The document describes 11 different forest types found in Pakistan:
1) Alpine Scrub forest located above 4000m with shrubs and grasses adapted to harsh winter conditions.
2) Sub-Alpine Forest between 3300-4000m containing both coniferous and broadleaved trees.
3) Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest between 1700-3350m with open canopies and undergrowth.
4) Himalayan moist Temperate Forest between 1700-3350m containing productive conifer forests.
5) Subtropical Chir Pine Forest from 920-1700m dominated by Chir pine.
1) Forests cover less than 4% of Pakistan's land and are declining due to deforestation.
2) Primary forests consist of native tree species while secondary forests are recovering from human disturbances like logging.
3) The largest forest is a 247,000 acre juniper forest in Baluchistan that is threatened by logging and lack of conservation efforts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of forests in India. It defines forests and describes different classification systems for forests based on factors like age, growing stock, and species composition. It then outlines the major forest types in India according to the Champion and Seth classification system from 1935, including tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and various Himalayan forest types. It concludes by discussing the importance and distribution of forests in India, as well as some problems related to forest development.
Montane forests are found in high-altitude, hilly locations between 1000-3000 meters above sea level. They have a temperate climate with average annual temperatures between 11-14°C and high rainfall. Trees like birch, pine, and fur are common, and animals like Tibetan antelope, yak, and red pandas can be found. Montane forests are located in mountainous regions around the world, including the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians.
This document provides information about natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It discusses the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also describes the factors that affect the distribution of flora and fauna across India, such as climate, soil type, and relief of the land. Additionally, it summarizes the various steps taken by the Indian government to protect the country's rich biodiversity, including establishing biosphere reserves, botanical gardens, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and conservation projects.
This document summarizes the major forest types found in India. It describes 5 main forest types - tropical forests, montane subtropical forests, temperate montane forests, sub-alpine forests, and alpine forests. Each forest type is further divided into subtypes based on factors like climate, rainfall, temperature, and elevation. The document provides details on the characteristic features and locations of each forest subtype.
This document provides information on the different forest types found in Pakistan. It discusses 9 forest types: 1) Littoral and Swamp forests, 2) Tropical thorn forests, 3) Tropical dry deciduous forests, 4) Sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests, 5) Sub-tropical pine forests, 6) Himalayan moist temperate forests, 7) Himalayan dry temperate forests, 8) Sub-alpine forests, and 9) Alpine scrub. For each forest type, it discusses their distribution, locality factors, and dominant flora. The total forest area in Pakistan is 4.26 million hectares, which is a very small percentage of the total land
Vegetation in India is primarily determined by climate and includes tropical rain forests, tropical deciduous forests, desert vegetation, mountain vegetation, and mangrove forests. The forests can be broadly classified into these categories. Tropical rain forests are found along the western Ghats and parts of northeast India and receive over 200cm of rainfall annually. Tropical deciduous forests are located in the foothills of the Himalayas and parts of central India and are dominated by teak and sal trees. Desert vegetation consists of scattered trees and bushes found in dry regions like Rajasthan. Mountain forests vary from tropical to alpine based on increasing altitude. Mangrove forests near coastal areas provide timber and support local livelihoods. Forests
1) Forests cover less than 4% of Pakistan's land and are declining due to deforestation.
2) Primary forests consist of native tree species while secondary forests are recovering from human disturbances like logging.
3) The largest forest is a 247,000 acre juniper forest in Baluchistan that is threatened by logging and lack of conservation efforts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of forests in India. It defines forests and describes different classification systems for forests based on factors like age, growing stock, and species composition. It then outlines the major forest types in India according to the Champion and Seth classification system from 1935, including tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, and various Himalayan forest types. It concludes by discussing the importance and distribution of forests in India, as well as some problems related to forest development.
Montane forests are found in high-altitude, hilly locations between 1000-3000 meters above sea level. They have a temperate climate with average annual temperatures between 11-14°C and high rainfall. Trees like birch, pine, and fur are common, and animals like Tibetan antelope, yak, and red pandas can be found. Montane forests are located in mountainous regions around the world, including the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians.
This document provides information about natural vegetation and wildlife in India. It discusses the different types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also describes the factors that affect the distribution of flora and fauna across India, such as climate, soil type, and relief of the land. Additionally, it summarizes the various steps taken by the Indian government to protect the country's rich biodiversity, including establishing biosphere reserves, botanical gardens, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and conservation projects.
