The document provides an extensive glossary of literary terms and concepts essential for understanding fiction and drama, ranging from 'acts' and 'antagonist' to 'theme' and 'irony.' It outlines definitions of key terms such as 'protagonist,' 'catharsis,' and 'dramatic irony,' and includes examples of narrative techniques and characterizations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of correct citation practices and offers guidelines for formatting references according to MLA standards.

1. Fiction Terms
(See Glossary of Literary Terms, Bedford page 1558-1582)
1. Acts- Major divisions in the action of a play
2. Antagonist- The character, force, or collection of forces in
fiction or drama that opposes the protagonist and gives rise to
the conflict of the story; an opponent of the protagonist
3. Aside- A speech directed only to the audience
4. Catharsis- “purgation;” describes the release of the emotions
of pity and fear by the audience at the end of a tragedy
5. Character- A person presented in a dramatic or narrative
work, and characterization is the process by which a writer
makes that character seem real to the reader.
6. Chorus- In Greek tragedies; a group of people who serve
mainly as commentors on the characters and events, which add
to the audience’s understanding of the play by expressing
traditional moral, religious, and social attitudes. The chorus
chanted lines and danced in the orchestra or “dancing place’
7. Climax- The second part of a story or play written in a
pyramidal pattern, which contains the moment of greatest
emotional tension in a narrative, usually marking a turning
point in the plot at which the rising action reverses to become
the falling action
8. Conflict- The struggle within the plot between opposing
forces; protagonist vs. antagonist
9. Deus ex Machina- Any improbable means by which an author

2. provides a too-easy resolution for a story; from the Latin- “god
from the machine.”
10. Dramatic irony- A literary device which creates a
discrepancy between what a character believes or says and what
the reader or audience member knows to be true.
11. Exposition- A narrative device, often used at the beginning
of a work, that provides necessary background information
about the characters and their circumstances.
12. Expressionism- A nonrealistic movement in drama; popular
from the end of World War I until the mid-1920s which
emphasizes the internal lives of their characters and deliberately
distorted reality by creating an outward manifestation of an
inner state of being.
13. Falling Action- The third part of stories written in a
pyramidal pattern; also called resolution; characterized by
diminishing tensions and the resolution of the plot’s conflicts
and complications.
14. First person narrator - The “I” presents the point of view of
only one character’s consciousness.
15. Flashback- A narrated scene that marks a break in the
narrative in order to inform the reader or audience member
about events that took place before the opening scene of a work.
16. Foil- A character in a work whose behavior and values
contrast with those of another character in order to highlight the
distinctive temperament of that character (usually the
protagonist).
17. Hamartia- A term coined by Aristotle to describe some error
or frailty that brings about misfortune for a tragic hero; fatal
flaw.
18. Hero/ Heroine- Often called the protagonist, is the central
character who engages the reader’s interest and empathy

3. 19. Hubris- Excessive pride or self-confidence that leads a
protagonist to disregard a divine warning or to violate an
important moral law.
20. Irony- A literary device that uses contradictory statements
or situations to reveal a reality different from what appears to
be true.
21. Literary present tense- The use of verbs in the present tense
when discussing the language, characters, and events in a work
of literature.
22. Narrator- The voice of the person telling a story, not
necessarily the author’s voice
23. Naïve narrator - This person is young and innocent, almost
always a child.
24. Objective point of view -- It employs a narrator who does
not see into the mind of any character. The narrator reports
action and dialogue without telling us directly what the
character feels and thinks.
25. Omniscient narrator -- This person is all-knowing. He/she
can move from place to place.
26. Orchestra-The portion of a Greek theater where the chorus
chanted lines and danced.
27. Parodos- The second of the five divisions of a Greek
tragedy (prologue, parodos, episodia, stasimon, and exodus)
where the chorus makes its first entrance and gives its
perspective on what the audience has learned in the prologue.
28. Plot- An author’s selection and arrangement of incidents in
a story to shape the action and give the story a particular focus;

4. not just what happens, but also how and why things happen the
way they do.
29. Point of View- Refers to who tells us the story and how it is
told.
30. Protagonist- The main character of a narrative; its central
character who engages the reader’s interest and empathy.
31. Realism- A literary technique that attempts to create the
appearance of life as it is actually experienced.
32. Rising Action-The first part of stories written in a
pyramidal pattern where a complication creates some sort of
conflict for the protagonist.
33. Round Character- More complex than flat or stock
characters, and often display the inconsistencies and internal
conflicts found in most real people. They are more fully
developed, and therefore are harder to summarize.
34. Sarcasm- A strong form of verbal irony that is calculated to
hurt someone through, for example, false praise.
35. Satire- The literary art of ridiculing a folly or vice in order
to expose or correct it; a vehicle for criticizing human affairs.
36. Scenes- In drama, a subdivision of acts.
37. Setting- The physical and social context in which the action
of a story occurs; time, place, and social environment that
frames the characters.
38. Skene- A stage building that served as dressing rooms in
Greek theater; evolved to have the setting painted on their
walls.

