Nevertheless, the promoter finds it important to highlight
the heritage value of the site and thus has commissioned this study.

2. Objectives
The overall aim of this project is to undertake Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment on the proposed development area. . Being a site
close to Mare aux Songes, the famous paleontological site of dodo remains, makes the Le Chaland and La Cambuse regions a hot spot of
Mauritian Heritage. Structural remains have also been identified on part of the site of the proposed development and consequently, the
site has a potential heritage value. Hence it is required to:
 identify the heritage potential of the site
 assess and determine the cultural heritage value of the property as a whole, noting all heritage attributes and other character
defining elements as found
 emphasize the heritage value of the site
 identify and assess any other unique attributes of the site and surrounding area that may contribute to the cultural heritage value
of the subject property, such as cultural heritage landscape, natural heritage features, and archaeological potential, integration
with a streetscape or area similar.
 undertake historical, archaeological and anthropological studies in relation to the site
 determine physical condition, structural integrity of any standing structure and other heritage attributes as found on the property
and confirm if conservation, rehabilitation and/or restoration is required and feasible.
 outline rationale of any proposals that might impact heritage resources (e.g. demolition, relocation, road widening, etc) being put
forward by the promoter
 analyse potential impacts, negative and positive, which may result from the proposed development, on the full range of cultural
heritage
 design measures to mitigate impacts which are unacceptable and maximize those which are beneficial

 outline and recommend appropriate mitigation to loss, destruction, removal, encroachments or other proposed actions that may
impact heritage resources found on the property as applicable.
 identify required short-term site conservation, site security and building stabilization measures as required to protect a
significant resource during an interim period of vacancy or limited use.
 outline long-term conservation or rehabilitation measures and adaptive reuse options as applicable
 recommend site planning and landscaping measures that may be adopted to help ensure significant heritage resources are
effectively protected or enhanced on lands subject to redevelopment.
3. Scope
The development project is proposed on 30 acres of land. However, for a CHIA the buffer of the 30 acres also needs to be considered, to
draw the limits of development, to ensure an integrated development and land use and mitigate impacts. A CHIA can only be realized
after a historical and archaeological research. The CHIA will include:
 identification and Assessment of the Heritage Value of the site
 document all standing heritage buildings and structures as found on the site noting all significant architectural heritage
attributes; assess architectural integrity, rarity of style or form and structural alterations if any.
 identification and assessment of the Archaeological Potential: As it is a major development site which will involve modifications
of the landscape and the soil deposit, the archaeological potential of the site has to be documented in addition to the visible
historical features of the surface
 an assessment of the Intangible Heritage Value of the site

 an analysis of the Cultural Landscape
 documentation of natural and contextual heritage features and other cultural heritage attributes as found on site and assess the
significance of these attributes
 document all historical attributes associated with the property; document historical persons, groups, trends, themes and events
that are historical or culturally associated with the area
 outline the proposed alterations, demolition, relocations, removals, land use developments or other site alterations
 show how any proposed alterations, demolition, relocations, removals, land use developments or other site alterations might
impact and affect the existing heritage resources, attributes and other character-defining element as found on the subject
property.
 if the subject property is adjacent to any listed or designated heritage property, evaluate impacts and recommend appropriate
mitigation to ensure the recognized heritage resources on the adjacent properties are not negatively impacted. Mitigation may
include: vegetation screening, fencing, buffers, an architectural design concept for the massing and façade treatment of any
proposed buildings to ensure compatibility with the adjoining property and the like
 assessment of Impact of Modern development
 recommendations including Mitigation Options

4. Methodology
To achieve the above mentioned objectives, the HRIO team adopted a multidisciplinary approach.
Desktop study
Study of the development project and its scope
All documents provided by the promoter including the topographic plan, aerial views of the site, the Environment Impact Assessment
report and the presentation of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel project were carefully studied to understand the development project and
the concept itself. This helped to establish a framework for the CHIA and set the research design.
Meetings, Discussions and Workshop with Promoters and Master Planners
The study started with proper understanding of the development project as presented by the developers and the master planners of the
project. In this context several meetings took place with the promoters where the area for proposed development was presented and the
proposed development was explained. A copy of the project plan which was still at a draft level was handed to HRIO. HRIO was regularly
being updated by the promoters concerning the changes.
The HRIO team was also invited to join the ‘Charette’ held between 1st and 5th December 2010 where the master planners presented the
concept and the project. The different partners, stakeholders and teams were brought together to raise questions, clear doubts and bring
ideas related to development, heritage, environment, culture and others. The CRV was actually modelled during the ‘Charette’ process.

Being exposed to the different concepts and details of the project enabled a better approach for the CHIA study. The team was able to
identify some of the impacts to the heritage features and zones and come up with mitigation measures which were partly presented to
the promoters and master planners.
Historical research
Bibliographic Review
The research team started with a bibliographic review and research on the internet consulting secondary materials. It was noticed that
very few publications mentioned Le Chaland or even the coast of this region. Newspapers and magazines were consulted specially
newspapers between 1950 and the present day. It helped to trace any land use or development which could have been undertaken in
this region.
Archival Research
Archival documents from the National Archives were reviewed specially maps and land deeds. Unfortunately, Le Chaland is hardly
mentioned in the archival written records. The region is referred to only due to the sugarcane plantation around. Nevertheless, the maps
became very important. The cartographic evidences do mention Le Chaland and its surroundings. The cartography helped to trace Le
Chaland back to the early 18th century.