This document summarizes the major forest types found in India. It describes 5 main forest types - tropical forests, montane subtropical forests, temperate montane forests, sub-alpine forests, and alpine forests. Each forest type is further divided into subtypes based on factors like climate, rainfall, temperature, and elevation. The document provides details on the characteristic features and locations of each forest subtype.
This document provides information on the different forest types found in Pakistan. It discusses 9 forest types: 1) Littoral and Swamp forests, 2) Tropical thorn forests, 3) Tropical dry deciduous forests, 4) Sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen forests, 5) Sub-tropical pine forests, 6) Himalayan moist temperate forests, 7) Himalayan dry temperate forests, 8) Sub-alpine forests, and 9) Alpine scrub. For each forest type, it discusses their distribution, locality factors, and dominant flora. The total forest area in Pakistan is 4.26 million hectares, which is a very small percentage of the total land
Vegetation in India is primarily determined by climate and includes tropical rain forests, tropical deciduous forests, desert vegetation, mountain vegetation, and mangrove forests. The forests can be broadly classified into these categories. Tropical rain forests are found along the western Ghats and parts of northeast India and receive over 200cm of rainfall annually. Tropical deciduous forests are located in the foothills of the Himalayas and parts of central India and are dominated by teak and sal trees. Desert vegetation consists of scattered trees and bushes found in dry regions like Rajasthan. Mountain forests vary from tropical to alpine based on increasing altitude. Mangrove forests near coastal areas provide timber and support local livelihoods. Forests
This document summarizes the different types of natural vegetation and forests found in India. It discusses six main types of forests - tropical evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, tropical dry deciduous, thorn forests, tidal forests, and Himalayan temperate forests - and their geographic distributions across India based on climate and terrain. It also provides statistics on India's total forest land coverage and the states with highest and lowest concentrations of forests. The document concludes by noting problems with forest degradation due to population growth and unsustainable practices, and the need for forest development efforts.
This document provides an overview of the major types of vegetation found in Pakistan, including:
- Tropical vegetation like dry tropical forests and tropical thorn forests, characterized by deciduous trees, lower canopies, and plant adaptations for drought.
- Moist and dry temperate forests in the Himalayas between 1500-4000m elevation, dominated by oak, conifers, and xerophytic shrubs.
- Sub-alpine vegetation below the tree line with meadows.
- Sub-tropical vegetation consisting of evergreen trees, bushes and shrubs adapted to hot humid summers and mild winters.
- Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation
The document discusses montane forests, which are forests found in mountainous areas. It describes how montane forests are divided based on altitude and the associated changes in temperature and vegetation. Specifically, it mentions that montane forests can be divided into wet temperate forests between 1,000-2,000 meters, temperate forests between 1,500-3,000 meters, and alpine vegetation above 3,600 meters. The document also discusses the wildlife, trees, and pastoral activities commonly found at different elevations within montane forests.
The document discusses the different types of forests found in India, focusing on tropical dry forests. It notes that tropical dry forests are found between 10-25 degrees latitude, have a long dry season followed by heavy rainfall, and are located north and south of rainforests as well as near coasts. The main types of tropical dry forests in India are tropical dry deciduous forests and tropical thorn forests, which are characterized by drought-adapted plants and animals. Tropical dry deciduous forests in India are predominantly located in northern and southern regions, and have teak, ebony, and rosewood as main canopy trees. These forests provide important resources and habitat for wildlife.
The document provides information on forest resources in India. It discusses India's forest cover according to the 2019 State of Forest Report, which found tree and forest cover made up 24.56% of India's area. It then categorizes India's forests into five types based on rainfall: tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, thorn, montane, and littoral/swamp forests. Each forest type is described in terms of its location, climate, and common tree species. The document also discusses the functions, ecological importance, causes of deforestation, and effects of deforestation on the environment like soil erosion, decreased rainfall, and loss of biodiversity. It notes that while India's forest cover was originally
The document summarizes the key characteristics of tropical rain forests. It notes that tropical rain forests are located near the equator in areas with high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. They contain high levels of biodiversity and many tree species, though soils are low in nutrients. Tropical rain forests are under increasing pressure from logging, agriculture, and development which can permanently degrade the forests and convert them to grasslands. The document also provides brief overviews of tropical seasonal forests and savannas.
