- The document discusses the benefits of increased trade between Pakistan and India, including higher GDP growth, lower inflation, and more jobs. It argues trade barriers should be reduced through fully implementing agreements like SAFTA.
- Key issues that need to be addressed include the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir, border skirmishes that damage trade, and making the Indus Water Treaty more cooperative to handle issues like water sharing.
- Regional integration and economic cooperation, as seen in the EU, could help reduce political tensions similar to how France and Germany overcame their rivalries post-WWII. Increased trade would grow both countries' economies.
It is a presentation of Bangladesh Studies,so here you will learn about how to growth up Bangladesh Economics from 1971.
Hopefully you will like this.
Thank you.
It is a presentation of Bangladesh Studies,so here you will learn about how to growth up Bangladesh Economics from 1971.
Hopefully you will like this.
Thank you.
Impact of Inflation and GDP Of India And the United States on Its Foreign Exc...GurpreetSingh1986
- As various countries are now getting global and are opening their market for foreign companies, various
investors are investing in those countries, which means the demand for currency is increasing, affecting the
currency exchange rate.
In this research paper, the author tries to establish the relation between macroeconomic variables like
Inflation and GDP on the currency exchange rate. The author has collected the secondary data of Inflation rate
and GDP and tries to see its relationship with the currency exchange rate system. The author has used a correlation
and regression model to analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address ou...CharlesDaniels123
Current economic theory assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
India Bangladesh trade has potential to touch USD 10 billion by the year 2018. In order to reach this target, the two countries should aim at opening new land customs stations, harmonization and recognition of standards, pruning of negative lists, and banking and finance cooperation.
“Bangladesh aims to become a middle-income country by 2021 and India should emerge as a strong partner in realizing this goal,”
Infrastructure and connectivity is the key to the bilateral investment. CII suggests that the North Eastern states of India should be actively involved in planning and preparing transport linkages. Read the detailed report.
High commodity dependence and structural barriers hindering long-term growth prospects of many developing countries
Intensifying trade tensions between the major economies poses a significant risk to the global
growth outlook
Recent financial market turbulence exposes vulnerabilities in several developing economies
Foreign trade and its importance in the economy of Iran in the international ...Private
Iran is one of the world’s most closely watched nations as a historical entity, about 2.500 years ago, of the Achaemenids Dynasty (559 to 330 BC) period.
The Islamic Republic of Iran (denomination after the revolution in 1979), also know as Persia territory, as historical entity and despite political, religious, and historic dimensions of the society, Iranians maintain a deep connection to their past.
The Iran’s economy is a mirror of the International Community nowadays. Economic policies and decision-making process in economic terms are guests from the international sanctions, particularly the unilateral sanctions from United States of America, which accuse Iran of supporting international terrorism and maintain the nuclear programme as global weapons.
Kinzer et al. (2005: 61) wrote about the impact of sanctions against countries, he said “this isolation has hampered the short and long term growth of its markets, restricted the country´s access to high technology, and impeded foreign investment”.
A form of foreign pressure, sanctions are typically meant to alter the policies of other countries. There is much pessimism on whether they ever work.
The main question, related with this working paper, and we should do is how Iran can trade in the economic global arena, in the contemporary global markets in the sanctions context? Can we found true economic policies in this context and with the contemporary conservative politicians, with the leadership of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, since 2005? Can the economic sanctions destabilize the Iran government, the target of the International Community? Understand the political economy, especially the foreign trade and the impact of the international sanctions in the economy of Iran is the purpose of this paper, with special focus on the United States sanctions, in the line of Marinov (2005).
We using the electronic database of The World Factbook published by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The Statistical Centre of Iran, World Trade Organization, United Nations and European Union, and a qualitative research based in published academic work until 2003.
Key-words: International community; International sanctions; Impacts; Foreign trade; Iran;
Dr. Alejandro Diaz Bautista, Nafta Renegotiation, NAFTA at 15, UAM Economics ...guest9057bc
“Regional Economic Growth in North America: the Effects of the Renegotiation of the NAFTA Agreement”.