All other possible sources were exploited, even looking at
private archives of institutions and companies which in some
way or the other were found to be related to Le Chaland region.
Oral History
Adding to the bibliographical review and archival research, the history was also reconstructed with the help of the living memory of the
people in the region. Often written sources do not provide all the information about a site. Hence, Oral History is used to bridge the
historical gaps. The inhabitants of the region were interviewed to gather the maximum information and a snow ball sampling method
was used to identify the interviewees.
Figure 4: Research assistants at work in the National Archives

Archaeological Approach
As structural remains and artefacts are found on site and the desktop study pointed to the historical development of Le Chaland region;
it brought the need of an archaeological study.
Reconnaissance survey
A Reconnaissance survey was undertaken as the first non-invasive intervention on the site. The following techniques were employed:
 Systematic Field Walking
The topographical map submitted by the client was used for the
exploration. The team walked all over the site in a systematic
order for a surface observation and recording. This approach
was quite difficult for the 30 acres under diverse vegetation
which made this method a bit difficult. However, the team
moved by clearing the major vegetation on the way and around
the features. On the 65 acres of land the systematic walking was
undertaken using the sugarcane rows which made the
exploration much easier.
 Identification and Recording of archaeological features and structures
Figure 5: Systematic Field Walking along the sugarcane rows

Some of the historical features were already mentioned in the topographical map. The team confirmed their existence and identified
some other ruins which were added on the map.
 Labelling the features for easy referencing
Each feature was numbered with the help of paint for a systematic recording and easy illustration
 Taking the measurements of features
Measuring tapes were used to measure the features.
 Taking the GPS coordinates
A handheld GPS was used to take the coordinates of each feature
to enable a mapping of the landscape.
All these data were transferred on maps to be represented in
this report.
Figure 6: Labeling the features

Excavation
The reconnaissance survey led to decide
on the necessity of excavating some test
trenches and identifying the exact spots
for excavation. Excavations helped in the
interpretation of the historical land use
and occupation of the site and further
guided the conclusions about any
further preservation and rehabilitation of any of those ruins. Three test trenches were
excavated. The corner of Feature number 20, 14, and 24 were selected for the
excavation:
Trench 1 of 1.5 x 1.5 m at Feature 20
Trench 2 of 1.5 x1.5 m at Feature 14
Trench 3 of 2x2 m at Feature 24
Figure 7: Studying the maps on site Figure 8: Measuring ruins

Vertically those trenches averaged about
50 to 60 cm deep where the excavation
reached the natural layer. The
excavation further elaborated on the
structural capacity of the historical
features.
Empirical Research
Observation
The area under study is extended on a vast landscape with microclimatic variations. The variations account for the different land use and
multiple socio-cultural and socio-activities in the area. The team adopted an observation strategy to identify those activities taking place
on the site. Normally this approach is undertaken under an extended time period. However, due to time constraints the observation was
only for two months, sufficient time to list the daily and regularly activities on the site but not enough to take note of occasional or
seasonal activities.
Figure 9: Measuring and placing trenches for excavation

Interviews
To overcome the limitations of observation, interviews and the experience of people who are familiar and who have been using the
region were taken into account. A sample of interviewees was selected through a random sampling process. The interviewees consisted
of people who use Le Chaland for activities as picnic, get together, fishing, jogging, camping, pastoralism, religious activities and others to
mention a few. This approach supplements the inadequacies of the empirical research.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered from the different approaches were systematically analysed to assess the cultural heritage value of the site, identify
and evaluate the impacts of the development on the heritage.
The completion of the research, the analysis of all data and discussions with the promoters and the CRV master planners finally lead to
the preparation of the CHIA report including the findings, impacts of the development project and mitigation measures.

PART 2
LE CHALAND

Geographical Position and its Surrounding
Le Chaland is situated in the South East coast of Mauritius next to the most famous
beach, Blue Bay. The site is 3 km south of the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International
Airport.
SSR International Airport
Figure 10: Location of Le Chaland

The location is highly important because Le Chaland has been confused with La Cambuse. This part of the report highlights the spatial
dimension of the place that include the location and the landscape of the site. It is a non-inhabited beautiful and serene place surrounded
by some villages and key touristic spots.
Villages next to the site:
Mon Désert Mon Trésor
Des Places
Camp Carol
Le Bouchon
Carreau Accacia
Plaine Magnien
Figure 11: Google Image showing the region

Key geographical spots around le Chaland:
 Pointe Vacoas
 La Cambuse
 Le boeuf
 Ilot Brocus
 Bras de mer le Bouchon
 Îlot Lafond
 Pont Naturel
 Pointe Chaour
 Le Soufleur
 Ilot des deux Cocos
 Blue Bay
 Cul du Chaland
 Pointe Corps de Garde
 Pointe des Deux Cocos

Cul du Chaland
Bras de mer le Bouchon
Figure 12: Map with important geographical points around

The site proposed for the CRV project comprised of two parts: the first part which is the 30 acres is presently occupied by the National
Coast Guard where the latter has the training school and observation post and the second part, 65 acres, is covered by sugarcane
plantation. The proposed development site is bordered on its east by Shandrani Hotel, by the sea on its south, the public beach and
Christiane Vallet forest on the west and Mare aux Songes, the famous paleontological site of the Dodo on its north.
Site proposed for
village
Mare aux Songes
Shandrani
Hotel
Public
Beach
Site
proposed for
Hotel
Christian
Vallet forest
Figure 13: Boundaries of the siteSite
for
NCG

Geomorphology and Geology
The geomorphology and geology of
these 95 acres of land and its
surrounding is diverse. The
geomorphology mainly consists of
lagoon, fossilised sand dunes, organic
deposit, flood prone areas, marshy lands,
springs, basalt bed rock and
underground caves.
The main geological formation is noticed
in this area: sand deposit, basalt bed
rock and lime stone formation. A margin
of about 200 m large of sand deposit is
followed by a humus deposit. From the
Pas Géométrique to the interior, four
sand dune deposits have been noticed in
a step wise fashion down to the shore
line. The Pas Géométrique consists of
about 45036 metres square. The site is
mostly part of the alluvial deposit. Figure 14: Geological formation of the region

