Discourses on gender parity over the last fifty years in Kenya have been focused on the girl child and women as victims of societal subjugation, perhaps a reaction to the philosophy of patriarchy. The fight to subvert patriarchy has seen numerous gender activist groups, human rights crusaders and others come forward to route for the right of the girl child to get education. For reasons that can be understood and perhaps considering that setups had always favoured boy children, little talk has over the years gone into the education of the latter. This has had implications. Recent researches are now revealing that in majority of the communities in Kenya, the boy child is beginning to lag behind the way the girl child was years back. Soon there may be a boy child crisis and a new gender gap between boys and girls. This paper explores the challenges facing boy child education suggesting an equitable approach to the provision of education for both girls and boys. Data was collected using interviews, questionnaires and observations of the boy child in the homes, school and community at large. Researches on the current trends in education were also consulted.
Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shiftinventionjournals
Discourses on gender parity over the last fifty years in Kenya have been focused on the girl child and women as victims of societal subjugation, perhaps a reaction to the philosophy of patriarchy. The fight to subvert patriarchy has seen numerous gender activist groups, human rights crusaders and others come forward to route for the right of the girl child to get education. For reasons that can be understood and perhaps considering that setups had always favoured boy children, little talk has over the years gone into the education of the latter. This has had implications. Recent researches are now revealing that in majority of the communities in Kenya, the boy child is beginning to lag behind the way the girl child was years back. Soon there may be a boy child crisis and a new gender gap between boys and girls. This paper explores the challenges facing boy child education suggesting an equitable approach to the provision of education for both girls and boys. Data was collected using interviews, questionnaires and observations of the boy child in the homes, school and community at large. Researches on the current trends in education were also consulted.
What's the story?
This isn't a tale to be proud of. In the UK, the link between low socio-economic background and poor educational attainment is greater than in almost any other developed country. Nearly 50% of children claiming free school meals achieve no GCSE passes above a D grade (Cassen and Kingdon)
Educational-related inequalities have an impact throughout a child’s life. Education is linked with happiness and wellbeing and also mental and physical health and life expectancy. The more you learn, the more you earn. You are more at risk of spending time ‘not in education, employment or training’ if you have no qualifications.
Education matters to society – it is linked to crime rates and to the economy.
What's our story?
It doesn’t have to be that way. Demography doesn’t have to be destiny. This attainment gap so entrenched in our society is not inevitable. Change is possible.
At Teach First we are working in partnership with others to ensure that no child’s educational success is limited by their socio-economic background. We believe that the scale of change needed will only be achieved through the collective effort of leaders in classrooms, in schools and throughout society. Each must challenge and change the status quo child by child, classroom by classroom, school by school, community by community until educational disadvantage becomes a work of fiction, not fact.
We start by recruiting people with the potential to be inspirational teachers who embark on a rigorous two-year Leadership Development Programme. Through this they develop their teaching and leadership skills needed to raise the achievement, aspiration and access to opportunities of pupils from low-income communities. Beyond this they are motivated to tackle educational disadvantage in the long term as Teach First ambassadors.
What's your story?
Teach First cannot solve this problem alone. We work with individuals, schools, universities and businesses to achieve our aims. You too can play your role in creating a happy end to this story.
http://www.teachfirst.org.uk/tellingthestory
Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shiftinventionjournals
Discourses on gender parity over the last fifty years in Kenya have been focused on the girl child and women as victims of societal subjugation, perhaps a reaction to the philosophy of patriarchy. The fight to subvert patriarchy has seen numerous gender activist groups, human rights crusaders and others come forward to route for the right of the girl child to get education. For reasons that can be understood and perhaps considering that setups had always favoured boy children, little talk has over the years gone into the education of the latter. This has had implications. Recent researches are now revealing that in majority of the communities in Kenya, the boy child is beginning to lag behind the way the girl child was years back. Soon there may be a boy child crisis and a new gender gap between boys and girls. This paper explores the challenges facing boy child education suggesting an equitable approach to the provision of education for both girls and boys. Data was collected using interviews, questionnaires and observations of the boy child in the homes, school and community at large. Researches on the current trends in education were also consulted.
What's the story?
This isn't a tale to be proud of. In the UK, the link between low socio-economic background and poor educational attainment is greater than in almost any other developed country. Nearly 50% of children claiming free school meals achieve no GCSE passes above a D grade (Cassen and Kingdon)
Educational-related inequalities have an impact throughout a child’s life. Education is linked with happiness and wellbeing and also mental and physical health and life expectancy. The more you learn, the more you earn. You are more at risk of spending time ‘not in education, employment or training’ if you have no qualifications.
Education matters to society – it is linked to crime rates and to the economy.
What's our story?
It doesn’t have to be that way. Demography doesn’t have to be destiny. This attainment gap so entrenched in our society is not inevitable. Change is possible.
At Teach First we are working in partnership with others to ensure that no child’s educational success is limited by their socio-economic background. We believe that the scale of change needed will only be achieved through the collective effort of leaders in classrooms, in schools and throughout society. Each must challenge and change the status quo child by child, classroom by classroom, school by school, community by community until educational disadvantage becomes a work of fiction, not fact.
We start by recruiting people with the potential to be inspirational teachers who embark on a rigorous two-year Leadership Development Programme. Through this they develop their teaching and leadership skills needed to raise the achievement, aspiration and access to opportunities of pupils from low-income communities. Beyond this they are motivated to tackle educational disadvantage in the long term as Teach First ambassadors.
What's your story?
