4. ▣ Introduce in 1952-53
◾ About 60 yrs ago- Pakistani soil are deficient in N
◾ Ist SSP Plant 1957 (Faisalabad) what to do with
product,
◾ Ammonium sulphate 1958 (Daud Khel)
◾ History was started simple trials by Dr. A.
Wahab under the UN project Freedom from
Hunger Fund Dutch Agronomist Dr. J.G.
Vermaat
◾ Encouraging Results from trials on the farmers
fields & research stations in the country on P & N
5. ▣ NFDC 1978, Planning Commission, GoP
◾ Gathered voluminous data on fertilizers trials under
the financial support of Dutch, FAO & Norwegian
Government Projects
◾ Result fertilizer need increased 55.5 kg 1979-80 to
86.4 kg in 1989-90 & to 124 kg 1990-00 (55%
increased)
6. ▣ Challenges phase
◾ Requires refinement in fertilizer efficiency by
achieving better nutrients ratio & precision
methods of application
◾ De-regulated by the local & imported quantity
imposed pricing problems
◾ Outstanding achievement was MOP (K) as
alternate of SOP
◾ Micronutrient trials by PARC
◾ Fertilizer increased 124 (1999-00) – 185 kg ha-1
(2013-14)
7. ▣ Rising fertilizer pricing:
◾ Urea 2000 (Rs. 324/bag)- 2014 (Rs. 1800/bag)
◾ DAP 2000 (Rs. 632/bag)- 2014 (Rs. 3629/bag)
▣ Crop Output prices
▣ Heavy taxes (on inputs)
▣ Inadequate availability of fertilizer
▣ Lately shortage of gas to the fertilizer factories
▣ Disparity of prices between local & imported
resultant in more expensive & short supply in the
market
10. ▣ Introduction of semi-dwraf cv of wheat in mid
1970s requiring higher application of nutrients-
Dr. N. L. Borlaug, Resulted fertilizer use were;
▣ 1964-65 70,000 tons
▣ 1969-70 312, 000 tons
▣ 1979-80 1044, 000 tons
11. ▣ Phase 1 lasted upto 1960, period of agricultural neglect, resulting in low
annual growth of1.5%.
▣ Phase 2.Between 1960-65 trend was reversed, growth rate was 3.9%
▣ Phase 3. 7.78% between1965-70, period of Green Revolution
▣ Phase 4 i.e between 1970-77 growth rate declined to 1.67% due to
number of exogenous and policy related features.
▣ In terms of dependent population. 82% in 1951, 77.5% in 1961, 74.3% in
1972, 71.72% in 1981 and 79% in 1991.
13. A large increse in food
production in Developed and
Developing countries
achieved by using modern
agricultural techniques.
www.greenrevolutionoxforddictionaries.com
14. Developed
countries: (1950 to
1970)
United State
Canada
New Zealand
Other
countries in
Developing Countries:
(1960s)
o
a
India
Japan
China
Argentin
Colombia
Thailand
Indonesia
Pakistan
Mexic
Bangladesh
Egypt
Turkey
Malaysia
Philipines
15. . Liberal use of Fertilizers
plant growth ( nutrients )
fertilizer provides greener
Get high greater grain yield
16. Bacteria blight stem borer gall midge
rugged stunt brown leaf hopper wilted stunt
23. .Poor famers are unable to benefit
from the benefit of Green Revolution.
. Many small farmers are forced to give
up farming indirectly.
. The rich famers become more
wealthy.
. Green Revolution has brought more
environmental crisis and health risks.
. GR have greatly depleted the world’s fossil
fuel.
26. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
FERTILIZERS
Fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin added to the soil
to supply one or more plant nutrients.
CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZERS
Fertilizer
28. Name Ratio of N:P:K
Urea 46:0:0
Ammonium sulphate (AS) 21:0:0
Ammonium nitrate (AN) 35:0:0
Single super phosphate (SSP) 0:18:0
Triple super phosphate (TSP) 0:46:0
Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) 18:46:0
Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) 11:52:0
Sulphate of potash (SOP) 0:0:50
Murate of potash (MOP) 0:0:60
Nitrophos 23:23:0
NPK 15:15:15
NPK 10:20:20
NPK 13:13:10
29. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
1. Straight fertilizers
Straight
fertilizers are
which supply
one primary
those
only
plant
nutrient,
nitrogen
phosphorus
namely
or
or
potassium. E.g. Urea,
ammonium sulphate,
chloride
potassium
potassium
and
sulphate.
2. Complex fertilizers
Complex
fertilizers contain two or
three primary
nutrients of which
plant
two
primary nutrients are in
chemical combination.
These fertilizers
are usually produced in
granular form e.g.
Diammonium phosphate,
nitrophosphates and
ammonium phosphate.
3. Mixed fertilizers:
Physical
mixtures are straight
fertilizers. They
contain two or three
primary plant
nutrients.
Mixed fertilizers are
made by thoroughly
mixing the ingredients
either mechanically or
manually.
30. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
Fertilizers can also be classified based on physical form
Solid fertilizers Liquid fertilizers
31. Urea prills Granulated urea
Ammonium sulphate
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
Solid fertilizers are in several forms:
• Powder (single superphosphate)
• Crystals (ammonium sulphate)
• Prills (urea, diammonium phosphate,
superphosphate),
• Granules (Holland granules)
• Supergranules (urea supergranules)
• Briquettes (urea briquettes).
32. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
Liquid fertilizers
Liquid form fertilizers are applied with irrigation water or for application.
Ease of handling, less labour requirement and possibility of mixing with
herbicides has made the liquid fertilizers more acceptable to farmers.
TYPES OF FERTILIZERS
Fertilizer
33. A. Nitrogenous fertilizers
More than 80 per cent of the fertilizers used in this country are made up
of nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly urea.
Ammoniacal Nitrate
Ammoniumm
Sulphate
Ammonium chloride Potassium NitrateAmmonium Sulphate Nitrate
Anhydrous
ammonia
Ammoniacal and Amide fertilizer
Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate Urea
Sodium Nitrate
Calcium Nitrate Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Calcium Cynamide
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
34. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
The nitrogenous fertilizers can be further classified into:
Ammonical fertilizers
• Ammoniacal fertilizers contain the nutrient nitrogen in the form of
ammonium or ammonia.
• Except rice, all crops absorb nitrogen in nitrate form. These fertilizers are
resistant to leaching loss, as the ammonium ions get readily absorbed on
the colloidal complex of the soil.
35. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
a) Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2 S04]
It is a white salt completely soluble in water containing
20.6 % N and 24.0 % S
It is used advantageously in rice and jute cultivation.
It is easy to handle and it stores well under dry conditions.
But during rainy season, it sometimes forms lumps.
It can be applied before sowing, at the time of sowing or as
a top-dressing to the growing crop.
36. Ammonium chloride
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
• It is a white salt contains 26.0 % N
• It is usually not recommended for tomato,
tobacco and such other crops as may be injured
by chlorine.
37. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
2. Nitrate Fertilizers
• Nitrate fertilizers contain the nitrogen in the form of NO3
• These ions are easily lost by leaching because of the greater
mobility of nitrate ions in the soil.
• Continuous use of these fertilizers may reduce the soil acidity
as these nitrogenous fertilizers are basic in their residual effect on
soils.
38. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b) Potassium nitrate (KN03)
The purified salt contains 13.0 % N and 36.4 % K.
The nitrogen of the potassium nitrate has the same properties and value
as that of the sodium nitrate.
3. Ammoniacal and nitrate fertilizers
These fertilizers contain nitrogen in both ammonium and nitrate
forms. The nitrates are useful for rapid utilization by crops and the
ammonical is gradually available
39. Calcium nitrate
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
a) Calcium nitrate [Ca (NO3)2]
It is a
hygroscopic solid
white crystalline
soluble in water
containing 15.5 % N and 19.5 % Ca.
The calcium is useful for maintaining a
desirable soil pH.
40. .
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b) Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)
• Calcium ammonium nitrate is a fine free-flowing,
light brown or grey granular fertilizer, containing
26 % N.
• It is almost neutral and can be safely applied
even to acid soils.
• 50% of its total nitrogen is in the ammoniacal
form and another 50% is in nitrate form.
41. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
a) Ammonium nitrate (NH4N03)
• Contain 35 % N half as nitrate nitrogen and half in the
ammonium form.
• In the ammonium form, it cannot be easily leached from the
soil.
• This fertilizer is quick-acting, but highly hygroscopic and not fit
for storage.
• It has an acidulating effect on the soil
42. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
C) Ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2S04 NH4NO3]
It contains 26 % N, three fourths of it in the ammoniacal form and the rest (6.5 %)
as nitrate nitrogen.
It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
• It absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and has to be kept in moisture proof
containers.
• It is readily converted to ammoniacal and nitrate forms in the soil.
The nitrogen in urea is readily fixed in the soil in an ammoniacal form and is not lost
in drainage.
Urea sprays are readily absorbed by plants.
It may be applied at sowing or as, a top-dressing.
It is suitable for most crops and can be applied to all soils.
43. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b) Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2)
• Calcium cyanamide or nitrolime contains 20.6 % N
• It is a greyish white powdery material that decomposed in moist
soil giving rise to ammonia.
B. Phosphatic fertilizers
Phosphatic fertilizers are chemical substances that contain
the nutrient phosphorus in absorbable form (Phosphate anions) or
that yield after conversion in the soil.
44. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
4. Amide fertilizers
Amide fertilizers are readily soluble in water and easily
decomposable in the soil.
a) Urea [CO (NH2)2]
It is the most concentrated solid nitrogenous fertilizer,
containing 46 % N
It is a white crystalline substance readily soluble in water.
45. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
Super phosphate [Ca (H2PO4)2)
This is the most important phosphatic fertilizer in use.
It contains 16 % P2O5 in available form.
It is a grey ash like powder with good keeping or storage
qualities.
Phosphatic fertilizer hardly moves in the soil and hence they are
placed in the, root zone.
46. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
Triple super phosphate:
The concentrated super phosphate is called as Triple super phosphate and
it contains 46 % P2O5 .
This fertilizer is suitable for all crops and all soils.
In acid soils, it should be used in conjunction with organic manure.
It can be applied before or at sowing or transplanting.
47. C. Potassic fertilizers
There are a limited number of fertilizer materials that can be used
to supply K when needed.
Common fertilizer sources of K
Material Chemical Formula K2O Contend(%)
Potassium chloride KCl 60
Potassium-magnesium sulfate K2SO4-2MgSO4 20
Potassium nitrate KNO3 44
Potassium sulfate K2SO4 50
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
48. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
)Potassium chloride (KCI)
Potassium chloride or muriate of potash is a white or
red, crystal containing 60.0 % K2O.
It is completely soluble in water and therefore readily
available to the crops.
It is not lost from the soil, as it is absorbed on the
colloidal surfaces.
It can be applied at sowing or before or after sowing.
49. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b) Potassium sulphate (K2S04)
• Potassium sulphate or sulphate of potash is a white salt and
contains 48 % K2O.
• It is soluble in water nd therefore readily available to the crop.
• It does not produce any acidity or alkalinity in the soil.
• It is preferred for fertilization of crops like tobacco, potato etc.,
50. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
E. Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers
a. Magnesium fertilizers
These are chemical substances containing the
nutrient magnesium in the form of magnesium
cations (Mg2+).
Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)
The utilization rate of magnesium fertilizers
decreases with increasing potassium supplies.
51. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b. Calcium fertilizers
These are the chemical substances containing the
nutrient calcium in absorbable calcium cations ('Ca2+) form.
The raw material of calcium fertilizers is lime found in
nature.
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2 6H2O)
It contains at least 15 % Ca.
It is highly water soluble and can, therefore, be dissolved
for application as a foliar nutrient.
52. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
D. Micronutrient Fertilizers
The importance of fertilization of crops with micro-nutrients is
increasing mainly because of greater removal from the soil, intensive liming
of soil, intensive drainage of soil, higher use of nitrogenous, phosphatic and
potassic fertilizers etc.
There are seven essential micronutrients required by plants.
These are iron, manganese, zinc, copper, chlorine, boron and
molybdenum.
53. Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
c. Sulphate Fertilizers
These are chemical substances containing the nutrient
sulphur in the form of absorbable sulphate anions (SO42-).
The sulphur requirements of plants are about two third of their
phosphorus requirements.
Substantial sulphur supplies occur as minor constituents of
various N, P and K fertilizers.
54. Ferrous sulphate It is a water soluble fertilizer containing 20 % Fe
(FeSO4 7H2O)
Fe – Chelates
Fe-EDTA
Fe-EDDPA
Suitable for application as foliar nutrients
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
a. lron fertilizers
These are generally water soluble substances, predominantly sprayed
as foliar nutrients on the crops.
Plants absorb iron in the form of Fe2+.
55. ManganousSulphate
( MnSO4 7H2O)
It is the well known water soluble Mn fertilizer.
It is pink salt containing 24 % Mn.
It dissolves in water and is suitable for foliar
application.
Mn – chelates (Mn –It contains 13 % Mn.
DTA) It plays an important role in the crop fertilization.
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
b. Manganese fertilizers
The manganese (Mn) fertilizers are as follows:
56. Borax (Na2B4O
10H2O)
It contains 11 % B
It is water soluble white salt
It can be applied as a soil dressing or foliar
application
Boric acid (H3BO3) It contains 18 % B
It is a white crystalline powder
It is applied as a foliar nutrient
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
d. Copper Fertilizers
Copper fertilizers have been used to correct copper (Cu),deficiencies.
Copper sulphate (CuSO4 5H2O) – 25 % Cu
Copper sulphate (CuSO4 H2O) – 36 % Cu
e. Boron Fertilizers
57. Zincsulphate
(ZnSO4 7H2O)
It is water soluble whitish salt containing 23 %
Zn.
It is applied as foliar nutrient.
Its acidic action causes corrosion damage to
plants
Zinc-oxide(ZnO) It contains 70 % Zn.
It is slightly soluble in water
It is used as slow acting foliar nutrient
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
c. Zinc fertilizers
Zinc (Zn) fertilizers play an important role in Zn
deficient
58. f. Molybdenum Fertilizers
Sodium molybdate It contains 40 % Mo
(Na2MoO42H2O)
Ammonium
molybdate
(NH4)6Mo7O244H2O)
It contains 54 % Mo
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
59. To Sum up
Sources and Forms of Fertilizer
Fertilizers are available in both organic as well as inorganic
forms.
They are classified as straight, complex and mixed fertilizers.
They can also be classified into solid and liquid fertilizers.
Fertilizers are applied to supply nutrients required by the crop
that are taken up from the soil.
60. ▣ Specially Thanks to
Sir Ayub khan...
▣ May Allah Keeps his
respectness, happiness
and smiling nature
always
▣Ameeen