Alejandro Díaz-Bautista, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics and Researcher at
Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF)
Visiting Research Fellow ,
Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD.
adiazbau@hotmail.com
March 13, 2009, 11:15 - 11:45.
Conference at
Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City.
Trade relations US & India; the changing facesCharmi Chokshi
this is a presentation on a different kind of trade relations between countries like US and India and their changing faces from years with the conclusion.
India Bangladesh Relations: Synergy & Issues DevakiNandan6
It is All about India Bangladesh relations, what's are the main issues including geostrategic importance to mutual security concern. Is Bangladesh worried about big brother syndrome or it is like friendship.
Impact of Inflation and GDP Of India And the United States on Its Foreign Exc...GurpreetSingh1986
- As various countries are now getting global and are opening their market for foreign companies, various
investors are investing in those countries, which means the demand for currency is increasing, affecting the
currency exchange rate.
In this research paper, the author tries to establish the relation between macroeconomic variables like
Inflation and GDP on the currency exchange rate. The author has collected the secondary data of Inflation rate
and GDP and tries to see its relationship with the currency exchange rate system. The author has used a correlation
and regression model to analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address ou...CharlesDaniels123
Current economic theory assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
India Bangladesh trade has potential to touch USD 10 billion by the year 2018. In order to reach this target, the two countries should aim at opening new land customs stations, harmonization and recognition of standards, pruning of negative lists, and banking and finance cooperation.
“Bangladesh aims to become a middle-income country by 2021 and India should emerge as a strong partner in realizing this goal,”
Infrastructure and connectivity is the key to the bilateral investment. CII suggests that the North Eastern states of India should be actively involved in planning and preparing transport linkages. Read the detailed report.
High commodity dependence and structural barriers hindering long-term growth prospects of many developing countries
Intensifying trade tensions between the major economies poses a significant risk to the global
growth outlook
Recent financial market turbulence exposes vulnerabilities in several developing economies
Foreign trade and its importance in the economy of Iran in the international ...Private
Iran is one of the world’s most closely watched nations as a historical entity, about 2.500 years ago, of the Achaemenids Dynasty (559 to 330 BC) period.
The Islamic Republic of Iran (denomination after the revolution in 1979), also know as Persia territory, as historical entity and despite political, religious, and historic dimensions of the society, Iranians maintain a deep connection to their past.
The Iran’s economy is a mirror of the International Community nowadays. Economic policies and decision-making process in economic terms are guests from the international sanctions, particularly the unilateral sanctions from United States of America, which accuse Iran of supporting international terrorism and maintain the nuclear programme as global weapons.
Kinzer et al. (2005: 61) wrote about the impact of sanctions against countries, he said “this isolation has hampered the short and long term growth of its markets, restricted the country´s access to high technology, and impeded foreign investment”.
A form of foreign pressure, sanctions are typically meant to alter the policies of other countries. There is much pessimism on whether they ever work.
The main question, related with this working paper, and we should do is how Iran can trade in the economic global arena, in the contemporary global markets in the sanctions context? Can we found true economic policies in this context and with the contemporary conservative politicians, with the leadership of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, since 2005? Can the economic sanctions destabilize the Iran government, the target of the International Community? Understand the political economy, especially the foreign trade and the impact of the international sanctions in the economy of Iran is the purpose of this paper, with special focus on the United States sanctions, in the line of Marinov (2005).
We using the electronic database of The World Factbook published by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The Statistical Centre of Iran, World Trade Organization, United Nations and European Union, and a qualitative research based in published academic work until 2003.
Key-words: International community; International sanctions; Impacts; Foreign trade; Iran;
Dr. Alejandro Diaz Bautista, Nafta Renegotiation, NAFTA at 15, UAM Economics ...guest9057bc
“Regional Economic Growth in North America: the Effects of the Renegotiation of the NAFTA Agreement”.
Alejandro Díaz-Bautista, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics and Researcher at
Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF)
Visiting Research Fellow ,
Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD.
adiazbau@hotmail.com
March 13, 2009, 11:15 - 11:45.