Teach First cannot solve this problem alone. We work with individuals, schools, universities and businesses to achieve our aims. You too can play your role in creating a happy end to this story.
http://www.teachfirst.org.uk/tellingthestory
It is widely known that education for all ought to be equal to all, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender and hierarchy. Although equality in education is the primary purpose of our government, however, there are some instances that inequality in education exists due to some factors. This research identifies the factors that lead to inequality in education. Based on our findings factors such as individual characteristics attitudes and beliefs, psychological traits, parental socio economic status , individual educational success attainment, field of study , population groups men and women and ethnic groups , educational inequality gender pay gap, horizontal, occupational and segregation contributes to the overall dilemma. Moreover, our findings also show that micro and social contributes to the gaps of inequality of education, thus, social interactions and social structures affects the micro conditions and outcome. This implied that educational inequality is caused by different factors and constructs that undermined the policy of an educational system and this lead to inequality of education. Lucelle B. Collamat | Maureen S. Salagada | Emerson A. Sentos | Clarissa S. Tabar | Regina P. Galigao "Inequality in Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33639.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33639/inequality-in-education-a-literature-review/lucelle-b-collamat
Presentation of findings from Young Lives by Virginia Morrow and Paul Dornan, at the New School New York on 5 November 2014. Further info: http://www.younglives.org.uk/news/news/event-advancing-equity-for-children
English to Malay (Bahasa Melayu) Translation: Syntactical Issues Involving Ti...inventionjournals
For speakers of other languages who are interested in learning Bahasa Melayu, English has always been a useful tool to understand Bahasa Melayu easily as English is internationally well-know and widely used language and is also comparable with Bahasa Melayu. Unlike English, Bahasa Melayu does not have various types of tenses to indicate what happened in the past, in the present or in the future time. Bahasa Melayu however has its own unique way to show different aspects of time reference such as by adding the word ‘telah’ for past events and ‘akan’ for future events. This is actually one of the problems faced by Bahasa Melayu learners when constructing sentences to refer to various aspects of time reference. Thus, this study seeks to provide an insight to Bahasa Melayu learners and focuses on sentence construction involving time reference. This study used both qualitative and quantitative approach in achieving the objectives of the research. A short text taken form Readers’ Digest article entitled ‘Rebirth of the Feral Child’ was chosen as a tool to examine the various types of tenses available in English. We found that Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Tense caused problems when English sentences were translated to Malay sentences. This study is hoped to provide a brief and clear explanation to the foreign learners of Malay and Malay learners of English on how the sentence construction in both English and Malay are different to each other especially those that are related to the time reference.
Response of intercropping and different row ratios on growth and yield of whe...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014 to study the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based intercropping(wheat+chickpea, wheat+linseed and wheat+mustard) and different row ratios (2:2, 4:2 and 6:2) under rainfed conditions of Kaymore Plateau. Intercropping reduced the values of growth parameters and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), linseed (Linum usitatisetum) and mustard (Brassica campestris) compared with their sole crops. Intercropping with wheat +chickpea in 2:2 row ratio recorded significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY) 46.04 q/ha, land equivalent ratio (LER) 1.36,net income Rs.42429/ha and benefit :cost ratio 3.64 in comparison of sloe crop of wheat 39.94 q/ha, 1, Rs.38882/ha and 3.45, sloe crop of chickpea 27.62 q/ha, 1, Rs.19146/ha and 1.71, sloe crop of linseed 26.82 q/ha, 1, Rs.19366/ha and 2.09, sloe crop of mustard 25.40 q/ha, 1, Rs.19589/ha and 2.15,respectively
A Study on Work Life Balance of Women Working in IT Sectors of Mumbai City.inventionjournals
Indian economy witnessed a spurt of service sector job opportunity after the opening up of economy in last decade of twentieth century. With automation and computerization an ample opportunity employment scenario was opened up for educated women particularly in IT and software sector where the salary is attractive and the job is mostly desk type in nature. But at the same time these jobs are accompanied with extended work schedule and deadline oriented leading to work place stress. At the same time with domestic commitment the work life balance becomes a challenging issue for women IT executives. In this paper the researcher tries to find out the issues of work life balance of women IT executives of Mumbai city.The study was conducted among 50 women IT professionals through questionnaire survey and issues like working hours, family responsibilities and career growth were considered as parameter of work life balance.The paper also tries to find out causes of work life balance and possible remedial measure.
Gendered Memory in Oral Narratives and the Socialization of the Girl Child in...inventionjournals
Before writing gained currency in the African society, important societal traditions were perpetrated, perpetuated and memorized through popular oral genres and subgenres like sayings, proverbs, songs and/or folk narratives. These genre types, apart from providing entertainment, formed a core element of socialization of a child into the society. In their enjoyment of folk narratives in particular, children also drew moral lessons from the stories. Through the stories, children learn’t the do’s and don’ts of their people. Today, like in the past, though to a lesser extent, oral performances and in particular folk narratives still elicit enormous interest and still draw important lessons. This paper argues that many African societies, the majority of which are patriarchal in their social setups, use these popular genres, more so folk narratives to depersonalize and/or re-personalize girl children. The process of depersonalization and re-personalization of girl children involves training them to belong in second place to boy children. Girl children are unconsciously but systematically, through the stories told to them, urged to surrender their personal interests, claims and rights, and instead, redefine their personalities in terms of the society’s prescription of roles and expectations, more often than not based on gender
It is widely known that education for all ought to be equal to all, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender and hierarchy. Although equality in education is the primary purpose of our government, however, there are some instances that inequality in education exists due to some factors. This research identifies the factors that lead to inequality in education. Based on our findings factors such as individual characteristics attitudes and beliefs, psychological traits, parental socio economic status , individual educational success attainment, field of study , population groups men and women and ethnic groups , educational inequality gender pay gap, horizontal, occupational and segregation contributes to the overall dilemma. Moreover, our findings also show that micro and social contributes to the gaps of inequality of education, thus, social interactions and social structures affects the micro conditions and outcome. This implied that educational inequality is caused by different factors and constructs that undermined the policy of an educational system and this lead to inequality of education. Lucelle B. Collamat | Maureen S. Salagada | Emerson A. Sentos | Clarissa S. Tabar | Regina P. Galigao "Inequality in Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33639.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33639/inequality-in-education-a-literature-review/lucelle-b-collamat
Presentation of findings from Young Lives by Virginia Morrow and Paul Dornan, at the New School New York on 5 November 2014. Further info: http://www.younglives.org.uk/news/news/event-advancing-equity-for-children
English to Malay (Bahasa Melayu) Translation: Syntactical Issues Involving Ti...inventionjournals
For speakers of other languages who are interested in learning Bahasa Melayu, English has always been a useful tool to understand Bahasa Melayu easily as English is internationally well-know and widely used language and is also comparable with Bahasa Melayu. Unlike English, Bahasa Melayu does not have various types of tenses to indicate what happened in the past, in the present or in the future time. Bahasa Melayu however has its own unique way to show different aspects of time reference such as by adding the word ‘telah’ for past events and ‘akan’ for future events. This is actually one of the problems faced by Bahasa Melayu learners when constructing sentences to refer to various aspects of time reference. Thus, this study seeks to provide an insight to Bahasa Melayu learners and focuses on sentence construction involving time reference. This study used both qualitative and quantitative approach in achieving the objectives of the research. A short text taken form Readers’ Digest article entitled ‘Rebirth of the Feral Child’ was chosen as a tool to examine the various types of tenses available in English. We found that Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Tense caused problems when English sentences were translated to Malay sentences. This study is hoped to provide a brief and clear explanation to the foreign learners of Malay and Malay learners of English on how the sentence construction in both English and Malay are different to each other especially those that are related to the time reference.