Four Lineal sand dunes parallel to the coast are clearly visible on the site. These sand dunes are the physical evidence of the past climatic
changes during the Pleistocene and early Holocene period, older than 10 000 years.
Figure 14: Sand dunes as revealed from ground study and plotted on the topographic map, with the dunes labeled SD
SD 1
SD2
SD3
SD4

Further the region, especially in the region covered with sugar
fields, consists of a large area of basaltic deposit. It is presently
under sugarcane plantation. However the presence of hollow
lava tunnels which have collapsed in places have led to the
formation of underground caves. Basalt outcrops indicate the
presence of underground caves as well.
Irregular piles of basalt stones are found which are most probably
manmade.
Figure 16: Basalt boulders piled up
Figure 15: Basalt outcrops

The Bras de Mer le Chaland is an interesting feature along the southeast coast. This is a multichannelled embayment 1.5 km long and
nearly 1km wide at its extremity. The shores are low lying, rocky and gently sloping with some cobble deposits in places and along its
eastern extremity the sand beach village of Blue Bay.
A study of the isobaths indicates that a deep channel is present but it is almost completely enclosed by the actual coral reef which cuts it
from its prolongation on the shelf. This feature has all the characteristics of an estuary except that no river drains through it.
However a close look at the map shows that a lava tunnel
marked on the surface by a series of elongated depressions
where the roof has collapsed ends exactly at the tip of the
embayment. Actually, two lava tunnels end at each branch of
the feature. This shows that the Bras de Mer du Chaland is a
former estuary shared by two rivers whose valleys have
been covered by a lava flow of the recent series giving rise to
lava tunnels. It therefore has stopped receiving any surface
flow of water and has become a fossil feature. The present
coral reef formed by the Flandrian Transgression has built
the former estuary enclosing it and forming a multi-
channeled depression in the reef flat. (Flandrian
Transgression is a rapid rise of the North Sea which
occurred between 8000 and 3000 BC.)
Bras de Mer Le Chaland
Figure 17: A close up of the actual Bras de Mer le Chaland

Etymology and Precise Location of Le Chaland and La Cambuse
There is a major confusion on the name and the location of Le Chaland and La Cambuse. Le Chaland is often confused with La Cambuse.
Two hypotheses can be put forward to explain the confusion regarding the names of Le Chaland and La Cambuse. One is because of the
proximity with each other and secondly because both words can have meanings related to boats.
The cartographic study and the etymology of the place helped to clear out the doubts and highlight the importance and history of the
site.
There are several meanings attached to the word “Chaland”, which is a French word. Chaland can refer to a client of a nearby shop. The
seller is able to attract its clients because of its geographical location. It denotes certain proximity between the client and the seller.
Loyalty characterizes the relation between them.
In French ‘achalander’ means replenishing the store and the word Chaland could have come from it.
Le Chaland can also designate
“a roomy usually flat- bottomed boat used chiefly for the transport of goods on inland waterways and usually propelled by
towing.”
The English word for Le Chaland in that sense is “barge.” It can also mean a boat used for leisure activities and is well decorated.
Similarly the word “La Cambuse” is also related to ships. It refers to the area of a ship where goods are kept and distributed.
Furthermore it can also mean a “hovel”, that is a small, wretched and dirty house. Commonly, La Cambuse means a tavern or a place
famous for pleasures

As per the cartographic evidences the site proposed for the
development is actually Le Chaland and not La Cambuse as
initially called by the promoters. The dividing point between Le
Chaland and La Cambuse is the Pte Vacoas. La Cambuse has
always been mentioned on the western side of Pte Vacoas and Le
Chaland on its eastern side. The site proposed for the CRV
project is actually Le Chaland and not La Cambuse. Even if Le
Chaland is sometimes not mentioned in the maps, La Cambuse is
always shown on the western side of Pte Vacoas. As shown in the
1795 Map above, La Cambuse is on the western side of Pte
Vacoas (initially written as Pte Des Vaquois)
Proposed site of
Development located
at Le Chaland
Figure 18: Exact location of Le Chaland and La Cambuse

Figure 19: Map of 1795 of Partie du Canton de la Fraternite Figure 20: Map of 1936 by Louis Auguste

History
Each of the maps discovered in the archives of Mauritius are like
snapshots of the landscape of Le Chaland at any given period of
time. The maps allow us to chart changes in the landscape of the
site over time.
This is confirmed by de Sornay (1950):
“D’après une carte publiée en 1835 par le Major F. A. Mackenzie
Fraser, les deux tiers de l’île environ étaient encore sous
forêts…La plus grande partie de la Savanne était encore sous
forêt, de même que le Grand Port…Si l’on examine une carte de
1872 on s’aperçoit qu’elle contraste avec celle de 1835. La
grande masse des forêt de la partie centrale avait disparue et
toute la Savanne, ainsi qu’une grande partie de Grand Port avait
été déboisées.”
Figure 20 shows the situation concerning the state of the forest
in the region of Le Chaland in the 1950s. One can note that the
trees found on the land at Le Chaland are actually imported
plants not indegenous.
Figure 21: 1950 Map of Mauritius showing Le Chaland has
already lost its original vegetation
Source: De Sornay, 1950.

As per archival research the region is already mentioned in late 18th Century maps and has been named differently at various times:
 Bras de mer du Chaland
 Le Chaland
 Baie du Chaland
 Pte du Chaland
 Le Chalon
The site continues to appear in later
maps. It may have been used as a fish
landing station during the mid 19th
Century. In the 1940s and 50s a military
base existed in the region whereby
locals were involved.
Sometimes the bay is shown as Bras de
mer du Chaland or Cul du Chaland.
Figure 22: 1862 Map showing Bras de Mer du Chalan
Source : Dardenne A. principales Sucreries les limites des divers quartiers de l'Ile les routes et le trace du
chemin de fer 1862 MAP RM 562 (National Archives Dept.)