Conference at
Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City.
Trade relations US & India; the changing facesCharmi Chokshi
this is a presentation on a different kind of trade relations between countries like US and India and their changing faces from years with the conclusion.
India Bangladesh Relations: Synergy & Issues DevakiNandan6
It is All about India Bangladesh relations, what's are the main issues including geostrategic importance to mutual security concern. Is Bangladesh worried about big brother syndrome or it is like friendship.
About PTA, Indian PTA, level of economic integration, Pros cons, Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral, indian few PTA, FTA, Chile, Mercosur, Malaysia, AFGHANISTAN, TAHILAND, BANGLADESH, JAPAN.
The Future of Trade 2022 is the fourth edition of DMCC’s biennial flagship report on the changing nature of global trade. In it, we examine the impact of technology, global economic trends, and geopolitics on the future of trade,
with a focus on trade growth, supply chains, trade finance, infrastructure, and sustainability. The report presents updated scenarios for how trade will develop in 2022 and
beyond, relevant for any reader involved in trade, trade policy, international investment, and the operation of businesses with global value chains.
TRADE RELATION BETWEEN INDIA AND AUSTRALIA IN GENERAL AND EXPORT OF GOLD FROM...IJCI JOURNAL
Recent years have seen remarkable growth in the trading relationship between India and Australia, fuelled by the many complementarities between the two economies. Over the past five years, bilateral trade in goods and services has increased by 24 per cent annually to US$16 billion in 2008-09. Two-way investment is also significant, estimated at over US$1.5 billion including portfolio investment in 2008. Against this backdrop, Australia and India agreed in April 2008 to undertake a feasibility study for a possible bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) to explore the scope for building an even stronger economic and trade relationship.1 The feasibility study shows that significant barriers to goods and services trade remain in both countries. An FTA between India and Australia would be expected to address tariff and non-tariff barriers. It would go beyond each country’s commitments in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and cover substantially all trade in goods. Services liberalisation would seek to remove barriers that impose additional costs on exporters and erode competitiveness. A possible FTA would be expected to have substantial services sector coverage. Australia-India investment flows are modest relative to bilateral trade, reflecting both regulatory and other impediments and, to some extent, a lack of awareness of business opportunities in the other country. A possible FTA may address this imbalance by removing – or reducing – existing restrictions in both foreign investment regimes. It could also focus on enhancing transparency and strengthening investment protection mechanisms. A comprehensive FTA offers scope to take the relationship to the next level to the mutual advantage of both economies. It could foster even stronger growth, including through more diverse trade and investment flows. Cooperation, capacity building and exchange of information on other issues such as the protection of intellectual property rights (covering all issues including TRIPS & CBD, and GIs inclusive of non-food GIs), SPS & TBT matters, competition policy and government procurement could also be considered during possible FTA negotiations. In order to make an assessment of the possible trade gains from the proposed FTA, independent economic modelling was commissioned in both the countries for the study. The results provide insights into how an FTA might impact on bilateral trade and investment flows as well as economic welfare. Economic modelling is necessarily based on certain assumptions and the results of the modelling for this study should be regarded as indicative rather than exact estimates. Different economic modelling methods, GTAP-CGE modelling and modelling based on an analysis of complementarily, were used in the study to estimate the welfare gains to both countries.
CII started 2014 with its annual international flagship event – The Partnership Summit – now in its 20th year since its start in 1995, which was CII’s centenary year. Over the years the Partnership Summit has become a unique platform to exchange ideas and evolve solutions to the most urgent challenges confronting the world today. The summit highlighted investment opportunities emerging from rapid poverty alleviation in India and developing countries offered ideas for how a new class of consumers can become a new dynamic for growth.
In this issue of the newsletter the focus story highlights the importance, role and opportunities for emerging Global Value Chains. In addition, the newsletter also provides an insight of some of key happenings in various multilateral institutions.