Here are the key differences between moist and dry deciduous forests:
- Moist deciduous forests receive higher rainfall between 100-200 cm, while dry deciduous forests receive lower rainfall between 75-100 cm.
- Moist deciduous forests are found in rainier areas like the Northeastern states, along the Himalayan foothills, Jharkhand, West Orissa, Chhattisgarh and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
- Dry deciduous forests are found in less rainy parts of the peninsular plateau, plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and have more open stretches between trees.
Vegetation represents the cleaning health of plant life and the amount of ground soil provided by plants and animals . Vegetation has no particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extend, or any other specific botanical or good characteristics. It is broader than flora which refer exclusive to species the composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.
India has a diverse range of flora and fauna due to its varied climate, soil and terrain. It is home to 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and over 1,200 bird species. Various factors like relief, soil, climate influence the natural vegetation in India. To protect this natural heritage, the government has established biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and implemented projects like Project Tiger.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and 1,200 bird species. This diversity is due to factors like varied climate, soil types, and terrain across the country. Several initiatives have been taken by the government to protect flora and fauna, including establishing biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and conservation projects for endangered species. However, natural vegetation in India has reduced due to increasing agricultural land, urbanization, and other human activities.
1) India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and 1,200 bird species.
2) The country's varied climate, terrain, soil types, and relief features have led to a wide variety of natural vegetation ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine grasslands.
3) Deforestation, urbanization, grazing, and development have degraded much of India's original natural vegetation, though some intact ecosystems remain in remote or inaccessible areas.
India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and 1,200 bird species. This diversity is due to factors like varied climate, soil, and terrain across the country. However, natural vegetation has been degraded due to growing agriculture, industries, urbanization, and overgrazing. The government has taken steps to conserve flora and fauna by establishing biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and protecting endangered species through projects like Project Tiger.
There are three main types of forests: coniferous, temperate broadleaf, and tropical. Coniferous forests include taiga, temperate needleleaf rainforest, woodlands, southern pine forests, and montane forests. Temperate broadleaf forests include deciduous forests and evergreen rainforests. Tropical forests include rainforests, montane rainforests, seasonal forests, and dry forests. Forests have distinct structures with canopies, understories, and forest floors that provide habitat for diverse plant and animal life.
The document summarizes different types of natural vegetation found in India. It describes tropical evergreen forests which are found in heavy rainfall areas and contain tall trees and diverse wildlife. Tropical deciduous forests are divided into moist and dry varieties based on rainfall, and contain trees that shed leaves during summer. Thorn forests and scrubs are found in semi-arid regions and contain acacia and palm trees. Montane forests are divided by altitude into wet temperate, temperate and alpine zones. Mangrove forests are tidal forests found along river deltas and contain Sundari and palm trees as well as wildlife like tigers and crocodiles.
PPT on Natural vegetation and wildlife for class 8 It includes information about Different types of forests and parks as you can see in ppt. Don't forget to follow and like my uploads.
This document summarizes the local vegetation of Pakistan. It is divided into five main categories based on climate, altitude, and plant types: 1) Dry tropical forest vegetation, 2) Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation, 3) Dry temperate forests vegetation, 4) Moist temperature forest vegetation, 5) Sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Each category is further divided and descriptions of location, climate, soils, flora, uses, and economic importance are provided for various forest types such as tropical thorn forests, riverine tract forests, and sandy tract vegetation.
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief and climate that affect the diversity of flora and fauna in India. The document further provides details on India's wildlife and the distribution of various animal species. It highlights government conservation efforts like projects tiger and rhino as well as the establishment of biosphere reserves and protected areas to conserve India's natural heritage.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
This document summarizes the different types of natural vegetation and forests found in India. It discusses six main types of forests - tropical evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, tropical dry deciduous, thorn forests, tidal forests, and Himalayan temperate forests - and their geographic distributions across India based on climate and terrain. It also provides statistics on India's total forest land coverage and the states with highest and lowest concentrations of forests. The document concludes by noting problems with forest degradation due to population growth and unsustainable practices, and the need for forest development efforts.