Figure 23 : Map 1795 with Pte du Chaland
Source : Plan figuratif du Canton appelé Le Mares la Violette
au quartier du Grand Port (National Archives Dept)
Figure 24: Map of 1876 showing Cul du Chaland
Source: Mauritius Plan of the District of Grand Port (National Archives Dept.)

Figure 26: Map 1941 with Bras de Mer du Chaland
Source: 1941 Plan of the district of Grand Port (National
Archives Dept.)
Figure 25: Map of 1880 showing Bras de Mer du Chaland
Source: A. Descubes Public Works Department Mauritius 1880 MAP RM 540 (National
Archives Dept.)

Figure 27: Map of 1925
showing the southeastern
region of Mauritius
showing La Cambuse west
of Pte Vacoas
Source: Desbleds, E. Marc,
Itinerary of Roads in
Mauritius, Bombay, 1925.
... 1827: with a Map of the
Island, Baptist Mission
Press, Calcutta, 1833.
...(National Archives
Dept.)

The 18th and 19th century documents does not show Le Chaland
as a historical landmark in Mauritius. Nevertheless this does not
mean that Le Chaland is not important. It appears to have been a
major landmark in the geography: it is always mentioned in the
maps since 1780s. Most probably it was milestone for incoming
boats and ships.
As per oral history a military base existed in this corner during
the British period. According to Mrs. L. Sooryamuyah (an
interviewee), her husband offered his services in army in the
1940s, and used to be on duty at Le Chaland. Other interviews
point in the same direction. Hence, it can be suggested that a
minor military post existed in the area during the WWII.
However, no documents have been found in the Mauritian
archives to confirm this hypothesis.
In a 1960 map (Meade 1961) major part of this region is shown
under sugarcane plantation apart from a minor part marked as
settlement.
Figure 28: Map of land use in 1960s with indication of settlement in Le
Chaland region
Source: Meade 1961

However, the history of one of the major pillars of the Mauritian economy starts on this site. The history of the Mauritian tourism
industry started at Le Chaland with ‘Le Chaland Hotel’ in the 1960s (A. Maingard, )
Malcolm de Chazal was definitely right when he wrote in a poem on Le Chaland that:
Le Chaland, je le répète est un poême. Le poême est vivant. Le tourisme part d’un bon pied.
La Bible parle du paradis terrestre. On l’a voulu au Cachemire, aux Seychelles, à Bali. On s’est trompé.
Le paradis terrestre est au Chaland.
In 1960, the colonial government decided to build a hotel at Le Chaland, under the management of Mauritius Hotels Limited. It became
operational in 1962 and since it is very close to SSR Airport, at first it catered mainly for Qantas crews flying between South Africa and
Australia.
In 1960s, the conception of hotels was very different from the one prevailing in the industry today. They consisted of small bungalows
scattered all over the place. The casino and restaurants were also housed in those bungalows like structure. The locals remember having
bungalows where lots of tourists use to come, but strangely very few of the interviewees referred to it as a hotel, for it was an open
space. According to one interviewee Mrs K. Mohit, she used to go fishing in group in this region and they would see foreigners on the
beach. Mrs. Mohit further emphasized that there was a house where you could put coins and get coins out, and she also tried it without
Figure 29: Press Cutting from 1961

really knowing that it was a casino. Far from being a stretch of land out of reach from the common Mauritian, the Le Chaland Hotel
usually organized sport events opened to Mauritians of all walks of life
Figure 30: Old pictures of bungalows at Le Chaland Hotel Figure 31: A kiosk at Le Chaland Hotel
Source: Evasion, Beachcomber Vol no. 20, April 2008 Source: Evasion, Beachcomber Vol no. 20, April 2008

The historical features found on the site today are actually remains of the hotel. It stopped its activities in 1990 when “Le Shandrani Resort
and Spa became operational. The Shandrani is radically different from Le Chaland. As one reporter puts it in 1990,
“Un nouveau Le Chaland qui n’aura absolument rien à voir avec l’ancien, si ce n’est que son personnel dont le noyau dur, si l’on peut se
permettre d’appeler ainsi, sera le même.” (Express 1990)
Figure 32: Press Cutting of vacancy advertisement for Le Chaland Hotel
in Week End 23 Avril 1989

Archaeological Findings
Several archaeological features and structures have been
recorded on site including thirty seven ruins which are located
in a serial fashion along the coast, more specifically within the 30
acres of the state land. The features were labelled 1 to 37 for an
easy recording. Most of these ruins are similar except Feature 1
and 20 which are distinctively different.
Figure 34: Feature 1, a basin like structure filled with boulders
Figure 33: Feature 1, a circular stone alignment attached to the basin
Figure 35: Feature 20, elevated base

Figure 36: Plan of part of the site with the archaeological features

The features scattered on the first section of the site (30 acres)
are actually remains of the former bungalows of the first coastal
hotel in Mauritius. This hypothesis was confirmed through the
historical findings, the photographs of the old hotel and through
oral history. The remains extended up to the present Shandrani
Hotel location but were destroyed when Shandrani was built.
More specifically the place was transformed from Le Chaland
Hotel to Shandrani Hotel in 1991, but on a more limited scale.
Thus, the area which was not developed for the Shandrani Hotel
allowed the preservation of the remains of Le Chaland Hotel.
As per the oral history the site was also used as a minor military
base during the Second World War. However, no archaeological
features could be associated to this part of history. If there were
any remains, they have been definitely wiped out during the
establishment of the hotel in 1960s
Figure 37: Recurrent rectangular features
Figure 38: Square feature as basins

Along with surface recording, excavation was also undertaken. Test trenches 1, 2 and 3 were excavated at Feature No. 20, 14 and 24
respectively. Excavations at the corner of each of these features helped to understand the general kinds of foundation of the historical
features found on this site.
Actually the natural topography has been used to build those structures by raising the depth wherever necessary to level the structures
instead of levelling the ground. The maximum depth underground of any foundation is 40 cm. The base consists of basalt stone and
cement concrete. However, they are quite rudimentary. Even the features located on the sand dunes are remains of light structures
which did not affect the sand dunes
Figure 41: Excavating Trench 3 at Feature 24
Figure 39: Trench
1 showing a low
foundation of
Feature 20
Figure 40: Trench
3 showing the
foundation wall of
Feature 24