We are putting in our best efforts to make the Multilateral Newsletter more knowledgeable, informative and industry oriented. We welcome your suggestions and feedback on the newsletter and thank you for the valuable support and the time you take out while going through the newsletter.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. Key Words
Free Trade: Trade without “trade-distorting” policies such as
taxes, regulations, tariffs, quotas etc.
Regionalism: States in a regional agreement to foster
cooperation e.g economical.
SAFTA: South Asian Free Trade Agreement.
Trade openness: Extent to which countries/economies allow
to have trade with each other.
Financial Markets: Buyers and sellers participating in the
trade of assets such as equities, bonds, currencies.
Border Skirmishes: The sporadic cross border exchange of
fires between the two neighbors.
3. Significance:
Pakistan`s exports to India only 1% of global exports, India`s exports to
Pakistan constitute only 1% of its total exports, 5% of Pakistan`s imports from
India. Thus a huge prospective for each other if political tensions cut down.
A strife torn market showing intent to rise. For example an estimated 77% of
India`s major exports have been excluded from access to Pakistani
market, despite this, Indian exports have shown growth from USD238 million
in 2001 to USD1734 million in 2010.
Cotton, sugar, vegetables, chemicals, soya bean, tea among top imports from
India. Emergence of new exports to India like leather, cotton fabrics, medical
and surgical instruments.
Free trade could yield negating of tariffs that enhance protectionism in sectors
which might possess a higher comparative advantage, for example
agriculture, textile.
Standing tall as one, fight protectionist policies of greater markets and
negotiate with powers such as IMF convincingly.
Free trade regions and cross border movement of goods yielding confidence
in each other bringing down animosity and cutting down defense expenditure.
Solving of future water issues without going to wars.
Limited NTBs allowing penetration of Indian exporters, could entice India to
reciprocate.
4. Macroeconomic Indicators.
GDP: Pakistan`s GDP would increase by as much as 2%
per annum if trade is normalized which also entails to giving
Most Favorite Nation status to India.
Inflation: Help trim inflation down since cheaper Indian
imports would be present in the market.
Employment: The level would increase significantly and over
200,000 jobs would be created.
Balance of Trade: Help with the negative trade balance.
5. Continued.
Informal and Illegal trade: The informal trade stands at $1billion whilst illegal trade at
$1.5-2billion. With guesstimates both combined ranging from $2-8billion.
Increase of Cost: The informal trade through a third country increases cost of products
from 17-35%.
Bilateral Trade: By 2015, if trade normalizing continues the current $2.4billion figure
could soar up to $12billion.
Cost of Military actions: From 2001-2010, war on terrorism cost s around
$43Billion, amounting to 6% of GDP.
6. SAFTA-A Prospective.
Adopting a strategy for trade liberalization through tariff reduction.
A preferential trade system i.e a preferential access to certain products.
Signing FTAs and converting into free trade regions.
Pakistan and India being Non-LDCs to scale down tariff rates to 20
percent during second time frame of five years starting from January 2009
under SAFTA road map.
Opens gates to cheaper and wider variety of imports through reduction in
tariff and non-tariff barriers on product-by-product basis.
The free movement of goods is a prospect for the establishment of South
Asian Economic Union.
Standing tall as two, coming up with better bargains at economic forums
such as WTO.
Collectively Pakistan and India can deal with protectionist policies of the
developed countries.
Easily notch up the level of human skills, foreign direct investment, new
technology.
Openness to have a positive impact on economic growth by yielding
higher investment.
7. Continued.
Quick border crossings, rapid custom clearance, state of the art
port facilities, enhanced transport links simultaneously would
add to the volume of cross border trade.
Allocating regional development funds by both countries so
institutions support the cause of economic regionalism.
Factor mobility must be increased through developing transport
infrastructure which also increases trade in turn.
Anti-trust laws to come into practice, commercial law, labor
relations, financial institutions should be harmonized.
Financial markets could be increased so they promote cross-
border investment.
Domestic tax, tariff and subsidy policies should be harmonized
so trade disputes aren't recurring .
Use of anti dumping law.
The never ending negative list must be cut down to increase
volume of trade.