Response of intercropping and different row ratios on growth and yield of whe...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014 to study the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based intercropping(wheat+chickpea, wheat+linseed and wheat+mustard) and different row ratios (2:2, 4:2 and 6:2) under rainfed conditions of Kaymore Plateau. Intercropping reduced the values of growth parameters and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), linseed (Linum usitatisetum) and mustard (Brassica campestris) compared with their sole crops. Intercropping with wheat +chickpea in 2:2 row ratio recorded significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY) 46.04 q/ha, land equivalent ratio (LER) 1.36,net income Rs.42429/ha and benefit :cost ratio 3.64 in comparison of sloe crop of wheat 39.94 q/ha, 1, Rs.38882/ha and 3.45, sloe crop of chickpea 27.62 q/ha, 1, Rs.19146/ha and 1.71, sloe crop of linseed 26.82 q/ha, 1, Rs.19366/ha and 2.09, sloe crop of mustard 25.40 q/ha, 1, Rs.19589/ha and 2.15,respectively
A Study on Work Life Balance of Women Working in IT Sectors of Mumbai City.inventionjournals
Indian economy witnessed a spurt of service sector job opportunity after the opening up of economy in last decade of twentieth century. With automation and computerization an ample opportunity employment scenario was opened up for educated women particularly in IT and software sector where the salary is attractive and the job is mostly desk type in nature. But at the same time these jobs are accompanied with extended work schedule and deadline oriented leading to work place stress. At the same time with domestic commitment the work life balance becomes a challenging issue for women IT executives. In this paper the researcher tries to find out the issues of work life balance of women IT executives of Mumbai city.The study was conducted among 50 women IT professionals through questionnaire survey and issues like working hours, family responsibilities and career growth were considered as parameter of work life balance.The paper also tries to find out causes of work life balance and possible remedial measure.
Gendered Memory in Oral Narratives and the Socialization of the Girl Child in...inventionjournals
Before writing gained currency in the African society, important societal traditions were perpetrated, perpetuated and memorized through popular oral genres and subgenres like sayings, proverbs, songs and/or folk narratives. These genre types, apart from providing entertainment, formed a core element of socialization of a child into the society. In their enjoyment of folk narratives in particular, children also drew moral lessons from the stories. Through the stories, children learn’t the do’s and don’ts of their people. Today, like in the past, though to a lesser extent, oral performances and in particular folk narratives still elicit enormous interest and still draw important lessons. This paper argues that many African societies, the majority of which are patriarchal in their social setups, use these popular genres, more so folk narratives to depersonalize and/or re-personalize girl children. The process of depersonalization and re-personalization of girl children involves training them to belong in second place to boy children. Girl children are unconsciously but systematically, through the stories told to them, urged to surrender their personal interests, claims and rights, and instead, redefine their personalities in terms of the society’s prescription of roles and expectations, more often than not based on gender
Performance of wheat based intercropping as influenced by row proportions und...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted on various wheat based intercropping system in different row proportions under rainfed condition of Kaymore plateau at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014.The intercropping of wheat was done with chickpea, linseed and mustard with row proportions of 2:2, 4:2 and 6:2.The experiment was laid out in 3 replications containing 13 treatment combinations. The observations were recorded at 30,60,90 DAS and at maturity in sole as well as on intercrops. On the basis of results obtained the intercropping of wheat with chickpea proved to be superior in terms of wheat equivalent yield and economics.