Apart from the base most of the structures seem to have been of wood and light building materials. The presence of bolts on some ruins
highlights the light structure characteristic fixed on the concrete and stone bases and the gaps in the floor remains indicates a wooden or
any other such temporary partition.
Figure 42: Gaps in the floor of Feature 20
Figure 43: Bolts on the floor of Feature 20
Figure 44: Post hole in floor of Feature 20

The archaeological remains have even helped to understand the shape of some of these structures. Most of the rectangular features had a
pitch roof and six to eight main poles ran on both sides of the building down and were fixed in a concrete block instead of being placed in
the ground. Such structures had thatched roof.
The only artefacts found on the site are related to Le Chaland Hotel and they are
scattered on the surface itself. All artefacts are found on the surface and within 10 cm
deep, indicating a very light cultural layer. The foundation of the structures rest on
natural layers and no artefacts are found associated. The material culture further
certifies the existence of the Le Chaland Hotel in this region.
Figure 45: Sketch of a reconstituted façade of the rectangular Structure Figure 46: Sketch of reconstituted roof with the poles and thatched roof
Figure 47: Porcelain fragment with logo of Mauritius Hotels Ltd

No historical features have been noticed on the 65 acres of land
explored through systematic field walking. However, at the
periphery of the plot of land historical canals and basins once
used for irrigation of the sugarcane fields are remarkable.
Figure 48: Canals and basins for sugarcane fields’ irrigation
Figure 49: Canals and location for boreholes for irrigation
purposes

Intangible Heritage
The memory of the locals is strongly associated to Le Chaland. For decades the locals coming from neighbouring villages like as Mon
Desert Mon Tresor, Des Places and Plaine Magnien have been using this area for fishing. Women use to come here to fish ‘cabo’ with the
help of ‘gunny’ bags. It is a traditional way of fishing by Mauritian women which is unfortunately disappearing. Man use to fish with the
help of bamboo fishing rods. These activities continue to exist on the shore in this region. People also come to collect bivalves. From Le
Chaland to Le Bouchon, the coast is very rich in shells which can be consumed for example ‘manguack’ and ‘bigorneau’. Apart from socio-
economic activities Le Chaland beach was also visited for religious activities as on many different beaches in Mauritius.
Present Activities
Presence of National Coast Guard Post
Presently the National Coast Guard training post is located on the development project site. The National Coast Guard have been
occupying this site for more than 3 decades and several structures have been erected to serve as training schools, officers and other. The
coast guard will be relocated to another nearby site to make way for the project.
Figure 50: Present National Coast Guard Post

Despite being a place mainly occupied by the National Coast Guard, several other activities take place around.
This extract from Malcolm de Chazal illustrates the multidimensional nature of Le Chaland:
“C’est un lieu où on peut lire, travailler, causer et où l’on pourra bientôt danser, cannoter, se baigner et rêver. N’ai-je pas parlé du
paradis terrestre?”
Written in 1960s this poem of Malcolm de Chazal is still relevant. Despite not very famous and its remoteness, Le Chaland is visited by
many people coming from across the country, for several purposes.
 People come for picnics especially in weekends and public holidays and the beach gets crowded.
 Le Chaland also witnesses get together activities.
 Fishing activities continue to be practiced by the locals.
 The site is used for camping and educational and sport activities. Camping groups have been observed on the site.
Le Chaland and the region around are also being used for grazing. Pastoral farmers bring their herd of sheep and goats and also some
cows to graze in this region. The animals roam around quite freely with the presence of green vegetation for grazing. However, this
activity has considerably decreased.

However, major part of the site (65 acres) is covered by sugarcane field which has been cultivated since the 18th century.
Natural Heritage
Looking at Heritage in its global perspective, Heritage Research Indian Ocean feels it is important to bring forward the natural heritage
aspects of the site and the surrounding as the impacts will certainly be felt on the natural heritage as well.
Biodiversity
Three main types of vegetation have been identified which are clearly divided from each other:
 Veloutier on the beach
Figure 51: Camping of Scout groups
Figure 52: Goats roaming around

 Filao and the low lying grass (herbe bourique) on the sand dunes
 Forest with diverse fauna
Figure 53: Le Chaland with the three main types of vegetation

A rich biodiversity exists in this area due to micro climatic variations. Pockets of flora consist of the following:
 Terminalia catappa Badamier
 Morinda sitrifolia Noni
 Haematoxylum campechianum Arbre à Campêche
 Leucaena leucocephala Accacia
 Casuarina equisetifolia Filao
 Ehretia petiolaris Bois Pipe
 Dracaena concinna Bois Chandelle
 Tournefortia argentea Veloutier
 Stenotaphrum dimidiatum Herbe bourrique
 Cocos nucifera Coconut palm
 Ferns and creepers
Some of these plants have medicinal properties such as the ‘Noni’ and the ‘Campêche’.
Figure 54: Noni tree with fruits
Figure 55: Flower

The fauna is comprised of:
 Mammals
o Lepeus nigricollis Hares
o Ratus ratus Rats
 Birds
o Geopelia striata Petite Tourterelle,
o Passer domesticus Sparrow
o Pycnonotus jocosus Red whiskered Bulbul
o Acridotheres tristis Martin
o Serinus mozambicus Serin du pays
o Zosterops chloronothos Olive White Eye
 Amphibians
o Bufo madagascariensis Toad
 Reptiles
o Phelsuma ornate Ornate day geckos
o Calotes Versicolor Agamid lizard
o Hemidactylus frenatus House geckos
 Insects
o Apis mellifera Honey bees
Figure 56: Ornate day geckos
Figure 57: Agamid lizard
Figure 58: Wild honey bees

o Termites
 Invertebrates
o Achatina fulica snails
o Coenobita clypeatus Hermit Crab (soldat)
A rich Terminalia catappa (Badamier) alley is found at the boundary of the 30 acres land which continues up to Christian Vallet. The
Terminalia catapa alley will be preserved in this development project as natural heritage.
Figure 59: Hermit crab in a snail shell
Figure 60: ‘Badamier’ alley Figure 61: ´Badamier´alley leading to Christiane Vallet Forest