This document provides an overview of the major types of vegetation found in Pakistan, including:
- Tropical vegetation like dry tropical forests and tropical thorn forests, characterized by deciduous trees, lower canopies, and plant adaptations for drought.
- Moist and dry temperate forests in the Himalayas between 1500-4000m elevation, dominated by oak, conifers, and xerophytic shrubs.
- Sub-alpine vegetation below the tree line with meadows.
- Sub-tropical vegetation consisting of evergreen trees, bushes and shrubs adapted to hot humid summers and mild winters.
- Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation
The document discusses montane forests, which are forests found in mountainous areas. It describes how montane forests are divided based on altitude and the associated changes in temperature and vegetation. Specifically, it mentions that montane forests can be divided into wet temperate forests between 1,000-2,000 meters, temperate forests between 1,500-3,000 meters, and alpine vegetation above 3,600 meters. The document also discusses the wildlife, trees, and pastoral activities commonly found at different elevations within montane forests.
The document discusses the different types of forests found in India, focusing on tropical dry forests. It notes that tropical dry forests are found between 10-25 degrees latitude, have a long dry season followed by heavy rainfall, and are located north and south of rainforests as well as near coasts. The main types of tropical dry forests in India are tropical dry deciduous forests and tropical thorn forests, which are characterized by drought-adapted plants and animals. Tropical dry deciduous forests in India are predominantly located in northern and southern regions, and have teak, ebony, and rosewood as main canopy trees. These forests provide important resources and habitat for wildlife.
The document provides information on forest resources in India. It discusses India's forest cover according to the 2019 State of Forest Report, which found tree and forest cover made up 24.56% of India's area. It then categorizes India's forests into five types based on rainfall: tropical evergreen, tropical deciduous, thorn, montane, and littoral/swamp forests. Each forest type is described in terms of its location, climate, and common tree species. The document also discusses the functions, ecological importance, causes of deforestation, and effects of deforestation on the environment like soil erosion, decreased rainfall, and loss of biodiversity. It notes that while India's forest cover was originally
The document summarizes the key characteristics of tropical rain forests. It notes that tropical rain forests are located near the equator in areas with high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. They contain high levels of biodiversity and many tree species, though soils are low in nutrients. Tropical rain forests are under increasing pressure from logging, agriculture, and development which can permanently degrade the forests and convert them to grasslands. The document also provides brief overviews of tropical seasonal forests and savannas.
Here are the key differences between moist and dry deciduous forests:
- Moist deciduous forests receive higher rainfall between 100-200 cm, while dry deciduous forests receive lower rainfall between 75-100 cm.
- Moist deciduous forests are found in rainier areas like the Northeastern states, along the Himalayan foothills, Jharkhand, West Orissa, Chhattisgarh and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
- Dry deciduous forests are found in less rainy parts of the peninsular plateau, plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and have more open stretches between trees.
Vegetation represents the cleaning health of plant life and the amount of ground soil provided by plants and animals . Vegetation has no particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extend, or any other specific botanical or good characteristics. It is broader than flora which refer exclusive to species the composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassed by the term vegetation.
India has a diverse range of flora and fauna due to its varied climate, soil and terrain. It is home to 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and over 1,200 bird species. Various factors like relief, soil, climate influence the natural vegetation in India. To protect this natural heritage, the government has established biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and implemented projects like Project Tiger.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and 1,200 bird species. This diversity is due to factors like varied climate, soil types, and terrain across the country. Several initiatives have been taken by the government to protect flora and fauna, including establishing biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and conservation projects for endangered species. However, natural vegetation in India has reduced due to increasing agricultural land, urbanization, and other human activities.
1) India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and 1,200 bird species.
2) The country's varied climate, terrain, soil types, and relief features have led to a wide variety of natural vegetation ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine grasslands.
3) Deforestation, urbanization, grazing, and development have degraded much of India's original natural vegetation, though some intact ecosystems remain in remote or inaccessible areas.
India has a high level of biodiversity with over 47,000 plant species, 15,000 flowering plants, 89,000 animal species, and 1,200 bird species. This diversity is due to factors like varied climate, soil, and terrain across the country. However, natural vegetation has been degraded due to growing agriculture, industries, urbanization, and overgrazing. The government has taken steps to conserve flora and fauna by establishing biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and protecting endangered species through projects like Project Tiger.