The Relationship between the Work Satisfaction, Mobbing Exposure and Organiza...inventionjournals
Identity is sometimes used as the equivalent of culture and, accordingly, each work place is considered to have a unique identity. The external perceptions of organizational identity are known as image. The study aims to evaluate identity building at the organizational level and with teachers, and at the same time reveal how well teachers‟ work satisfaction and their exposure to mobbing predict their organizational identity building. The study group comprises 580 teachers who volunteered to take part in the study in 12 of the 30 high schools located in Sivas, Turkey during the 2014-2015 school year. The schools were identified by considering the types and numbers of high schools and using proportional element sampling, where all elements in the subgroups have equal chances of selection. Three scales were used in the study in addition to the demographics questionnaire. The views of secondary education teachers about organizational identity building were „somewhat right‟. Male teachers‟ organizational identity views were higher than those of females. The teachers in the study were “never” exposed to mobbing. The work satisfaction of teachers was 50%. A very weak, positive and significant relationship was found between teachers‟ organizational identity building views and their exposure to mobbing and work satisfaction. As teachers‟ seniority and educational level increased, so did school-related organizational identity building levels
Illegal Drug Problem in the City of Ormoc As Perceived By User and Non-User R...inventionjournals
The study was conducted primarily to: describe the socio-demographic characteristics of user and non-user respondents; determine the reasons for engaging in illegal drugs among user respondents; document local and national ordinances enacted against illegal drug users; and identify the programs implemented by government and non-government organizations to make the City of Ormoc a drug-free community. The results of the study revealed that the mean age of the illegal drug users was 22 years old. Majority of them were males whose income fell below P10,000.00 in the form of allowance. They were aware of the illegality of the drugs used. Marijuana was the dominant drug abused. Influence of Peers and Curiosity were the topmost reasons why they got into drugs due to misinformation and assurance from friends who claim to have enjoyed the experience as perceived by the respondents. Among the National and Local Ordinances enacted against illegal drugs users in the City of Ormoc were: the implementation of RA 9165 – Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002; LOI 36/97: ALPHA BANAT (Barangay Against Narcotics Abusers and Traffickers) and Information dissemination of the ill effects of drugs through the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Counsel (BADAC).
Commuters in Aligarh City: A Socio-Economic and Structural Analysisinventionjournals
Commuting has become an issue of much concern not only in developed countries but also in developing countries like India as a result of increasing volume of commuters posing a number of problems in cities. Therefore, in the present study an attempt has been made to study the various facets of commuting with special emphasis on the socio-economic characteristics of commuters, causes of commuting, problems faced by them and impacts of this regular journey on their lives. The study is based on primary data generated through the field survey in Aligarh city carried out during the months of August and September, 2015. For data collection, 170 commuters were randomly selected from various places in the Aligarh city. For the collection of data the selected commuters were interviewed on the basis of detailed questionnaire prepared for the purpose. The overall analysis of the study shows that most of commuters belong to working age-group (19-49) and the proportion of male commuters (83.75 percent) is higher as compared to female commuters (16.25). The 72.75 percent ofthe commuters were from rural areas whereas only 27.25 percent from urban areas. The main socioeconomic causes of commuting are lack of job opportunities, small size of land holdings, low wages, seasonal and arduous nature of work, arduous nature of work, and services at the place of origin while high cost of land, rising house rent and unaffordable living in Aligarh city (destination) compelled them to return at their place of origin on daily basis.
Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation, sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Cerebral Palsy Patients Receiving Rehab...inventionjournals
Objective: To find out the effect of music therapy in cerebral palsy (CP) patients between who received conventional rehabilitation treatments and who additionally received music therapy Methods: In this retrospective study, 50 CP patients who received rehabilitation treatments on a day-ward basis for at least six months, between March 2013 and February 2015, were selected as subjects. Of the 50 patients, 25 received only conventional rehabilitation treatment (rehabilitation group), and the remaining 25 received both the conventional rehabilitation treatment and music therapy (music therapy group). In this study, the results of the Korean-version Denver Developmental Screening Test 2 (DDST-2) and the social quotient (SQ) were confirmed, before and after the treatments. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were confirmed between the rehabilitation group and the music therapy group in terms of gender, age, and diagnosis. Korean-version DDST-2 scores and the SQ score also did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. With the intervention, the music therapy group showed more statistically significant improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts than the rehabilitation group. The music therapy group also showed greater improvement in SQ score than the rehabilitation group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This study was conducted to prove the effectiveness of the current music therapy program and to investigate the area in which the therapy produces the greatest effect. It is hoped that the therapy would find wider application among children in the future as it showed significant functional improvements in the gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social parts in this study
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Leadership Effectiveness of Islamic Education Management Department at Educat...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study was to reveal: (1) The direct effect of confidence level toward work discipline, (2) The direct effect of the task structure toward work discipline, (3) The direct effect of the level of confidence toward effectiveness of the leadership, (4) The direct effect of the task structure toward effectiveness of leadership, (5) the direct effect of labor discipline toward effectiveness of the leadership of the Islamic Education Management Department at Faculty of Education of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. This research method used correlated path models. The study population was faculty and students with the number of 148 people. Sampling using Krecji table, with this technique resulted in a sample 108 people. The instrument used to collect data was questionnaire Likert scale models. The analysis technique used is path analysis. The findings of this study indicate: (1) The confidence level affect the work Discipline of 16.9%, (2) Structural work tasks affect the Discipline of 18.7%, (3) The level of trust directly affects the effectiveness of the leadership of 19,4% , (4). The task structure directly affects the effectiveness of the leadership of 19.5% and (5) Work Discipline directly influence the effectiveness of the leadership of the Department of 22.1%.
Analysis on Market Size and Structure of Chinese Bankcard Industryinventionjournals
This paper analyzed the market size and market structure of Chinese bankcard industry, including issuing market and acceptance market. Data showed that China's banking card market structure was evolving from monopoly to oligopoly competition
Voting and Voter Suppression: An Analysis of Rhetoric in Online Messages by C...inventionjournals
This study is a qualitative content analysis that addresses how four civil rights organizations used rhetorical strategies and tactics to focus on voting and voter suppression leading up to Election 2012. The organizations involved in this study were the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League (NUL), National Action Network (NAN), and ColorOfChange.org (COC). This study examines 82 press releases, official statements, blog posts, and miscellaneous public relations materials. It also explores how often the organizations referenced joint efforts between one another. Three rhetorical strategies and tactics are used in this study: identification, protest-framing theory, and vilification. Findings show that the predominant use of antithesis, a part of identification, suggests that the organization sought unity, primarily among members of its organization and state branches, against several perceived enemies, including the American Legislative Exchange Council, some Republicans, and the Tea Party Victory Fund. Findings also show that the organization missed several opportunities to publicize how they were working together.
