This document provides an overview of fiber optic communications. It discusses how fiber optic cables transmit signals over long distances using thin strands of glass. It also describes how fiber optic data transmission systems convert electronic signals to light pulses and the different types of optical fibers used. Additionally, it summarizes the key components involved in fiber optic transmission systems including transducers, multiplexing techniques like WDM, and standards like SONET.
In this paper, we delve into the basics of existing monitoring technology and discuss an interesting in-service real-time monitoring solution that provides instantaneous root cause of
the fault without any influence on data traffic. Furthermore, applications of this novel technology are also illustrated.
In this paper, we delve into the basics of existing monitoring technology and discuss an interesting in-service real-time monitoring solution that provides instantaneous root cause of
the fault without any influence on data traffic. Furthermore, applications of this novel technology are also illustrated.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
[1] is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM[1] has developed into a popular scheme
for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or
over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks,
powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications. In the
Several wireless standards such as IEEE 802.11a[2] and
HiperLAN2[3].The orthogonality of the subcarriers is no longer
maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier Interference)[4]
.ICI reduction techniques achieve a better SNR and BER in
OFDM at zero phase noise variance . This technique will use a
large number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers to avoid
phase noise. It provides high data rates with sufficient robustness
to radio channel damages. A major problem in OFDM is carrier
frequency offset error between the transmitted and received
signals. Due to this the orthogonality of the subcarriers is no
longer maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier
Interference). In this paper, we used the ICI self-cancellation
technique and reduced the ICI and improved the BER and SNR
we are also calculate the SNR=15db and 20db at different phase
noise variance.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
[1] is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM[1] has developed into a popular scheme
for wideband digital communication, whether wireless or
over copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet access, wireless networks,
powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications. In the
Several wireless standards such as IEEE 802.11a[2] and
HiperLAN2[3].The orthogonality of the subcarriers is no longer
maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier Interference)[4]
.ICI reduction techniques achieve a better SNR and BER in
OFDM at zero phase noise variance . This technique will use a
large number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers to avoid
phase noise. It provides high data rates with sufficient robustness
to radio channel damages. A major problem in OFDM is carrier
frequency offset error between the transmitted and received
signals. Due to this the orthogonality of the subcarriers is no
longer maintained which results in ICI (Inter carrier
Interference). In this paper, we used the ICI self-cancellation
technique and reduced the ICI and improved the BER and SNR
we are also calculate the SNR=15db and 20db at different phase
noise variance.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. Optical Fibers
Optical Fibers
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very
pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are
arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to
transmit signals over long distances.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
3. Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems
Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems
Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over
fiber by turning electronic signals into light.
Light refers to more than the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to
the human eye.
The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and
near-infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
near-infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all
other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and
FM radio and television.
The electromagnetic spectrum.
Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye
as light.
4. Fiber Optics Transmission
Fiber Optics Transmission
Low Attenuation
Very High Bandwidth (THz)
Small Size and Low Weight
No Electromagnetic Interference
Low Security Risk
Elements of Optical Transmission
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Elements of Optical Transmission
Electrical-to-optical Transducers
Optical Media
Optical-to-electrical Transducers
Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery.
5. Types of Optical Fiber
Types of Optical Fiber
Multi Mode :
(a) Step-index – Core and Cladding material has uniform but
different refractive index.
(b) Graded Index – Core material has variable index as a function
of the radial distance from the center.
Single Mode – The core diameter is almost equal to the
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Single Mode – The core diameter is almost equal to the
wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along
a single path.
6. Transducers
Transducers
Electrical-to-Optical Transducers
LED - Light Emitting Diode is inexpensive, reliable but can
support only lower bandwidth.
LD – Laser Diode provides high bandwidth and narrow
spectrum.
Optical-to-Electrical Transducers
PIN Diode - Silicone or InGaAs based p-i-n Diode operates well
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
PIN Diode - Silicone or InGaAs based p-i-n Diode operates well
at low bandwidth.
Avalanche Diode – Silicone or InGaAs Diode with internal gain
can work with high data rate.