There are three main types of forests: coniferous, temperate broadleaf, and tropical. Coniferous forests include taiga, temperate needleleaf rainforest, woodlands, southern pine forests, and montane forests. Temperate broadleaf forests include deciduous forests and evergreen rainforests. Tropical forests include rainforests, montane rainforests, seasonal forests, and dry forests. Forests have distinct structures with canopies, understories, and forest floors that provide habitat for diverse plant and animal life.
The document summarizes different types of natural vegetation found in India. It describes tropical evergreen forests which are found in heavy rainfall areas and contain tall trees and diverse wildlife. Tropical deciduous forests are divided into moist and dry varieties based on rainfall, and contain trees that shed leaves during summer. Thorn forests and scrubs are found in semi-arid regions and contain acacia and palm trees. Montane forests are divided by altitude into wet temperate, temperate and alpine zones. Mangrove forests are tidal forests found along river deltas and contain Sundari and palm trees as well as wildlife like tigers and crocodiles.
PPT on Natural vegetation and wildlife for class 8 It includes information about Different types of forests and parks as you can see in ppt. Don't forget to follow and like my uploads.
This document summarizes the local vegetation of Pakistan. It is divided into five main categories based on climate, altitude, and plant types: 1) Dry tropical forest vegetation, 2) Dry sub-tropical sub-mountainous vegetation, 3) Dry temperate forests vegetation, 4) Moist temperature forest vegetation, 5) Sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. Each category is further divided and descriptions of location, climate, soils, flora, uses, and economic importance are provided for various forest types such as tropical thorn forests, riverine tract forests, and sandy tract vegetation.
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief and climate that affect the diversity of flora and fauna in India. The document further provides details on India's wildlife and the distribution of various animal species. It highlights government conservation efforts like projects tiger and rhino as well as the establishment of biosphere reserves and protected areas to conserve India's natural heritage.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
3. Alpine Scrub forest
• Alpine scrubs are found on mountain tops or high elevations in the extreme
northern area of Pakistan.
• These forests form narrow belt around the mountain tops below the
snowline also called alpine pastures and include mountainous region of
Himalayas, Karakourm and Hindukush.
• Thay rises to an elevation that ranges from 4000 m or above from the sea
level.
• Due to extreme elevations, these regions are not easy accessible and
experience very long and sever winter with heavy snow falls that may rise
to 6 feet annually.
• Climate is harsh with mean annual temperature and precipitation ranging
between 1-6°C and 500-600 mm respectively.
4. • The forest type is not fit for good tree growth however scrub
formation is common dense and profusely mixed with grasses that
may rise up to 0.5 to 2 m high.
• Vegetation is characterized by the development of flexible stem and
branches to withstand snow pressure and herbaceous flora include
palatable grasses commonly used for grazing and browsing by the
local herds.
• The species include shrubs: Willow (Salix babylonica), Sumblu
(Berberis lyceum), Phut (Lonicera japonica), Chan (Rhododendron
arboreum), Juniper(Juniperus communis), Ephedra (Ephedra
nebrodensis), Guchh (Viburnum nervosum) andgrasses: Draba
trineriva, Polygonum affine, Saxifraga sibirica, Primula capitelaita.
• These regions mostly serve as watersheds and commonly managed
for recreational purposes.
5. Sub-Alpine Forest
• Sub-alpine forest covers the topmost region for tree formation that includes
Himalayas, Karakourm, Hindukush, Hazara, Sawat, Dir, Chitral, Skardu, Gilgit
(Northern Areas) and Kashmir regions.
• These forests exist below the alpine scrub zone at an elevation ranging from 3350
to 4000 m or up to the timber line.
• Vegetation includes the evergreen conifers in the upper elevation like Fir and Blue
Pine and evergreen broad-leaved trees dominated by Birch at the lower end.
Deciduous shrubby undergrowth of Rhododendrons, Guch, and Willow, etc.
• Climate is less intense in comparison to the alpine scrub and is characterized by
short summer and severs long winter.
• Annual average temperature and precipitation ranges is about 10°C and 650-900
m respectively.
• Snowfall is of great importance that may exceed 1m annually therefore soil
formation is very slow and rocks are therefore with little soil cover.