Quality of Residents' Lives in Autonomous Regions of North Sumatrainventionjournals
There are various factors that can improve the quality of life of the population such as physical quality factor, the quality of non-physical factors and attitudes about environmental management. These factors are not only important in promoting improved quality of life of the population in sustainable development, but also as the dominant factor affecting the implementation of the political life, social life, the use of functions in ecological dimension and the implementation of applicable legislation.
Fırst Female Artısts in Turkısh Paıntıng Art Untıl Early Republıc Perıod (190...inventionjournals
Positions of women in society changed according to the social development in each culure since early ages. While having been considered equal to men in some cultures, women have been kept in the background in others. As in many areas, it took a lot of time for women to express themselves in art. Having been as effective as men in Turkish societies that appeared as nomads in history, women became of secondary importance socially and policitally after sedentism and the acceptance of Islam; yet they continued to be respected. The case was not very different in art. As a result of many religious restrictions placed especially in terms of women rights, women were not able to make their presence felt in art until the end of Tanzimat reforms. After obtaining their rights and freedom with the Rescript of Gülhane, women started to receive art education in 1914 for the first time when İnasSanayi-iNefiseMektebi was established. Our first female artists, who started producing naturalist and realistic work, were highly affected by their social environment and the education they received. With the government support, they also took the opportunity to be educated overseas and they started to work on portraits and landspaces as well as dealing with current issues and using new flows
Implicit Leadership Perception at Context of; Intergovernmental and Nongovern...inventionjournals
Main focus of this study is exploring the Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental Organizations’ employees leadership perceptions based on differences of their cultural, national, educational, experience. The reason of studying in this sector; contains variety of cultural background and international experienced staff .Research has been done Gaziantep in Turkey because many UN agencies and NGO’s are operating in Gaziantep based on current situation in Syria armed conflict. Also this kind of organizations are specialized for emergency situations, development strategies and humanitarian aid at worldwide so we have to take in to account how hard it is managing these issues globally. We found some evidence that affecting leadership perceptions which are related participant experience, foreign language and education level and details are provided on discussion section. The question of research is expectations of leadership by multinational organizations employees. We haven’t seen any direct study related for both Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental organizations employees’ perceptions of implicit leadership, for this reason our study may provide contribution to literature.
Socio Cultural Factors and Retention of Boy Child in Public Primary Schools i...ijtsrd
Retention in school has positive consequences for individuals throughout their lives. This study presents the current factors that contribute to retention of boy child in public primary school, with a view of getting possible solution for countering the problems that causes boy child not to retain in school. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of the socio cultural factors on retention of boy child in public primary schools in Turkana West Sub County. The research was guided by the classical liberal theory of equal opportunity. The research adopted a descriptive survey method. This design was considered appropriate because data was collected at one point in time across many individuals. The target population of the study comprised of 62 Head Teachers, 62 Deputy Head Teachers, 62 Senior Teachers and 62 Guidance and Counseling Teachers. The 14 Chiefs of Turkana West Sub County were also included as part of key informants in the study. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists SPSS . Quantitative data collected was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics to generate percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. Inferential statistics was done using linear regression model. The study results were presented using tables and figures. The findings for the study demonstrated that socio cultural factors have a negative effects on boy child retention in public primary schools in Turkana West Sub County. Itao Erukudi Titus | Sarah Likoko | Jane Barasa "Socio-Cultural Factors and Retention of Boy Child in Public Primary Schools in Turkana West Sub-County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59772.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59772/sociocultural-factors-and-retention-of-boy-child-in-public-primary-schools-in-turkana-west-subcounty-kenya/itao-erukudi-titus
Consequences of Teenage Parenting Styles on The Attainment of Educational Goa...AJHSSR Journal
The greatest global investment whose productivity leads to rapid economic growth is education.
Despite this fact, teenage parenting and the subsequent parenting styles had consequences on the attainment of
educational goals as was revealed by a study that was carried out in Mumias Sub-county to find out the kind of
consequences that teen motherhood and teen fatherhood had on a secondary school students‟ academic
achievement. Two objectives were set to find out the prevalence rate of teenage parenting and to determine the
kind of contributions the problem had on educational accessibility. The population consisted of 55 principals,
269 teachers and 4,143 students from three classes out of the four classes in the sampled out schools. One third
of the population was taken for each of the three categories of respondents which gave 18 principals heading
mixed gender secondary schools, 89 class teachers and 1,367 studentsboth male and female. The students were
selected using the simple-random sampling alongside purposive sampling where the teen-agers were targeted, as
the stratified random sampling technique targeted principals and teachers from public mixed gender secondary
schools. The study area had four divisions namely, South Wanga, WangaMkulu, East Wanga and Mumias
Central from which the eighteen schools were identified. To collect data, questionnaires were designed for
students, teachers and principals. Descriptive statistics namely frequency counts and percentages was used to
analyze the quantitative data which was then presented in tables. The study found that teenage parenting styles
had consequences on the attainment of educational goals and the recommendations are that guidance and
counseling should be intensified by not only the Ministry of Education at the school level, but also by the local
administration to include parents to teenagers in public forums. Guidance and Counseling should help curb the
problem of teenage parenting in order to remedy the consequences on the attainment of educational goals.
Running head PROMOTING EQUALITY IN AFRICAN SCHOOLS .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PROMOTING EQUALITY IN AFRICAN SCHOOLS 1
PROMOTING EQUALITY IN AFRICAN SCHOOLS 8
Promoting Equality in African Schools
Name/Course No.