7. BW Capacity of Fiber Optics
BW Capacity of Fiber Optics
To give perspective to the incredible capacity that fibers
are moving toward, a10-Gbps signal has the ability to
transmit any of the following per second:
1000 books
130,000 voice channels
16 high-definition TV (HDTV)channels or 100 HDTV channels
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
16 high-definition TV (HDTV)channels or 100 HDTV channels
using compression techniques. (an HDTV channel requires a
much higher bandwidth than today’s standard television).
8. Transmission Limitations
Transmission Limitations
Transmission over fiber is limited by the attenuation and
dispersion.
Multimode fibers may experience
Multimode dispersion: The delayed rays cause pulse spreading
Chromatic dispersion: Individual wavelengths may travel at
different speeds.
Dispersion creates an inherent operational limit defined as
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Dispersion creates an inherent operational limit defined as
a bandwidth-distance product (BDP).
9. Bandwidth
Bandwidth-
-Distance Factor Dispersion
Distance Factor Dispersion
Bandwidth-Distance Factor (BDP) Dispersion
km
-
Gbps
D
500
BDP
-
RZ
km
-
Gbps
D
250
BL
BDP
-
NRZ
λ
λ
λ
∆
≤
∆
≤
=
Τ
0.25
≤
∆
DL Acceptable
dispersion
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
D λ
∆
where D = Dispersion coefficient
(psec/km-nm)
L = Distance (km)
T = bit interval (psec)
λ
∆ = Spectrum width (nm)
10. Optical
Optical Source and Detectors
Source and Detectors’
’
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
The spectral width of an optical source is commonly
specified as the fullwidth at half-maximum (FWHM) which
represents the spread between the wavelength at which
the spectrum is at half the magnitude of the peak.
The receiver sensitivity decreases with data rate.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Change in Sensitivity
R =
∆ 10 log10 (R0/R)
where R = new data rate
R0 = reference data rate
0 10
0
Sensitivity Sensitivity 10log
R
R R
R
= +
11. Optical Transmission System Design
Optical Transmission System Design
Transducers
Electrical-to-optical
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Spectral with of an optical source is commonly specified as the full
width at half-maximum (FWHM)
Optical-to-Electrical
12. Line Coding in Optical Transmission
Line Coding in Optical Transmission
Some fiber systems use the line codes described for
wireline transmission that we studied previously.
A few line codes are specifically developed for fiber
applications.
Note that optical sources and detectors are primarily used
in nonlinear modes of operation with significant gain and
threshold variations.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
threshold variations.
They are best suited for on or off.
On-off keying is most natural for optical transmissions
13. mBnB Line Codes
mBnB Line Codes
mBnB – codes m binary bits into n bits (mn)
Example: if m=4 and n=5, sixteen data codes must be chosen
from the set of thirty-two 5-bit line codes.
This is 4B5B line code. The code space is used for control as
well as data.
When transmitting data, the minimum pulse density is 40%
and there can never be more than three intervals without a
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
and there can never be more than three intervals without a
pulse
8B10B coding is used for fiber optics transmission
Each input byte is separated into a 5-bit filed and a 3-bit field
that respectively encoded using a 5B6B and 3B4B algorithm.
14. Other Line Code Examples
Other Line Code Examples
Digital Biphase (Manchester) 1B2B line code
Coded Mark Inversion (CMI) 1B2B Line Code
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Bit Insertion Codes
mB1P code inserts an odd parity every m bits of input
mB1C inserts a bit after every m source bits, complementary
to preceding pulse value. Performance cannot be monitored.
15. WDM
WDM
Achieved through refraction and diffraction technique for
combining and separating optical signals of different wave
lengths.
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
Closely spaced wavelengths are used.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Closely spaced wavelengths are used.
The current methods are:
Thin-film filters
Arrayed Wavelengths
Diffraction Grating
16. WDM
WDM
WDM is fundamentally identical to frequency division
multiplexing as used on electrical or radio transmission
systems. In fact, using the following relationship allows
wavelengths to be related to frequency
f
ν λ
= v=velocity of light=3×108 m/sec
f=frequency (Hz)
λ=wavelength (m)
Prof. Murat Torlak
Example: Determine the difference in wavelegth of two
optical signals separated by 2 GHz and centered at 1500
nm.
f=c/λ=200,000 GHz
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
λ=wavelength (m)
17. Fiber Connectors
Fiber Connectors
A fiber optic splice establishes an optical connection
between two individual optical fibers.