6. • Dwarf junipers trees are abundant towards the upper limit that rarely
exceeds 8 m in height however the broad leaf species on the lower
limits commonly exceeds 9 m in height and the shrub growth remain
between 1-3 m.
• common species found in this forest types are
Conifers: Only few conifer species occur in this forest type which are
Fir or Partal (Abies pindrow), Kail or Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana)
Juniper (Juniperus communis).
Broadleaved: Birch (Betula utilus), Guchh (Viburnum nervosum), Chan
(Rhododendron arboreum), Batangi (Pyrus pashia), Willow (Salix
acmophylla), (Salix babylonica),(Salix tetrasperma).
Grasses: (Primula capiteliata),(Phleum alpinum), (Agrostis gigantean).
Managed under selection wood system, these forests are highly
valuable watersheds and are also used for recreational purposes.
7. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest
• These forests occur at elevation between 1700 – 3350 m.
• They cover parts of Chitral,Gilgit, Sakardu, Hunza, Upper parts of
Suleiman Mountain Range to the North West.
• These forests are located just below the sub alpine forests.
• Thay mixes with moist temperate forest towards the lower
boundaries.
• Climate is characterized by long and cold winters and short dry
summer.
8. • Annual temperature and precipitation that less than 500mm and 5 -
15°C respectively.
• These forests have open canopy as trees are wide spread with poor
productivity with open scrub undergrowth.
• Some shrub species of medicinal and aromatic importance like
Artemisia species are also found in these forests.
• Dry zone deodar,Chalghoza and Quercus ilex are the main species.
• Pencil Juniper, Barmi.
• Broadleaved Walnut White oak, Barungi.
• These forests are managed through Shelters Wood silviculture
system.
9. Himalayan moist Temperate Forest
• These are evergreen forests of conifers occasionally mixed with oaks and broadleaved
species. Himalayan moist Temperate Forest
• These forests occur in Azad Kashmir, Murree, part of district Abbottabad, Mansehra,
Sawat, some tribal areas (Hazara and Malakand civil division) and Naran Kaghan valleys .
• Elevation ranging from 1700 to 3350 m above the sea level.
• These forests extend into dry temperate and occasionally into sub-Alpine forests.
• Winters are long and cold with snow and hail storms and summers are short mild and
moist.
• Mean annual temperatures and precipitation is around 12°C and 650 to 1500 mm.
• Vegetation is characterized by a small number of dominant species mainly conifers but
good canopy cover.
• Trees height between 25 to 50 m and stem girth may rise to 4.5 m.
10. • These forests are considered as the most productive forests of the
country.
• Vegetation include species like Conifers Pinus wallichiana, Deodar, Fir
/Partal,Barmi.
• Broadleaved White oak,Barungi, Brown oak, Ash, Maple.
• Due consideration is given to soil and water conservation in these
forests as they constitute major portion of the Mangla and Terbela
lake watershed.
• These forests receive heavy monsoon rains in the summers as well as
heavy snowfall in winters, which is typical to these moist temperate
zones. Forests are managed under Shelter wood silviculture system.
11. Subtropical Chir Pine Forest
• Subtropical Pine forests are mainly located in Kashmir, Abbottabad,
Mansehra, Ghoragali (Muree Hills), Margla Hills, and Kahuta.
• Elevation from 920 to 1700 m.
• These occupied regions have hot and moist summer with severe winter
with some snowfall. Rainfall is received mainly during Monsoon season.
• Annual temperature and precipitation ranges around 15-20°C and 700-
1500 mm respectively.
• These forests are composed of pure strand of Chir pine that comprises of
almost even-aged individuals. However, in depression as well as flat areas
evergreen oaks and some decidbb uous species are also found.
12. • Tree growth is reasonably good with average tree height up to 36 m
and average stem girth up to 2.5-3.5 m.
• Forest fire is relatively common in these forests especially in the
months of May-June due to heavy needle fall that are full of oils and
resins conducive to fire catching.
• Vegetation structure consists of Conifer: Single coniferous species Chir
(Pinus roxburghii) that is completely dominant and Broad leaved
species: Walnut (Juglans regia), Oak (Quercus incana), Pear (Pyrus
pashia), Chan (Rhododendron arboreum), Kangar (Pistacia
integerrima), Jaman (Syzygium cumini) and Anar (Punica granatum).