Tutor`s Name
Institution
Promoting Equality in African Schools
Introduction
The African continent faces a myriad of challenges. The challenges vary from one place to another but one specific challenge that's almost unified in the entire continent is the inequality seen in the girl child access to education. In most cases, the girl child has been neglected in ensuring that she gets equal opportunities in African schools. This is because girls have often found themselves being married off to their suitors at a tender age in exchange for cows and other material wealth. Besides that, the girl-child also faces challenges such as inadequate sanitary pads that would enable them to have an easy time in class during their monthly menses (Morrell, 2016). Therefore, this paper highlights the need to support the girl child in African schools and bring equality inaccessibility of studies between these two genders.
Description of the Case
There is a need to promote the development of African women in their continent. This can only be achieved by changing some perceptions about the role of women in this continent and the change of some important issues in society. Besides that, the change needs to be initiated among the girls who still have a long journey in their lives and thus huge impacts in society (Van Wyk, 2015). Therefore, I intend to empower the girl-child in the continent through the provision of equal opportunities for both genders in their schools, this is to make the girls also have the ability to compete favorably with the boys. In most cases, boys have been seen as important individuals in society that require to get an education while the girls get married or committed to home chores before being sent off to their suitors.
I believe that the promotion of the development of the African girl-child is the basic way in which the African continent can be transformed. There have been issues of gender-based violence in which women have been the victims due to the issue of overdependence and need to ensure that they are submissive to their husbands makes them suffer the brutality without raising an alarm (Becker, De Wet & Van Vollenhoven, 2015). As such, with equal opportunities being granted to these girls, there are chances that they will be equipped with the right kind of information and knowledge and hence making it easier to become financially independent and able to advocate for their rights. This would ultimately, later on, lead to reduced cases of inequality in the gender.
Besides that, girls can also be given equal opportunities as their counterparts through the provision of quality drinking water. This is an area in which most of the girls in this continent spend most of their ti ...
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shift
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 9||September. 2016 || PP.53-57
www.ijhssi.org 53 | Page
Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shift
By Jane Nambiri Ouma
The Catholic University of Eastern Africa,
ABSTRACT: Discourses on gender parity over the last fifty years in Kenya have been focused on the girl child
and women as victims of societal subjugation, perhaps a reaction to the philosophy of patriarchy. The fight to
subvert patriarchy has seen numerous gender activist groups, human rights crusaders and others come forward
to route for the right of the girl child to get education. For reasons that can be understood and perhaps
considering that setups had always favoured boy children, little talk has over the years gone into the education
of the latter. This has had implications. Recent researches are now revealing that in majority of the communities
in Kenya, the boy child is beginning to lag behind the way the girl child was years back. Soon there may be a
boy child crisis and a new gender gap between boys and girls. This paper explores the challenges facing boy
child education suggesting an equitable approach to the provision of education for both girls and boys. Data
was collected using interviews, questionnaires and observations of the boy child in the homes, school and
community at large. Researches on the current trends in education were also consulted.
Keywords: Boy-child, Girl child, Educational, Educational facilities, Media, Role modeling, Challenges.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the sixties, discourses on the challenges encountered in offering quality education for children in
Kenya have tended to put more emphasis on the plight of girls with little or no focus given to the boys. The
assumption – it seems – being that the scales in the patriarchal setups within which the children are operating are
already tilted in favour of the boys. To remedy the imbalance, establishments have often gone out of their way
to make it easier and more abundant for girls. As a result it appears that more girls‟ schools have been opened,
more boarding facilities for girls have been made available to help the latter concentrate on studies without the
inconveniences of commuting, entry requirements into schools and tertiary institutions have been lowered for
girls, and a score of other, so to say, affirmative actions.
Just to give a hint on how educational facilities have been distributed to serve both girls and boys, one
needs to take a cursory drive through, say, the upper western part of Nairobi City to go past State House Girls,
St. Georges Girls, Kenya High, Moi Girls Nairobi, Precious Blood Riruta, Loreto Msongari, Kianda and many
other leading girls schools both public and private. Within the same area only Upper Hill Boys and Nairobi
School can pass as well established boys‟ schools. If such a distribution of educational facilities could be
attributed to the enormously urban setting of Nairobi City, one may want to tour a rural setting, say, Busia
County, to realize that the county has over ten boarding primary schools for girls, including the prestigious
Nangina Girls Boarding, Chakol, St Joseph‟s Busia, Our Lady of Mercy, Amukura, Kolanya, Kisoko, Butula,
among others. On the contrary the county has very few boys‟ boarding schools, for example St. Augustine‟s
Boys. Meanwhile, admissions to universities and other tertiary institutions have from time immemorial lowered
entry points for girls, sometimes requiring a boy to score up to three points higher to get admission into the same
course.
Indeed, the strong focus on the girl child and the apparent neglect of the boy child in this process is
beginning to raise some concern. While society appears to want to use the success of the girls alone as the
measure of gender equity in education, recent studies are beginning to show that education for boys may be
equally problematic, apparently the result of skewed socialization. In many parts of the country (Kenya), in the
recent times, girls are beginning to outperform boys in literacy by up to 10% points in areas where they trailing
behind the boys by up to 4% points in numeracy, Kenya Government Report (GoK, 2010). This raises
concerns, not because the girls are beginning to outperform the boys but more so because no questions are being
raised regarding boys‟ underachievement. This study attempts to cross-examine these emerging patterns of
reversed disparity.
II. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
The study used a combination of survey and naturalistic designs (observation and ethnography). The
respondents included the following categories of people selected through purposive sampling: parents, boys,
girls, teachers, police and church leaders. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informant,
soliciting information on the following aspects: the success stories, challenges and the way forward for the boy
child on the issues of education, socialization and media influences. Besides, the research also depended on
2. Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shift
www.ijhssi.org 54 | Page
library visits, internet search and sampling of relevant documents to gain insight into the performance of the boy
child in Kenya today.
