The document presents information on files and directories. It discusses how files are structured, including unstructured, record structured, and tree structured formats. It also describes what a directory is and different types of directory structures like single-level, two-level, and hierarchical directories. Hierarchical directories allow users to create subdirectories to organize files in a tree structure.

1. PRESENTATION
ON
FILE
AND
DIRECTORY
PRESENTED BY:
Sunil Kafle

2. INTRODUCTION
• A file is an object on a computer that stores data, information, settings, or commands used with a
computer program.
• Commonly, files represent programs both source and object forms and data where data files may be
numeric, alphanumeric and binary.

3. FILE STRUCTURE
• Files must have structure that is understood by OS. Files can be structured in several ways. The most
common structures are:
1. Unstructured.
2. Record Structured.
3. Tree Structured.

5. • Unstructured
Consist of unstructured sequence of bytes or words. OS does not know or care what is in the
file. Any meaning must be imposed by user level programs.
• Structured
A file is a sequence of fixed-length records, each with some internal structure. Each read
operation returns one records, and write operation overwrites or append one record.
• Tree Structured
File consists of tree of records, not necessarily all the same length. Each containing a key field
in a fixed position in the record, sorted on the key to allow the rapid searching.

6. DIRECTORY
• Directory is a file system cataloging structure which contains references to other computer files,
and possibly other directories.
• Directories are known as folders, or drawers to provide some relevancy to a workbench.

7. TYPES OF DIRECTORY
• Single-level Directory
All files are contained in the same directory. Easy to support and understand; but difficult to
manage large amount of files and to manage different users.
• Two-level Directory
Separate directory for each user. Used on a multiuser computer and on a simple network
computers. It has problem when users want to cooperate on some task and to access one
another's files. It also cause problem when a single user has large number of files.

8. DIRECTORY STRUCTURE

9. HIERARCHICAL DIRECTORY
• Generalization of two-level-structure to a tree of arbitrary height.
• This allow the user to create their own subdirectories and to organize their files accordingly.
• To allow to share the directory for different user acyclic-graph-structure is used.

10. THANK YOU
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