8. Environment.
Address Climatic Variability and Uncertainty: The current IWT does not cater
the change in climate and rising variation in river inflow thus asking for
better storage of water and trans-border water cooperation and sharing of
responsibility, much because of glacial melting. For example Sutlej River.
Maintaining Ecosystems: The ecosystems around rivers, wetlands, costal
zones need to be maintained. An environmental clause must be added to
address to safeguarding the surroundings. For Example Mangroves
benefitting from the Indus.
Population Factor: Increasing three folds for both countries from 485Million
in `61, to 1390Million in 2011. Greater need for irrigation and energy
projects yielding intra-basin water management sharing.
Greater Scope of IWT: Must provide a framework for water sharing and
convert into a greater cooperative regime.
Signed in 1960, Western Rivers of Indus, Jhelum, Chenab to
Pakistan, Eastern to India, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas.
Total Permissible storage to Pakistan is 3.6 MAF.
9. Armed Conflicts.
Pakistan and India have been in three major wars.
1965, 1971 and 1999 Kargil War.
Skirmishes off the LOC.
Detaining of farmers who mistakenly cross borders being
held captive for unnecessary reasons.
Attacks on trains and other transport facilities hampering
trade and a good business environment.
The Kargil issue is never ending and both countries have to
pay a lot of price keeping watch at the glaciers in extreme
temperatures.
Kashmir is an issue needing to be solved with due
pragmatism. It’s a hallmark of Indo-Pak rivalry that is an
impediment to elevated regionalism.
10. Rationale: Regionalism.
Regional integration much on the pattern of European Union
through the already formed ASEAN.
Under ASEAN, Pakistan and India need to enhance
regionalism from security and stability to economic
development and political cooperation.
If ASEAN is more formally constructed, like European
Union, it would help India-Pakistan become stable.
Trade normalization is the only solution to bring about
prosperity in both countries. For example a common market
for France and Germany for coal and steel. (ECSC)
In the above stated example, Pakistan and India could
similarly do this to their cotton sector and agriculture.
Political motives have one solution, through economic ties as
proved by the former two arch rivals of Europe Germany and
France.
Mercosur, redefining trade between Argentina and Brazil.
Similarly US and Mexico through NAFTA.
11. Trade Liberalization.
Implementing SAFTA would help increase the trade volume in
terms of expanding the positive list. For example it expanded
from 40 items in 1983 to 687 items in 2004/5, to 773 items in
2005/06 to1,075 items recently.
Under the cloud of SAFTA, the trade volume would significantly
increase as seen in the past.
Pakistan could further reduce its average-tariff because of trade
liberalization, nearing low tariff leaders in Asia.
Address illegal trade because its cost-effective and could well
be converted into legal trade if measures such as tariff
reduction take place.
Trade restrictive index of India, at 8/10, and Pakistan`s 5/10
shows that India need to cut on tariff and non-tariff barriers to
liberalize trade.
Trading freely with each other rather than trading as they do
with the rest of the world under the MFN status.
Implementing SAFTA could bring down the sensitive list.
Saving the import bill, Pakistan saves from 400million to 900
million if it allows imports from India. For example
Tea, spices, auto parts etc.
12. Solutions To IWT
The population of both countries has significantly increased
that asks for a pragmatic handling of Indus Water Treaty and
in turn keep a semblance of peace among the two.
IWT has successfully continued to engage India-Pakistan
into a dialogue and only two projects have gone into third-
party hands.
Lacks under UN Watercourses Convention`s Articles such as
5 and 6. It has to be more than an allotment treaty which
facilitates equitable and reasonable utilization of water.
There is a dearth of transboundary environmental pacts that
point towards protection of rivers from pollution and the
environment around. For example Stockholm Declaration.
13. Armed Conflict Reduction.
Germany and France much similarly like India and Pakistan
had a strife torn relationship but understood the need to
integrate on economic level to negate the political
differences and come together for the betterment of people.
For example they were founding members of Treaty of Rome
that lead to the formation of European Union through a
common market for steel and coal.
