Hydraulic Pumps, Motors and Actuators:
Construction, working principle and operation of rotary & reciprocating pumps like Gear, Vane, Generated-Rotor, Screw, Axial Piston, Radial Piston, Pump characteristics, Linear and Rotary Actuators, Hydrostatic Transmission Systems. Selection of components for applications
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hydraulic Pumps, Motors and Actuators:
Construction, working principle and operation of rotary & reciprocating pumps like Gear, Vane, Generated-Rotor, Screw, Axial Piston, Radial Piston, Pump characteristics, Linear and Rotary Actuators, Hydrostatic Transmission Systems. Selection of components for applications
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. UNIT 2-ENGINE SYSTEMS
INLET AND OUTLET VALVES
Engine valves are used in engines to allow
air or air-fuel mixture to enter into the cylinder
and
To push exhaust gases (through outlet
valve) from the cylinder at a specific time
during the engine cycle
2.
3.
4. Valve mechanisms:
The valves are actuated by cams
mounted on a cam shaft. The different
types of valve operating mechanisms
are as follows.
(a) side valve mechanism
(b) overhead valve mechanism
(c) overhead inlet and side exhaust
valve mechanisms.
5. Side valve mechanism:
The cam mounted on the camshaft
operates the valve tappet during its
rotation. The valve tappet is pushed
up.
The valve tappet pushes the valve
from its sheet against the spring force.
Thus, the valve is opened. When the
cam is not in action, the valve returns
to its seat by the valve spring and
6.
7. Overhead valve mechanism:
the valves are located in the cylinder
head. When the cam rotates, the valve
lifter pushes the push rod upwards. The
push rod moves the rocker arm.
Since the rocker arm is pivoted at its
centre, it pushes the valve off its seat
against the spring force. Thus, the valve
is opened. When the cam is not in
action, the valve returns to its seat by the
valve spring and spring retainer.
8.
9. Overhead inlet and side
exhaust valve mechanism:
In this system, inlet valve is located in
the cylinder head whereas the exhaust
valve is located in the cylinder block.
The inlet valve is actuated by
overhead valve mechanism. The
exhaust valve is actuated by a side
valve mechanism.
10. • A complete mechanism is involved in
actuating the inlet and exhaust valves
(opening & closing) through the
motion of different components come
in valve train.
• A cam is used as a drive to actuate
the valve and this cam rotates at half
of the speed of crankshaft in a four
stroke engine. Following are the
various components of valve train.
11. i) Camshaft
ii) Tappet
iii) Push rod
iv) Rocker arm
v) Valves
12. CAMSHAFT
Camshaft is a shaft in which cams are provided
as integral part of the shaft.
Separate cam is provided for each valve (inlet
and exhaust). Cam has it path profile having high
spot known as nose and the lowest point termed
as base.
These two points nose and base corresponds to
fully opened and closing of valves respectively.
The cam profile is provided to have smooth rise
(opening) and fall (closing) of valves.
The cam is a rotating element which generates
the reciprocating motion to the follower which is
known as push rod in a plane at right angle to the
cam axis.
Cam shaft is also used to drive fuel pump.
Camshaft is made up of forged alloy steel which
13. TAPPET
This is also known as cam follower or
valve lifter which follows the shape of
the cam to provide reciprocating
motion to the valves by conversing
angular/rotating motion of the cam
shaft.
The tappet is placed in between the
cam and the push rod which helps in
preventing the side thrust to be
exerted from the cam on the push rod.
14. PUSHROD
Push rod :
The reciprocating motion of the push
rod actuates the rocker arm which
moves in an arc about its pivot. Push
rods are made of carbon-manganese
steel.
15. ROCKER ARM
Rocker arm : The rocker arm is used to
convert the upward movement of push
rod to the downward movement of the
valve (opening up) and also the
downward movement of pushrod to
upward movement of valve (closing
down).
The rocker arm can be made of either
hollow or solid material. The rocker arms
are pivoted to rocker shaft which also
provides lubrication
16. VALVES
Although various types of valves are available
but poppet valves are the most commonly used
engines valves being used in engines these
days.
These poppet valves are also known as
mushroom valves as its shape resembles to the
mushroom having head and stem.
Generally, inlet valves are larger in size to
enhance the air intake and exhaust valves are
made relatively harder than the inlet valves as
these are exposed to hot exhaust gases always.
Exhaust valves are made up of special material
i.e austenitic steels and precipitation hardening
steel
Since, the valve temperature reaches to several
hundred (7500C)