Apart from the rich biodiversity of the site proposed for the development, the surrounding has even a richer natural heritage with places
like Christiane Vallet forest and world famous site of Mare aux Songes also known as sanctuary or mass grave of the dodo.
Christiane
Vallet
Mare aux Songes
Site proposed for
development
Le Chaland
La Cambuse
Pte Vacoas
Figure 62:Aerial map with Christiane Vallet and Mare aux Songes in the vicinity of the development site

Christiane Vallet Forest
Christiane Vallet is adjacent to the property. It consists of a green forest with rich biodiversity. It has a large variation of flora including
fruit trees (Bread fruit, coconut, palms, ..etc). Remains of past human occupation have also been noted.
Figure 63: Tall trees in Christiane Vallet forest Figure 64: Ferns in Christiane Vallet forest

Figure 65: Uncovering a basin like structure Figure 66: Part of a rudimentary wall

The Mare aux Songes
Mare aux Songes is adjacent to the
property. It is a marshy land with green
forest on its periphery. The 18th century
maps show that actually Mare aux
songes formed part of a spring called
Ruisseau des Caves and the mouth is
located at Le Chaland more precisely to
say at Bras de Mer du Chalan.
Figure 67: 1795 Map with Ruisseau des caves
Source : Plan figuratif du canton, 1795
(National Archives Dept)

Mare aux Songes is a famous paleontological site with fossil remains of the dodo and other extinct flora and fauna (F. Rijsdijk et al, 2009).
It is a unique site in Mauritius where dodo bones have been preserved in its habitat. It is worth noting that Mare aux Songes is not an
archaeological site as no past human occupation has been recorded in this area. Presently the marsh is replete with living species.
Mare aux Songes is a subject of strong scientific research for international teams including Germany, Oxford and several research
institutes in America. Already in the mid 18th century European ornithologists were seriously studying the bird and remains of the bird
are kept in museums. According to Staub (1976)
“Pourtant, en 1755, on note la presence d’un dodo empaillé dans la collection du Musée Ashmolean d’Oxford. Il est fatigué et trés
détérioré. ‘Drôle d’oiseau! Se disent les directeurs, qu’on le jette au feu!’ Sitôt dit, sitôt fait et quelqu’un de s’écrier: ‘Mais c’est le Dodo
qu’on brûle!” On se jette dessus, on l’éteint, il n’en reste hélas, que la tête et la patte droite...Aujourd’hui, ces précieux morceaux sont
couchés dans du velours dans la vitrine centrale de l’Ashmolean Museum...”
Since 2005, several paleontological excavations enabled the retrieval of more dodo bones and other vertebrates fossils which are being
studied to know more about the dodo and also to reconstruct the ecology of Mauritius at that geological time.

Figure 68: Mare aux Songes with the three main basins
Source: F. Rijsdijk et al, 2009

Figure 69: Mare aux Songes with the three main basins and position of the trenches excavated during the paleontological studies
Source: F. Rijsdijk et al, 2009

The Mare aux Songes was also known for its organic mud that was formerly used by farmers of the region to make their soil more
productive. According to one report, in 1865, the owner of Plaisance, Gaston de Bissy, was using the mud from Mare aux Songes in his
farm. It was while digging the marshy land for extracting the mud that workers discovered the remains of several animals namely
tortoises and stags. Excavations deeper inside the marshy land, later in the same year by a keen natural historian George Clark would
lead to the discovery of Dodo bones. The bones collected by Clark were sold to the British Museum at the end of 1865. In 1942, Mare aux
Songes was partly dried out and filled with stones because of the malaria epidemic.
Even if the most famous fossils extracted from the mud of Mare aux Songes are the Dodo bones, it is important to note that remains of
other extinct species including giant fish, parakeets and tortoise capaces are also found therein and have been dated to around 4000
years back. Excavations carried out by the Comité des Souvenirs Historiques in 1889 and recently by palaeontologist Dr A. Janoo, Dr. K.
Rijsdick and other researchers, confirmed this observation. Dr. K. Rijsdick commented (2010)
´´The mass grave is one of the richest fossils deposits for volcanic islands in the world´´
Figure 70: Dodo bones
Source: Scientific search cradle of Mauritian history, Aug. 2010

The Marine Ecology
The lagoon is rich in marine life with the existence of the nearby marine park and the presence of corals.
The ecology of the lagoon is itself very rich. A recent study undertaken by the Mauritius Oceanography Institute highlights the different
ecological zones of the lagoon and its richness.

Figure 71: Map showing richness of Marine ecology
Source:

PART 3
IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT & MITIGATION MEASURES

Impacts on the Archaeological Features
The development project will affect the historical features on the site. However, the ruins are of quite recent history, dating
back to 1960s and are not of high architectural or historical value. Yet we cannot underestimate the historical importance of
Le Chaland.
The historical importance of the place lies in the fact that it has been used as a geographical landmark in Mauritian history and
later it witnesses the beginning of one of the major pillars of the Mauritian economy, which is the Tourism Industry.
Even though the ruins are not kept, this historical event can be marked by involving this aspect in the cultural heritage
promotion of the development project. This can be viewed as a cultural input of this modern development project.
Further, as some of these historical features are found within the Pas Géométrique, where construction is now restricted, the
ruins can be kept in these areas. This can even be advantageous, as some ruins can be reused within the modern project. They
can be converted into platforms for open air performances, light activity areas or even be used to set up light structures which
can be fixed on the platforms for temporary activities. This shall increase the space use as well as allow the preservation of
some of these historical bases as tangible testimony of the landmark in the Mauritian economy.
The archaeological intervention on site along with the excavation of the three test trenches in selective areas did not highlight
any major archaeological importance of the site. However, it has to be noted that if any major discovery such as burial sites or
major layer of artefacts is made during digging and construction work; then the promoter will have to allow the study and
recording of all these archaeological features. Salvage archaeological operation will enable documentation and recording of
necessary features and construction work can continue after such intervention.
It is being proposed that the largest ruin of all the structure that is ruin no. 20 be kept and rehabilitated.

