Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long-term cross-border investment made by a firm in business activities located in another economy. FDI can take several forms including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. India allows FDI through various modes and sectors to promote economic growth. While FDI has benefits like job creation and technology transfers, it also poses risks such as inflation and loss of policy flexibility. Overall, FDI has played an important role in India's development but more can still be done to spread its benefits across sectors and regions.
Eder International Solutions is a Sales Development Consultancy company focused on Sales Outsourcing Services and Interim Management.
We help our customers extend their Business worldwide in a Cost-Efficient way, without the need of elevated investments in local infrastructures.
A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct control.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT Prepared by RakeshRanjan Sahoo-138 Chandra Sekhar Das-152 Pratik Dasgupta-153 Tonoy Banerjee-156 Madhusudan Palo-177 Farhanur Rahman-185
2. INTRODUCTION Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is normally a form of investment made in order of long-lasting interest in enterprises that are operated outside of the economy . They are usually non volatile in nature. Preferred over other forms of external finance because they are non debt creating. Their returns usually depends on the performance of the project.
3. DEFINITION According to world bank: “Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors.”
4. Modes of FDI 1) By Direction * Inward *Outward 2) By Target * Mergers and Acquisitions * Horizontal FDI * Vertical FDI (a) Backward Vertical FDI (b) Forward Vertical FDI 3 )By Motive * Resource-Seeking * Market-Seeking * Efficiency-Seeking 4/13/2011 4
5. FDI IN INDIA In India, Foreign Direct Investment Policy allows for investment only in case of the following form of investments: Through financial alliance , Through joint schemes and technical alliance , Through capital markets, Through private placements or preferential allotments .
6. Factors Affecting FDI Financial incentives (Funds from local Government) Fiscal incentives (Exemption from import duties) Indirect incentives (Provides land and Political stability Market potential & accessibility Large economy Market size 4/13/2011 6
7. Why India? Liberal, largest democracy, Political Stability Second largest emerging market (US$ 2.4 trillion) Skilled and competitive labors force highest rates of return on investment one hundred of the Fortune 500 have R & D facilities in India Second largest group of software developers after the U.S. lists 6,500 companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange (only the NYSE has more) 4/13/2011 7
8. Why India (cont.) World's fourth largest economy & second largest pharmaceutical industry growth over the past few years averaging 8% has a middle class estimated at 300 million out of a total population of 1 billion Destination for business process outsourcing, Knowledge processing etc. Second largest English-speaking, scientific, technical and executive manpower Low costs & Tax exemptions in SEZ Tax incentives for IT , business process outsourcing and KPO companies 4/13/2011 8
11. India ranks among the top 12 producers of manufacturing value added (MVA).
12. In textiles, the country is ranked 4th after China, USA and Italy.
13. In electrical machinery and apparatus, it is ranked 5th. According to a United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) analysis based on 2007 figures mentioned in the International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2009
17. 10th in leather, leather products, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
18. 12th in machinery and equipment and motor vehicles.According to a United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) analysis based on 2007 figures mentioned in the International Yearbook of Industrial Statistics 2009
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22. FDI In India Across Different Sectors Hotel & Tourism- 100 per cent FDI is permitted for this sector through the automatic route. Trading- For trading companies 100 per cent FDI is allowed for Exports, Bulk Imports , Cash and Carry wholesale trading. Power- FDI allowed is upto 100% Drugs and pharmaceuticals- FDI is allowed upto 100% subject to the fact that the venture does not attract compulsory licensing, does not involve use of recombinant DNA technology.
23. Contd… Private banking- FDI of 49 per cent is allowed in the Banking sector through the automatic route provided the investment adheres to guidelines issued by RBI. Insurance sector- For the Insurance sector FDI allowed is 26 per cent through the automatic route on condition of getting license from Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA). BPO- FDI of 100 per cent is permitted provided such investments satisfy certain prerequisites. NRI’S and OCB’S - They can have direct investment in industry, trade and infrastructure
24. Contd… Telecommunication- For basic, cellular, value added services and mobile personal communications by satellite, FDI is 49 per cent. For Internet Service Protocols with gateways, radio-paging and end to end bandwidth, FDI is allowed up to 74 per cent. But any FDI above 49 per cent would require government approval.
28. why Services Sector ? Introduction of ‘Manmohanomics’ in 1991 Liberalization of many service sectors activities (telecom, transport, finance etc.) One of the sector which got most reform benefits
29. FDI contribution to Services Sector Attracted $3.12 billion FDI in the first seven months of 2009-10 22 per cent of the total FDI inflows of $17.64 billion in the April-October for service sector In 2008-09, attracted the maximum FDI worth USD 6.11 billion.
