Environmental issue in engineering used in engineering

1. Soil Strength

2. General
 What is environment?
The sum total all surrounding of a living organism,
including natural forces and other living things, which
provide conditions for development and growth as well as
of danger and damage.
 Construction affect an environment since it modify it in
one way or another.
 An environmental impact assessment is an
assessment of the possible positive or negative impact
that a proposed project may have on the environment,
together with consisting of the environment, social and
economic aspects.

3. Cont. …
 The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision
makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when
deciding whether to proceed with a project or not.
 The International Association for Impact Assessment
(IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the
process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating
the biophysical , social, and other relevant effects of
development proposals prior to major decisions being taken
and commitments made."

4. Cont. …
EIAs are unique in that they do not require
adherence to a predetermined environmental
outcome, but rather they require decision makers to
account for environmental values in their decisions
and to justify those decisions in light of detailed
environmental studies and public comments on the
potential environmental impacts of the proposal.

5. General Structure of Environmental Risk Assessment
POC= Public Occupancy
Criteria

6. Main components of the environment
Physical Environment:
 geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology;
surface and ground water hydrology and quality
upstream and downstream.
Each and every specific issue must be assessed, where
possible in percentage (%), proportions and types in
length (km), and detailed information must be indicated,
presented and evaluated.

7. Cont. …
 Biological Environment:
flora and fauna types; rare or endangered species;
significant natural sites and sensitive habitats
including parks and reserves; etc.; species of
commercial importance (medicinal plants, fish) and
reliance of the local people on these resources; and
species with potential to become a nuisance, vectors
or dangerous.

8. Cont. …
 Socio-economic Environment:
Socio-economic impacts of any construction and/or development on
the local community, land use and cover and use types, land tenure
systems and holding sizes, human settlements; impacts on
infrastructure facilities, present water supply and water resources
utilization; availability of and impacts on archaeological and historical
sites, existence of any indigenous peoples, impact on gender, control
over allocation of resource use rights; patterns of new settlements;
transport patterns, archaeological and historical sites, cultural heritages
etc.

9. Cont. ….
 Physical Cultural Resources:
Physical cultural resources defined as movable or
immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures,
and natural features and landscapes that have
archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural,
religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical
cultural resources may be located in urban or rural
settings, and may be above or below ground, or under
water.

10. Cont. ….
Sensitive Environmental findings:
Sensitive Environmental findings need special concern with
a corresponding impact.
 In general, the effect of infrastructure on environment
shall be checked both at the time of construction and
during the life time of the infrastructure.

11. Cont. …
The major issues that are considered (to varying
depths) within the scope of the majority of EIAs
can be summarized as:
 Landscape and visual
 Ecology
 Land use
 Traffic and transport
 Air quality
 Noise
 Water
 Ground conditions
 Archaeology
 Cultural heritage

12. Environmental Geotechnics
 Application of geotechnics for environmental control.
 Broadly, geo environmental engineering is reserved for
overall engineering of environmental projects that
encompass the earth, groundwater, safe water
containment, site remediation etc., and which require the
expertise of scientists and engineers from several
discipline.
 Almost all geo environmental problems requiring
geotechnical expertise fall into three categories.
1. Design, construction, operation and maintenance of new waste
disposal and containment facilities.
2. Isolation of containment ground.
3. Remediation of contained sites.

13. Cont. …
Among the issues that should be addressed that
requires geotechnical expertise while solid waste
land fills and hazardous waste land fill analyzed
are :
1.The stability of slurry trenches during excavation
2.The state of stress within different types of trench backfills;
e.g., soil-bentonite, cement-bentonite, and its influence on the
hydraulic conductivity and stress-deformation properties of
backfill materials.
3.Stresses and deformations of the ground adjacent to the slurry
trench and their potential adverse effects on structures and
facilities.
4. Seepage and contaminant transport through the barrier walls,
floors, and covers.

14. Cont. ….
In addition, it is important to consider:
 The nature of waste materials
 Details of ground water chemistry
 Soil-waste interactions
 The properties and behavior of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs)
 The generation and effects of gases.
 Mechanical and durability properties of the vast range of geo-synthetic
and geo-synthetic-clay composite materials that are now used in waste
containment and environmental control systems.