Pakistan and India need to solve Kashmir and Kargil issue
once and for all.
The kargil war costs a soldier every four days, and two days
for Pakistan and India respectively.
People injured through land mines and standing crops
damaged because of border skirmishes.
14. Findings
The region could be converted into a free trade zone if agreements like SAFTA are
committed to.
Trade liberalization would see 25% increase in gains on Pakistan`s end.
Cutting on illegal trade and implementation of SAFTA combined increases trade by
60%
Trade liberalization would in turn convert the illegal trade into legal trade and thus
growth of GDP.
Protectionist policies are an impediment to trade volume increase.
If Pakistan and India join hands they have a better chance to tackle down IMF and the
protectionist policies of the developed world
Political tensions could only be minimized if greater trade takes place much the same
way in Europe after the World War II.
Trade could jump from $2.4 billion to a promising $12 billion by 2015.
Also letting go of protectionist policies would help Pakistan increase its trade openness
factor.
15. Continued.
NTB and tariff barrier reduction could increase trade volume and its cost effective.
Trade divergence would be seen in the region.
Reduction in sensitive list of India and Pakistan. At 763 and 1183 products.
IWT has some loopholes that need to be addressed for example ensuring water
utilization than apportionment.
Under IWT there must be exchange of information on waters and study findings that
show the quarterly fluctuations.
Kashmir Issue has to settled since it adds fuel to fire and is a constant source of
fostering animosity.
Also, Kargil issue costs way too much to both countries expenditure and has to be
concluded through Composite Dialogue.
17. References.
Imran, Pasha.(September 2012).The Prospect for Indo-Pakistan Trade. The
Lahore Journal of Economics., 293-313/
SAARC Database.(2010). Database of Macroeconomic and HRD Indicators
in SAARC.
Sayeed, Asad.(December 2011). Gains from Trade and Structural
Impediments to India-Pakistan Trade.
Abbasi, Arshad.(2012). Indus Water Treaty Between India and Pakistan.
Indurthy, Ratnam.(2011). Kashmir Between India And Pakistan. And
Intractable Conflict 1947/
From Surprise to Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report, pp.
214–219.
Arshad, Mohammad.(2012). Modeling Trade, Investment, Growth and
Liberalization: Case Study of Pakistan.
Samina. Kazmi.(2007). Economic Effects of Recently Signed Pak-China
Free Trade Agreement.
Trade Between Pakistan and SAARC Countries. SAARC Report.
Mehta, Pardeep.(2010). Trade Relations Between India And Pakistan.
PILDAT/
18. Continued.
Biilal, Sanoussi.(August 2005). Can EU Be A Model of Regional Integration.
Chapter IV. World Economic and Social Survey. Economic Impact of
International Migration.
Fatima.Phillip.(2007). The Challenges of Potential Pakistan India Trade.
World Bank Report.
Noorani, Tasneem.(2012).MFN Status and Trade Between India Pakistan.
Sarfraz, Hamid.(2012). Revisiting the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty.
Hanif, Mohammad.(Unknown). Economic Integration in South Asia:
Pakistan's Perspective. Islamabad Policy Research Institute.
Raihan, Salim.(2013). India-Pakistan Economic Cooperatio Implications for
Regional Integration in South Asia.
Chapter 2. Trade Integration Between India And Pakistan.
Tribune Blogs.(2013).Trade with India for a Better Pakistan. Available at:
http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/
News Pakistan(2011). Trade Between India and Pakistan SDPI Seminar.
Available at: www.newspakistan.pk
Academia(2010). Trade between India and Pakistan has the.. . Available at:
www.academia.edu
19. Continued.
Pakistan Today(2013). MFN Status to India Could Raise Pakistan`s GDP.
Available at: http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/13/news/profit/mfn-status-
to-india-can-raise-pakistans-gdp-by-2-ipp-research/
Academia. Informal and Formal Integration. Available at:
http://academia.edu/388617/_In_Formal_Regional_Integration_Is_European_Int
egration_Model_Applicable_to_ASEAN
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