The context of the Boy Child
Makori(2014) laments that boy child and men are becoming victims of militarism, political
hooliganism, jails, violence, among others. This begins to reveal the collapse of societal systems responsible for
proper formation of boy children. While girls are busy in school, working hard, and creating more space for
themselves, boys appear to be wandering around or in a daze at the periphery. The World Bank (2009) in its
report on enrolment in schools has indicated that the enrolment of girls in schools has increased in the last 15
years but the participation of boys in education has reduced in many regions in Kenya. This position appears to
be corroborated by Chege, 2011, reporting on the primary school enrolment for boys and girls in the years 2007
– 2011.
Source: Chege, 2011.
Even though this report indicates that there was a downward trend in enrolment of both girls and boys,
a fact the report attributes to the post election violence (PEV) of 2008 and displacement of many families in the
catchment communities, the consistent higher enrolment of girls than that of the boys is noteworthy. The report
further notes that schools are being more friendly to girls than boys, for example, UNICEF has put up toilet and
bathroom facilities for girls in some schools to facilitate their privacy when changing sanitary pads, but that
while this is understandable, the toilets for the boys appear in a deplorable condition.
Perhaps due to the apparent neglect of the boy child, boys seem to become more and more prone to
drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS and estrangement from parents, thereby ending up on the streets in urban areas.
Emphasis on the girl-child at the expense of boy-child seems to extend to the family level at home. While the
girls have role models in their more present mothers who teach them life skills, the boys lack role-modeling due
to the perpetual absence of the father figure at home. The fathers, who are mostly away from home for one
reason or another, hardly interact with their sons. Indeed one respondent commented thus:
Kenyan men have lost their social, family & economic positioning. Sons have nobody to take as a
model (for the masculine identity). We are faced with the problem of present but absent fathers.
Incidentally, in the absence of would-be role models the boys – it is now apparent – take their life
lessons from the media. The influence of media in the socialization of boys has then sometimes given them false
hope, or encouraged them on unrealistic achievements that reverse their focus on school. They instead turn to
seeking shortcuts to becoming like the successful artists, business people, or media personalities, say, cases such
as Bonokode, of Getto Radio, or Ben Kenzo, a successful radio presenter and musician respectively, both of
whom were street boys with barely any formal education, but who are now adorable personalities. This way, the
preference for economic success begins to supersede the need for the winding classroom engagement. Chege
(ibid) also observes that the great temptation for boys to drop out of school emanates from preference for trade,
quest for money, parental neglect, lack of employment opportunities, the ease of entering informal engagements
such as hawking/street trading, and long and tedious process of education to realize the returns.
3. Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shift
www.ijhssi.org 55 | Page
Chege and Sifuna (2006) also appear to corroborate Chege‟s observations on school facilities for the
two genders. They have argued that schools are more sensitive to girls‟ needs than those for boys. The study
indicates that the teaching and learning space has been feminized in some parts of Kenya and tend to fail to
address boys‟ educational needs and yet male performance is equally necessary. The tendency to forget and
marginalize the boys if allowed to continue could lead to a total breakdown in boy education by 2030, (Omondi,
the outgoing KCA president).
Onsarigo, 2013 takes interest in the completion rate at high school graduation. The table below shows
clearly the gender disparity with changing trends for boys who used to record high completion rates than girls
over the years.
Source: Onsarigo (2013).
It is notable that before 2006, the boys always led in completion rate, except in 2000 when the girls
recorded 48.2 against 44.7 for the boys. But from 2006, the girls appear to consecutively lead the boys in
completion. This could be attributed to affirmative actions over the years in favour of girls. The boy child is
currently experiencing low transition rates due constant absenteeism, low expectation from the boy child and the
general dismal performance at terminal examinations, (ibid). A close analysis of most academic institutions
reveals an increase in girl-child enrolment, but the same might not be said of the boy-child, whose enrolment
even where it is higher, still fewer complete at higher institutions of learning. This trend has definitely deprived
some of the boys opportunities for higher learning, (Juma, 2009).
However, even those who manage to end up as university graduates don‟t have much to celebrate about
either, as many of them are frustrated as a result of unemployment, which is adding to their disappointment,
thus, discouraging young boys to go to school, (Amutabi & Lutta-Mukhebi, 2001). The boys appear to feel that
even if they go to school and attain degrees, these degrees have no meaning since they won‟t be employed. As a
result many drop out of school only to end up competing for jobs like bus conductors and guards alongside
school drop outs. Hamasi, (2012) argues that the boy child‟s condition is not only worrying in the marginal
areas but all over Kenya. Even in counties considered as enlightened like Nyeri, Vihiga, West Pokot and Migori,
young boys have abandoned school to engage in illegal activities. Apparently, where there is greater access to
media there is a higher likelihood to learn and engage in disagreeable activities.
Boy child space and media
Media seems to be the most pervasive and one of the most powerful influences on how society views
the world. Media influences people‟s daily lives, insinuating messages into people‟s consciousness at every turn.
However, media sometimes perpetuates and perpetuates unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. It
interests this paper to interrogate the role media has played and continues to play in socializing boy children
both at school and at home. Apparently, mass media and technology seem to greatly influence how learners
manage their time for study and leisure, a case in point being face book, twitter, whatsapp, texting on cell
phones or watching videos during and after school hours. This keeps the boys absorbed in their own world and
spending so much time, potentially influencing their behavior and jeopardizing school performance.
Besides taking all the time that could be used on school work, media sometimes serves as an agent of
conveying messages that could negatively influence boy children, for example, adverts that glorify cigarette
smoking, bullying, alcohol and violence. These are always likely to steer boys towards imitating values that
promote deviance. This likelihood is increased where celebrities that the boys admire are involved. Boys tend to
adore images of great footballers, musicians, dancers, athletes, artists, fashion designers, and others with
“celebrity lifestyle” and will want to copy what the celebrities do regardless of its social, cultural and ethical
value, or relevance to the boys‟ education pursuits. Often the celebrities are characters who failed in the
academic world but happened to succeed in their respective fields, a scenario which the boys who have lost the
psyche for school then take solace in.