Impacts on the Paleontological features:
Sand dunes
As described above, the site has preserved four sand dune deposits most probably dating to the late Pleistocene and early
Holocene period. Sand dunes SD1 and SD 2 are already within the 100 m setback hence being automatically preserved. Part of
SD 3 is within the 100 m setback and part of it not. However, disturbing part of it will lead to damage of the whole dune. Hence,
SD 3 is also being proposed to be preserved. It has to be noted that SD1, SD2 and SD3 are close and somewhat connected hence
disturbing one will lead to the disturbance of others. SD4 is further apart and already disturbed as well. It can thus be
subjected to construction areas. These sand dunes are among the rare sand dunes remaining on the island which make it even
more important to be preserved and incorporated in the development.
It can be argued that the early constructions of the 1960s were found on these sand dunes. However, as confirmed by
archaeological excavation, the early constructions were light, without deep foundation and constructed in such a way that it
did not disturb the sand dunes. On the contrary, the present project shall include major construction work and it is clear that
major digging and construction works around the sand dunes will disturb its stability. Even though the development project
will fence and protect the sand dunes while undertaking construction work, the paleontological assets will be disturbed as
digging activities with heavy machinery too close to sand dunes will cause vibration of the geological deposits. Hence, it has to
be made sure that the degree of stability of the sand dunes is well known before construction work starts. This test can be
undertaken by a geologist. From the observation of the archaeological team it can be said that the degree of fossilization of the
sand dunes is not so high. Hence, heavy vibration around may destabilise the sand dunes. Most probably to avoid this risk, the
work close to the sand dunes can be done with less heavy load.

As discussed with the promoters, the latter are conscious about the paleontological importance of the sand dunes and the
preservation of the first 3 sand dunes is being considered.
Mare aux Songes
Mare aux Songes is located in the proximity of the 65 acres of land planned for the resort village and it is the whole strip of the
marshy land as shown below.
Mare aux songes is a sanctuary. It is the unique paleontological site in the world where the dodo bones have been preserved in
their natural habitat. It is a site which highlights the natural History of the World on which the international community will
focus attention.
It is important to note that the Dodo is better known than Mauritius. Since the 19th century dodo bones are found in the
museum in England. Different universities and research institutes such as Oxford University, Naturalis Museum and others
undertake research on Mare aux Songes and on fossils coming from this site to reconstruct the ecology, flora and fauna of this
part of the world.
Mare aux Songes is not a simple marshy land but the cemetery of dodo and other flora and fauna. Therefore, it is very
important to preserve the site. The development should not impact on this site. A minimum of a 100 m setback should be
maintained from Mare aux Songes to allow a safe buffer of the paleontological site, that is, without building within this buffer.
As per the CRV project plan construction goes as close as 50 m which increase the risks of impacting negatively on Mare aux
Songes.

Tempering near the Mare aux Songes will not only be detrimental to the site itself but also to the marketing of the
development project as it will raise suspicion from the international community and may lead to the risk of losing the market
value of the hotel and the resorts. It will be bad publicity before marketing the product.
Despite, the lack of proper laws within Mauritius to protect such site, Mauritius is abided by international laws and
conventions which the country has signed such as the Burra Charter, Venice Charter, UNESCO Convention and others.
Tempering with such site of world importance will raise question from the international community.
Hence, it is advised that the area close to the Mare aux Songes be landscaped by heavy vegetation and help to recreate the
natural environment around Mare aux Songes. Mare aux Songes should have at least a 100 buffer around it. The development
project can help in this endeavor and work for the preservation of this site. A green belt can be produced on the periphery of
the construction in the areas towards Mare aux Songes.
It shall be a plus point for the promoter and for marketing the product, if it is highlighted that the project will cater for the
preservation of Mare aux Songes by helping to create a natural environment around it. The idea is to highlight the heritage
potential of the region which will enhance market value of the project
Such harmony will definitely add to the cultural objective of the CJ and will increase the market value of the site. Who would
not like to be near the unique paleontological site of the world and venture in these forests?
Impacts on Flora and Fauna
The flora

The vegetation will be affected by the development project. However, mitigation measures can be taken by keeping pockets of
this diverse vegetation. It will allow keeping the characteristic of this region. The constructions can be merged with the plants
existing on this landscape rather than introducing new artificial landscape plants as coconuts or palm trees, a fashion adopted
by most of the hotels in Mauritius. Coconuts are not even endemic to Mauritius.
The local cultivation will retain the original aspect of the landscape and they can also be developed into other products. As per
the developers pockets of this vegetation will be kept and enhanced. The vegetation can also be used to promote the proposed
development. For example the Noni, which is very proliferate in this area, can be further exploited for its medicinal and
therapy properties. The Badamier is another flora very much visible around. It has been planted into alleys and they form the
beauty of the streets. The development plan includes the maintenance of these Badamier alleys.
The development envisages rehabilitating the region with endemic flora of this region.
The Fauna
Bees: During our survey in the area pockets of wild bees were noticed. No doubt they can be a threat to human beings
particularly given the fact that it can be difficult to notice their presence. Nevertheless, even if they can produce painful stings,
the bees are not aggressive. Unlike honeybees, the wild bees do not nest in manmade hives. They do so in soil and tree cavities.
Their economic importance does not lie in producing honey but in pollinating. They do produce honey but it is mainly for
colony consumption and is not being farmed for human consumption. The wild bees on the site should be handled with care.
The development project will affect the presence of the bees. There is a great possibility that they are wiped out from the
scenario. To avoid the disappearance of these bees it is suggested that the colony be transferred with the help of experts, most
probably from the Ministry of Agro Industries or experienced beekeeper to a nearby forested region so that the bees have a