30. FDI Policy in Services Sector 100% FDI is permitted for many service sectors (Real estate, construction, hotels, tourism, films, IT and IT - enabled services, consultancy, renting, medical, education, advertising etc) Phased manner: to allow domestic companies to prepare for global competition (Banking, Insurance, Media, organisedRetail Trade )
31. FICCI Study in Indian Manufacturing Sector: Salient Points
33. Restricted sectors in Services Atomic Energy, Lottery Business, Gambling and Betting, Business of Chit Fund, and any activity/sector that is not opened to private sector investment. Besides the above, FDI is not allowed in plantations.
34. IMPACT OF FDI IN INDIA Enabled India to achieve a high degree of growth and development. A number of projects have been announced in areas such as electricity generation, distribution and transmission, as well as the development of roads and highways, with opportunities for foreign investors. The Indian national government also provided permission to FDIs to provide up to 100% of the financing required for the construction of bridges and tunnels, but with a limit on foreign equity of INR 1,500 crores, approximately $352.5m.
35. FDI IN COMPARISON TO CHINA. FDI has helped the Indian economy grow, and the government continues to encourage more investments of this sort - but with $5.3 billion in FDI in 2004 India gets less than 10% of the FDI of China. By 2004, India received $5.3 billion in FDI, big growth compared to previous years, but less than 10% of the $60.6 billion that flowed into China.
36. Cont…… Chinese approval process is complex, it includes both national and regional approval in the same process. Federal democracy is perversely an impediment for India. Local authorities are not part of the approvals process and have their own rights, and this often leads to projects getting bogged down in red tape and bureaucracy. India actually receives less than half the FDI that the federal government approves.
39. Role of FDI in economic growth Higher capital formation. Impetus to economic growth. Domestic labours. Government External scale of economies. Tax revenue
41. ADVANTAGES Inflow of exchanges. Transfer of technology. Reduction in poverty and unemployment. Easy capital formation. Higher revenue for government. Global exposure for local companies in case of joint venture.
42. DISADVANTAGES Fluctuation in value of home currency. Environment and natural cost. Inflation . Greater competition for small and infant industries Compromising with soveigernity .
46. Don’t Be Confused BetweenFDI & FII FII- is Foreign Institutional Investors, i.e, foreign Investment Bankers like Goldman sachs, Merrill lynch, Lehman bros etc...investing in indian markets......in other words buying indian stocks.....FII's generally buy in large volumes which has an impact on the stock markets...FDI - is Foreign Direct Investments i.e. a foreign company having a stake in a public sector undertaking in a country for a long period and that company is called Multinational Enterprise.
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48. FDI gives some CONTROL in operation of foreign company to the foreign company
49. FII is when a foreign company buys equity in any company through stock market.
58. Large Availability of CapitalProblem of inflation Reduces flexibility of Policy makers Hot Money False representation of Economy Can’t be used for long term Problems for small investors
59. conclusion Instrumental in growth and development of economy . As every economic techniques it has its cost and benefits. Many sectors and regions are yet to be benefited. Hit over world wide because of its non volatile nature.
Editor's Notes
(cumulative inflows Apr’00 to Nov’09)
The liberalization measures post-1990 has changed with foreign investments radically, now portfolio as well as Foreign Direct Investment are not only allowed but also actively encouraged.
In both banking and insurance, foreign investment is permitted subject to specific caps or entry conditions. FDI in media is permitted with varying sector caps. Retail trade is currently restricted to 51% FDI permitted in single brand retail stores and 100% FDI permitted in wholesale cash and carry. Legal services are currently not open to foreign investment.
The manufacturing sector is estimated to have a US$ 180-billion investment opportunity over the next five years, according to the Investment Commission of India.
Besides this, FICCI study pointed-out that the technology transfer and absorption which is one of the major benefits of FDI has not taken place adequately in various manufacturing sectors in India. While there are few Indian manufacturing firms whose technological capabilities are world class, but for many manufacturers especially in SMEs, technological capabilities are limited. A concrete and comprehensive Action plan to attract FDI in important and strategic areas like Computer Hardware, Capital Goods, Ship Building, Aerospace, Electronics, Medical Devices and Food Processing. FDI Policy should aim at incentivizing maximum value addition in the country. Incentivize technology transfer by adopting ‘Swap Technology for Market’ policy as is the case in China. Rationalizing complex regulatory procedures and reducing delays in the project approvals.
Subject to these foreign equity conditions, a foreign company can set up a registered company in India and operate under the same laws, rules and regulations as any India-owned company.India extends National Treatment to foreign investors with absolutely no discrimination against foreign-invested companies registered in India or in favor of domestic ones
About six States in India account for more than 55 per cent of FDI receipts.This high regional concentration could pose long-term problems for both countries. Hence, it is vital to analyze the main determinants of regional differences in FDI.The studies reviewed indicate that four possible sets of factors influence interregional distribution of FDI in a given country. They are:(a) International orientation, (b) Infrastructure, (c) Education and social indicators, and (d) Prosperity and industrial development of the region.