Subtropical Pine Forests are generally managed through Shelter wood
Silvicultural System.
13. Sub-tropical Broad Leaved EvergreenForest
• These forests are found throughout the country at suitable elevation especially in the
Foot Hills of Murree, Margalla Hills (Islamabad), Pothowar Region, Kalachitta Hills
(Attock), Salt Range (Jehlum), and Suleiman Mountain Range.
• Mostly occur below the Subtropical Chir pine forest at an elevation of 460 to 920 m
mostly along the foothills and lower slopes of Himalayas.
• Hot and long summers and a definite cool short winter characterize the climate. Long
and dry months are common features of these forests. Mean annual temperatures
ranges from 20-25°C where summer temperature may rise to 40°C.
• Mean annual precipitation ranges from 250-750 mm. Terrain of these forests is stony and
difficult. Forest merges upwards with sub-tropical Chir Pine forest and downwards with
the Tropical thorn forests.
• Species present are xerophytic with thorns and small evergreen leaves mostly broad
leaved. The typical species include Kao and Phulai, the two species occurring in mixed or
pure form and the shrub Sanatta that is particularly abundant in most degraded areas.
14. • Total area of these forests is estimated to be 1,108,826 ha.
• These forests are useful for small timber, fuel wood and forage
purposes.
• Scrub forests are also suitable for controlled grazing and browsing
however during monsoon profuse growth of grasses and herbs are
found that are highly suitable for grazing.
• Vegetation include Trees: Phulai (Acacia modesta), Kau, Ber, Lahura.
• Due to harsh and unpredictable climate, these forests are mostly
managed for soil and water conservation under Selection wood
sylvicultural system.
15. Dry Tropical Thorn Forests
• This forest type occurs throughout the Indus plains except the driest
regions.
• The species composition varies from evergreen to deciduous mixture
depending upon the geographical location.
• Climate is dry and hot in these forests. Mean annual temperature ranges
from 20 to 26°C with the hottest months of June where temperature may
rise to 51°C in some areas.
• Mean annual rainfall is from 120 to 500mm with large temporal variations
from year to year.
• Heavy grazing and browsing is a major problem in these forests that result
in the tree climax at short stature especially for the palatable species.
• Average height of trees is between 20 to 30 ft.
16. • The climax species of these forests depends upon the various soil
properties like soil textures, type and depth that vary from region to
region.
• These forests provide ideal habitat to many important endemic
wildlife species according to their need of food and shelter during
extreme winters.
• Vegetation include species of trees like Trees:
• Kikar (Acacia nilotica),
(Acacia senegal), (Acacia jacquemontii), Jand (Prosopis cineraria),
Frash (Tamarix aphylla), Phulai (Acacia modesta), Lahura (Ticoma
undulate), Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), Sohanjna (Moringa oleifera).
• Along with climatic extremes and heavy grazing and browsing, illegal
cutting is also of major concern in these forests.
17. Tropical Littoral and Swamp Forest /
Mangrove (Coastal) Forest
• These forests are located on the narrow belts along the muddy coasts of
the Arabian Sea around Karachi and along the coast of Gawader.
• Mean annual rainfall is between 150 – 200 mm that has an important
effect on soil salinity regulation rather than bringing additional moisture.
• Single specie Timar (Avicennia marina) dominates this forest type 95%
which is evergreen in nature.
• These forests are dense with a very low average tree height, often between
10 to15 ft and branchy and bushy in nature.
• Terrain is difficult to access because soft mud, accessible parts over utilized
for grazing and lopping and fire wood collection.
18. • Roots produce aerial out-growths (finger like structure from the soil
called Pneumatophores) for the exchange of gases. Viviparous
germination is dominant where seed germinate on the mother plant
before shedding.
• These forests are not important from timber point of view but are
basically protected forests as they provide habitat, protection and
feed to aquatic wildlife and marine animals such as prawns, shrimps,
fish, turtle, etc.
• They also protect coast line of country from strong tidal erosion and
sea storm.
• Forest is inundated twice a day by the sea water during high tides.
• Species present in this forest type are Timar (Avicennia marina), Kirriri
(Ceriops tagal), Kamri (Rhizophora mucronata).
• This forest reserve is seventh largest coastal forest in the world and is
managed under Selection Wood Silvicultural System.