similar environment. However, there is the choice of developing of apitherapy, which is making use of wild bees for medical
purposes which the hotel project can use for its promotion.
Hermit Crab (Soldat): Lots of hermit crab has been noticed on the site. It is advised that the hermit crab are moved to marshy
land next to the site, most probably to the Christianne Vallet forest. The hunting of hermit crab as bate for fishing is a very
Mauritian traditional way of fishing. This activity can be promoted for tourists to have the taste of ‘Vive à la Mauricienne’.
As such other flora and fauna will be affected by the project, but as put forward by the master planners of the development
project as far as possible pockets of the flora will be maintained and the fauna will be respected. Well maintained and used, the
flora and fauna medicinal properties of the region can be promoted for ‘Luxurious Medical and Therapy Tourism’ by the Le
Chaland Resort Hotel.
The marine ecology is very rich and development projects too close to the sea are not recommended. Further, any kind of
development has to make sure that pollution is not directed towards the rich marine sanctuary. The project will have to limit
and control its sea sports or marine activities to enable the preservation of the marine ecology.
Other fauna will loose their habitats and it is advised that those who are found in the area are transferred to nearby forests,
while found during construction work is on.

Social Impacts
As observed during the empirical research and through interviews, this area is highly used for some specific activities.
The local activities will be affected. A solution can be to help in creating serene zones on the public beach area to allow and
encourage continuity of the practices and activities.
Hopefully some activities as fishing will not be affected as it will be practiced on the beach and shall not bother any hotel
around. Fishing activities still continue despite the presence of Shandrani Hotel and it seems to be of no reason to stop with
the coming project.
The National Coast Guard post found on the specific site will be relocated.

The table below summarises the impacts and the proposed mitigation measures
Impacts on Mitigation Measures
Archaeological Features
on the 30 acres of land
The features are not of high historical and architectural value however:
 Those on the Pas Géométrique can be kept
 Can reuse some of the features
 Keep Feature 20 and reuse it
Sand dunes  No construction to be done on sand dunes SD1, SD2 & SD3
 Avoid using heavy machinery next to the sand dunes not to disturb their stability
Mare aux Songes  Have a proper set back from Mare aux Songes , about 100m
 Plant trees to create a green buffer of Mare aux Songes
Flora  Keep pockets of the natural landscape and integrate it in the development project
Fauna  Shift the fauna to nearby forests or any appropriate place
Social activities  Encourage the people to use the public beach more and help in creating a serene zone in
that area to allow continuity of the practices
Presence of NCG  The NCG is being relocated closer to Shandrani Hotel

References
Publications
1. Lilian Berthelot, 2000. Mahebourg Ville Virtuel: La Capitale D’antan, Rose Hill: Edition de L’Océan Indien, p.38
2. Amédé Maingard de la Ville –ès-Offrans (ed) 2007. Héros et Visionnaire 1918-181. Dossier de Presse Rogers 2007.
3. Norvill G. & Bell R., 1864.Geography and History of Mauritius
4. Pierre de Sornay, 1950. Ile de France Ile Maurice a Geographie on Histoire on Agriculture es Industries es Institutions
5. Prem Saddul, 2002. Mauritius A Geomorphology Analysis
Reports
6. Environmental Impact Assessment. Construction of a Beach Resort at La Cambuse. Sept. 2009
Newspapers and Magazines
7. Jean Joseph Permal , “Un Le Chaland New-look” L’express, Jeudi 25 January 1990, p.5
8. Le Mauricien, 9Janvier 1991.
9. Week-End, 23 Avril 1989.
10. Week-End, 27 Janvier 1991
11. L’Express, 25 Janvier 1990
12. Evasion Vol 20. 2008
Web sources

13. See Definitions Marketing at http://www.definitions-marketing.com/Definition-Chaland
14. See Merriam Webster Dictionary at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/barge?show=0&t=1297425977
15. http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Mauritius/Grand+Port/_934407_La+Cambuse.html#local_map
16. John Roach (2006), “Buzz Kill: Wild Bees and Flowers Disappearing, Study Says”, National Geographic News 21st July,
retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060721-bee-study.html on the 25th January 2011
at 11.29 a.m.
17. See Merriam Webster Dictionary at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/barge?show=0&t=1297425977
18. American Cancer Society, “Apitherapy” Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/Pharmacologi
calandBiologicalTreatment/apitherapy?sitearea=ETO on the
19. American Apitherapy Society, “What is Apitherapy?” retrieved from http://www.apitherapy.org/

Acknowledgment
This work has been possible due to the input and collaboration of several institutions and people to whom the Heritage Research
Indian Ocean expresses its gratitude. The main contributors are Currimjee Jeewanjee Co.Ltd, National Archives, National Library, the
onsite officers of the National Coast Guard, the interviewees especially Mrs. K. Mohit and Mrs. L. Sooryamuyah, the workers and
others who directly or indirectly contributed.
Prepared by: Submitted to:
Heritage Research Indian Ocean (HRIO) Currimjee Jeewanjee Co. Ltd
Team:
Principal Investigators
Dr. A. Janoo
J. Mungur-Medhi
Researchers
L. Murday
H. Bissoondeal
Research Assistants
K. Soobroydoo
T. Veerasamy
P. Bahadoor
Photograher and Graphics
N. Medhi

Final CHIA - May 2011 - HRIO

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