While it would make sense to argue that this same should as well affect the education of girls this may
not exactly the case. As observed by one of our respondents:
4. Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shift
www.ijhssi.org 56 | Page
Boys tend to be influenced more by media than girls because they are accorded much more freedom.
Besides, boys are more extroverted, courageous and antagonistic, venturing to learn and daring to
adopt more from outside their own culture.
This perhaps explains why their focus on education is likely to suffer more in the face of other lures.
Confronting the Problem
The challenges boys face have – fortunately – not completely gone unnoticed. Scholars, popular media,
and the general public appear to be starting to notice this development. Recent headlines and studies have
asserted that there is a problem with boys, a boy‟s crisis, so to say, and a new gender gap between boys and
girls. Girls are now dominating in school so that their coming to dominate the employment field is only a matter
of course and time. Indeed, looking around, one finds that majority of activities that run day to life appear
mostly run by the girls. They are the ones in cyber cafes, m-pesa places, boutiques, photo copying and typing
stalls and many others. This, as the boy child begins to take the form of an endangered species, lagging behind
in every aspect of life.
The significance of this trend in a culture that traditionally looks up to the men to lead could have far
reaching effects. Perhaps as a way of trying to find some foothold in life, boys are commonly starting to identify
with gangs such as Mungiki in Central Kenya, Chinkororo in Kisii, Msumbiji in Western Kenya, MRC at the
Coast and many others which exist to serve their members for criminal purposes, of course not forgetting
international terror groups such as Al shaabab or Al queida. Even though one may argue that these groups
incorporate women as well, the truth is that women‟s ratio to men could actually be approximately 1:10, a near
negligible women participation. This begins to read the collapse of the society.
Perhaps it is high time affirmative action was now directed towards the boy child. Arguably this is
what the traditional patriarchal society did, for example, there were certain privileges that were a preserve of the
men and invited no competition from the women. Of course such a suggestion may not make sense in a world
where gender „equality‟ and „equity‟ are now the key words. The question, however, is: Why in the very shower
of those two key words are we now talking about a collapsing male gender. Is it possible that the exerted effort
over the years to vouch for the emancipation of the girl child was in fact war waged to eliminate the boy child?
Is it true what Juma (2009) points out that there are far too many boys out there who need help, but are
neglected because men were domineering, and the young men coming after have to pay for the sins of the men
who came before them? If what Juma (ibid) observes is anything to go by, one would perhaps conclude that the
effort towards the girls was not just to better them, but to bring them above the boys to, so to say, reverse the
dominance in favour of the former, in what one would perhaps term as: “it is now our time”. . This then brings
the equation back to square one where the words „equality‟ and „equity‟ have no meaning, perhaps the way they
were when the push to bring up the girls started.
In the event that the push for the girls also maintained due space for the boys, one is bound to ask the
question: Do boys have no stamina to compete against girls? This question may sound rhetorical, but I would
argue that as long as society appears to emphasize girl child welfare while neglecting that of the boy child, the
latter are always likely lag behind, even go down the drain. Perhaps at the risk of sounding like an activist, it is
my view in this paper that as much as it is important to reach out to the girl-child, it should not be at the expense
of the boy-child, for a just society is when the two complement each other, not when they are involved in
outdoing each other, in .what one could call „cat-rat competition‟. Both genders are crucial to the success of the
society. In fact, it may not sound out of place to point out that with the changing nature of the society today,
issues that were back then impediments to the girl child accessing education are no longer as pressing as they
were. This is perhaps why the same urgency that is being used to promote girl child education should be
replicated to the boy child. It‟s time we created a platform that addresses gender „equality‟ and „equity‟ in the
education for boys and girls at a fifty-fifty scale to achieve a fifty-fifty society.
III. CONCLUSION
This paper has attempted to put some spotlight on how boy children are fairing in education in Kenya.
The study notes that perhaps taking cue from the way the African traditional society viewed education for girl
children in the fifties, sixties and seventies – society preferred to educate the boy rather than the girl – there
arose need to develop agency for girl child education, which included engaging affirmative action to ensure the
latter is emancipated. It however, appears that the effort has beens overstayed at the detriment of education for
boys. Research now shows that boys are beginning to fall far behind the girls who, however, still continue to
enjoy greater focus. While the paper commends the improved educational facilities that favour girl education, an
equitable and equating atmosphere should be targeted so as to ensure that boys too are enabled to keep at par
with the girls.
5. Fifty Years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm Shift
www.ijhssi.org 57 | Page
The paper recognizes three issues that have tended to disadvantage the development of boy children.
One is that educational facilities for boys have sometimes not been given much attention, thereby leaving them
to learn under deplorable environments, as the girls sometimes enjoy more learner friendly spaces, a factor that
has often played a role in frustrating boys‟ educational pursuits. The other observation is that fathers have
sometimes not been there for their sons, giving guidance as well as providing them with role models. This is
because the fathers are often absent from home pursuing one thing or another out there. The boys have then
ended up learning the facts of life from the media. Learning from the media, forms the other disadvantage the
boys face in their formation, as they sometimes end up learning from some unrealistic media personalities, a fact
that leads them to developing unrealistic goals.
This paper, therefore, cites the foregoing disadvantages, as a contributor to the kind of situations some
boy children have found themselves in such as drug abuse, performing poorly at school, dropping out of school
among other predicaments. Meanwhile, those having dropped out of school – perhaps trying to get something to
cling on – often join gang groups. The paper, therefore, recommends that education for boys be given equal
attention as that for girls to maintain an equitable society.
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[3]. Chege, F. N. & Sifuna, D. N (2006). Girls’ and Women’s Education in Kenya: Gender Perspectives and Trends. Nairobi:
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boy-child-abandoned/.
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July2013/IJEMS_V4 (3)2013-11.pdf.
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