19. Man Made Irrigated Forest Plantations
• Irrigated forest plantations spread over the plains of Pakistan.
• Changa Manga in Distt. Kasur,Chichawatni in Distt. Sahiwal, Pirowal in Distt.
Khanewal, Duffar in Distt. Gujrat, Kundian in Distt. Mianwali etc.
• These plantations spread over the plains of Pakistan covering an area of
nearly 203-785 out of which 50% is stocked (productive).
• Size of each plantation varies 300 acres to 30000 acres, for example Changa
Manga Plantation spread over 12510 acres as it was planted in 1866.
• Mostly these plantations were established in Agroecological zones of
Punjab and Sindh (sub-tropical climate) where canal water was available.
20. • Originally, these plantations were established to provide fire wood for
railways engines. However, after coal discovery, these forests were
managed for providing high quality timber for furniture, sports goods
and for providing recreational facilities.
• Species in these plantations include Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo),
Mulberry (Morus alba), Babul (Acacia arabica), Desi Kikar (Acacia
nilotica), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Bakain (Melia azedarach), Neem
(Azadirachta indica), Sufeda (Eccalyptus camaldulensis), Siris (Albizzia
lebbek), Willow (Salix tetrasperma), Poplar (Populus deltoides).
• These forests are managed under clear felling system and coppice
with standard silvicultural system for producing high quality large
timber as well as small timber and fuel wood.
21. Riverine (Bela) Forest
• The forests also known as Bela Forests occur along the river Indus and
it five major tributaries and in the flood plains.
• Total estimated area under these forests is about 218994.
• The climate is generally sub-tropical dry however the soil is moist,
deep, sandy/silty and alluvial that is good for tree growth.
• The forests are irrigated by the flood water that spills over the river
banks during Monsoon season of July, August and September.
• The intensity of this spill over may vary from year to year, therefore
the width of this flooded belt varies from 1 to 15 Km.
22. • These forests are dense with tall tree that may rise to 12-15 m.
• The major tree species found in these forests is Babul (Accacia
arabica).
• These forests are fast growing due to water availability through flood
spills and seepage and produces good quality timber.
• Forest food is generally covered with heavy grass growth and serves
as a good source for local grazing and browsing animals.
• Regeneration in these forests is mainly through artificial means.
• Vegetation found in these forest include tree species like Shisham
(Dalbergia sissoo), Kikar (Acacia nilotica), Jand (Prosopis cineraria),
and Poplar (Populus deltoides), (Populus euphratica).
• Riverine forests are managed according to clear felling silvicultural
system as well as with artificial seed spreading
23. Agro–Forest / Farm Forest
• Agro-forestry is a component of social forestry.
• Social forestry is planting of trees on farmlands and in urban areas along
roads, canals, railway tracks, in schools, colleges, universities, hospitals,
airports, cantonments, on waste lands, on saline and water logged areas.
• Whereas agro-forestry is growing together of woody vegetation and farm
crops on the same piece of land either side by side or one after the other in
the best interest of site and man.
• Agro-Forestry is being practiced all over Pakistan especially in plain areas of
the country.
• Generally, under agro-forestry, trees are planted in lines along field
boundaries, inter planting is done along with the farm crops or in compact
blocks without farm crops.
24. • Contribution of farm forests for timber production is already 5 to 9
times more than that of state forests as, 60% of total demand of
timber and 90% of total demand of fire wood is fulfilled by these
forests (Government of Pakistan 2009).
• Trees growing in lines on farm lands grow fast because less
competition among trees as compared to trees growing in natural
forests/compact plantations.
• Farm trees also get some share of water and nutrients from farm
crops. Still, there is lot of potential that is untapped where timber and
fuel wood production from farm lands can be easily increased by 8
times.
• Ecological conditions of the area, availability of water, nature of farm
crops and market demand must be evaluated before choosing tree
species for agro-forestry.
25. Species slected for Agro-Forestryfarm should
have following properties
i. Preferably be a fast growing.
ii. Must have a short rotation age.
iii. Should produce straight/erect stem.
iv. Canopy must not be dense or crown should preferably beconical or
columnar as it will cast less shade.
v. Species must have deep root system.
vi. Preferably be deciduous in nature and finally.
vii. Wood should be of high market value.