5. 39. Soliloquy- A speech delivered while an actor is alone on the
stage; one which reveals a character’s state of mind.
40. Theme- The central meaning or dominant idea in a literary
work; provides a unifying point around which the plot,
characters, setting, point of view, symbols, and other elements
of a work are organized.
41. Unreliable narrator - This person’s interpretation of events
is different from the author’s. We cannot entirely accept it for
whatever reason.
42. Verbal irony- A figure of speech that occurs when a person
says one thing but means the opposite
Module 05 Assignment Worksheet
Student Name:
For each of the three scenarios in this assignment, provide the
following information:
Name of your state's early intervention system and its website:
Scenario #1:
Scenario #2:
Scenario #3:
Step-by-step process for referral:
Scenario #1:
Scenario #2:

6. Scenario #3:
How long the process will take:
Scenario #1:
Scenario #2:
Scenario #3:
Who is involved in the process:
Scenario #1:
Scenario #2:
Scenario #3:
As an educator, what you would do if the child was not eligible
for services:
Scenario #1:
Scenario #2:
Scenario #3:
List your research sources in the References section below. Be
sure to format them according to APA guidelines.
References
8th Edition MLA Rules / Updated July 2020 (N. Dorfeld)

7. Whenever you are citing something outside of your head, you
need citations.
If done incorrectly, you could be accused of plagiarism, and no
one wants that.
So, be sure to cite your sources twice: in the paper and at the
end on a separate Works Cited page.
If you have any questions, please ask your instructor, a
librarian, review The BedfordHandbook, or refer to this
handout, which was taken from the Purdue Online Writing Lab
website.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla
_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.
html
In-text / author listed
In the paper, cite the author’s last name and page number. See
below for multiple versions.
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow
of powerful emotions” (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a
“spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions ” (263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the
creative process (263).

8. In-text / title only
No author listed? Cite the title in quotation marks. Also, add
the page number.
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America
likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic
data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study
environmental change . . .” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6).
Two different authors
What if two authors have the same last name?
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to
designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages
for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Two works / same author
To avoid confusion, cite the title where referring to different
works by the same author.
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for
small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged
that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small
motor skill development in a child's second and third year
(“Hand-Eye Development” 17).

9. Quotations
If anything is word-for-word, always use quotation marks.
According to some psychologists, dreams express “profound
aspects of personality” (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.
According to Foulkes’s study, dreams may express “profound
aspects of personality” (184).
Long quotations / block
Long quotations / block quote = Longer than four lines. Tab in
1/2 inch. Omit quotation marks, and add the period before the
in-text citation.
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him
throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in
their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing
of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By
chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr.
Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his
chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was
obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and
inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Brontë 78)
Trimming wordiness
Use three dots if you do not want to cite the entire passage.

10. In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that
“some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor
or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details
occurs” (78).
Works Cited page
Alphabetize the list of Works Cited by the first word in each
entry (usually the author’s last name).
This is not a complete listing, but it will help get you started.
Books
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin,
1987.
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
Two authors +
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon
Guide to Peer Tutoring. Allyn and

11. Bacon, 2000.
Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory
and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of
Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.
Chapter within a book
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers."
A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben
Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.
Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal
Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real
World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer, edited by
Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24.
Poem
Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited
by Philip Smith, Dover, 1995, p. 26.
Bible
The Bible. The New Oxford Annotated Version, 3rd ed., Oxford
UP, 2001.
Magazine

12. Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time,
20 Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.
Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good
Housekeeping, Mar. 2006, pp. 143-48.
Scholarly article / print
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice
of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa
Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images:
Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White
Noise." Arizona Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 1994, pp. 127-53.
Scholarly article / online
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “Toxicity of Nitrite
to Three Species of Freshwater
Invertebrates.” Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3
Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library,
doi:10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-
Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1,
2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966.
Accessed 27 May 2009.

13. Website
Author
Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow,
2015, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-
chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
No author listed
“Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview.” WebMD, 25 Sept.
2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems- and-
treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview. Accessed 12 July
2020.
Email
Kunka, Andrew. “Re: Modernist Literature.” Received by
John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.
Neyhart, David. “Re: Online Tutoring.” Received by Joe
Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.
Tweet
@tombrokaw. “SC demonstrated why all the debates are the
engines of this campaign.” Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m.,
twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

14. YouTube video
McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube,
uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.
“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded
by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.
Interview
Smith, Jane. Personal interview. 19 May 2014.
Movie / film
Speed Racer. Directed by Lana Wachowski and Lilly
Wachowski, performances by Emile Hirsch, Nicholas Elia,
Susan Sarandon, Ariel Winter, and John Goodman, Warner
Brothers, 2008.
Lucas, George, director. Star Wars Episode IV: A New
Hope. Twentieth Century Fox, 1977.

15. Music
Spotify
Rae Morris. “Skin.” Cold, Atlantic Records, 2014. Spotify,
open.spotify.com/track/0OPES3Tw5r86O6fudK8gxi.
Online album
Beyoncé. “Pray You Catch Me.” Lemonade, Parkwood
Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-
visual-album/.
CD
Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind, Geffen,
1991.
Works Cited (2020 Sample)
Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the
Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007,
www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0.
Accessed 29 May 2019.
Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed
by Davis Guggenheim. Ebert Digital LLC, 1 June 2006,

16. www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006.
Accessed 15 June 2019.
Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction:
Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability."
International Journal of Sustainable Development and World
Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.
Harris, Rob, and Andrew C. Revkin. “Clinton on Climate
Change.” The New York Times, 17 May 2007,
www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinto
n-on-climate- change.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.
Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth or Reality?: The
Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer, 2005.
Milken, Michael, et al. "On Global Warming and Financial
Imbalances." New Perspectives Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4,
2006, p. 63.
Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative
Mechanisms to Control Global Warming." American
Economic Review, vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 31-34.
Regas, Diane. “Three Key Energy Policies That Can Help
Us Turn the Corner on Climate.” Environmental Defense
Fund, 1 June 2016, www.edf.org/blog/2016/06/01/3-key-energy-
policies-can-help-us-turn-corner-climate. Accessed 19 July
2016.
Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New
York Times, 17 May 2007,
www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/c
linton-on-climate- change.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.
Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution." US News &
World Report, vol. 142, no. 17, 14 May 2007, p. 37. Ebsco,
Access no: 24984616.
Uzawa, Hirofumi. Economic Theory and Global Warming.
Cambridge UP, 2003.