It may be required to fix broken fiber connection or to tap
the fiber for additional connections
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
18. SONET
SONET
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a US standard for
the internal operation of telephone company optical
networks.
It is closely related to a system called SDH (Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy) adopted by the CCITT (now the ITU-T) as
a recommendation for the internal operation of carrier
(PTT) optical networks worldwide.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
(PTT) optical networks worldwide.
Despite the name SONET is not an optical networking
system. It is an electronic networking system designed to
use optical link connections.
19. Importance of SONET
Importance of SONET
SONET and SDH are of immense importance for two reasons:
They offer vast cost savings in public communications networks
by redefining the system of channel multiplexing. This is
achieved through time division multiplexing of user data channels
throughout the network. SONET/SDH offers a significantly better
method of doing this.
Management of the cable plant. Within a typical telephone
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Management of the cable plant. Within a typical telephone
company there are many end-user service offerings. Each of
these is a network in its own rite (including and especially the
telephone network). Each of these networks needs link
connections of various speeds connecting nodes (central offices)
at arbitrary points around the country. However the company
wants to manage and share its cable plant as a single entity.
20. SONET Protocol Structure
SONET Protocol Structure
The basic structure in SONET is a frame of 810 bytes which
is sent every 125 µsec. This allows a single byte within a
frame to be part of a 64 kbps digital voice channel. Since
the minimum frame size is 810 bytes then the minimum
speed at which SONET will operate is 51.84 megabits per
second.
810 bytes × 8000 frames/sec × 8 (bits) = 51.84 megabits/sec.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
810 bytes × 8000 frames/sec × 8 (bits) = 51.84 megabits/sec.
This basic frame is called the Synchronous Transport Signal
level 1 (STS-1), which is an electrical signal.
The diagrammatic representation of the frame as a square
is done for ease of understanding. The 810 bytes are
transmitted row by row starting from the top left of
the diagram. One frame is transmitted every 125 µsec.
Sonet STS-1 Frame Structure.
21. Optical Carrier (OC) Levels
Optical Carrier (OC) Levels
SONET defines optical carrier (OC) levels and electrically
equivalent synchronous transport signals (STSs) for the
fiber-optic–based transmission hierarchy.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
The SDH (ITU standard) refers to synchronous transfer module-n (STM-n) signals.
22. SONET RINGS
SONET RINGS
In long distance wide area applications, SONET networks
may (and usually are) installed using a traditional nodal
network structure.
However, SONET was designed to be operated using a
“Ring” structure. Two basic types of self-healing rings are
Unidirectional ring
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
Bidirectional ring
The ring structure allows for very fast and automatic
service restoration in the case of a cable breakage.
Commercially available SONET equipment is usually able to
restore service after a cable breakage in a time of between
20 ms and 40 ms.
23. Unidirectional Ring
Unidirectional Ring
Unidirectional path switch ring (UPSR) transmit the same
information from A to B in both directions around the ring.
Normally, only the working path is accessed by the
receiving node: if a failure occurs, a node can select the
data on the protection channel.
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
25. Tributaries
Tributaries
Within each payload, slower-speed channels (called tributaries)
may be carried.
Tributaries normally occupy a number of consecutive columns within a
payload.
A US T-1 payload (1.544 Mbps) occupies three columns, a European
E-1 payload (2.048 Mbps) occupies four columns. Notice that there
is some wasted bandwidth here.
A T-1 really only requires 24 slots and three columns gives it 27.
An E-1 requires 32 slots and is given 36. This “wastage” is a very
small price to pay for the enormous benefit to be achieved by being
Prof. Murat Torlak
EE4367 Telecom. Switching Transmission
An E-1 requires 32 slots and is given 36. This “wastage” is a very
small price to pay for the enormous benefit to be achieved by being
able to demultiplex a single tributary stream from within the
multiplexed structure without having to demultiplex the whole
stream.
The tributaries may be fixed within their virtual containers or they
may float, similar to the way a virtual container floats within the
physical frame.
Pointers within the overhead are used to locate each virtual
tributary stream.