complete and very very informative

1. Family Umbelliferae
Dr. Madiha Mustafa
Lecturer DEMS QU

2. FAMILY” Umbelliferae”
•1-CONIUM
•2-CARUM
•3-FENNEL
•4-CORRIANDER
•5-ASAFOETIDA

3. The Umbelliferae/Apiaceae
Family
 The Umbelliferae family is named after the shape of its flowers,
which are called umbels.
 Word derived from umbulla means little shade
 The umbels are unique in their floral uniformity
 These distinctive umbrella shaped blooms are attractive in
arrangements and loved by numerous beneficial insects.
 They pollinate freely which allow it to increase its
natural distribution.
 Seed dispersal occurs through wind

4. • Its plants are used as important herbs.
•Many are poisonous
• Members of this family are loaded
with vitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants.
• TYPE/Habbitat : annual, biennial,
perennial herbs or woody shrubs.
• WORLDWIDE NO. : 3,000 species in
300 Genera.
•AROMA: often pungent or aromatic.

5. The plants are erect.
ROOTS: either tap root or fusiform, branched.
They possess alternate, undivided or divided
leaves, base of stalks often dilated & sheathing
the stem.
The flowers are small, usually less than
1.2cm in diameter, regular, polygamous in
umbels, rarely in heads.
Umbels are compound or simple, with or
without bracts & bracteoles at the base of
primary & secondary rays, respectively.

7. The calyx is reduced to 5 tooth-likesepals.
The corolla consists of 5 distinct, typicallyinflexed
petals.
The androecium comprises 5 distinctstamens.
The gynoecium consists of a single compound
pistil of 2 carpels, 2 styles borne on an enlarged
stylopodium, (swelling at the base of the style in umbelliferous
plants)
and an inferior ovary with 2 locules, each containing a
single pendulous, apical-axile ovule.

9. Bent or turned abruptly inward or downward or toward the axis
Locules are chambers within the ovary of the flower and fruits
Pendulous . swinging freely;
Apex (top) of the ovary Axile ovary is divided into radial segments,

10. 1-Conium

12. CONIUM
• Conium means small genus of highly toxic
perennial.
•SYNONYMS :
• genus conium,poison parsley,poison
hemlock

13. Themostimportantidentificationfeatureofpoisonhemlockarethestemsandstalks.They
arehairless,hollow,andalmostalwayshavedistinctivepurplish-redsplotchingorstreakingon
them,especiallytowardsthebaseoftheplant.

14. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
• Conium is a genus of two species of highly poisonous
perennial herbaceous flowering plant known as conium
maculatum
 GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
• I t is found in disturbed or waste areas such as
roadsides and the edges of cultivated fields. Poison
hemlock was introduced into North America from
Europe and is and can be found in all areas of the
U.S. except for dessert areas.
• Poison hemlock can be found growing in the same
kind of habitats as the water hemlock. conium
maculatum, weed naturalized in North America,
contains high concentrations of piperidine alkaloids
that act as chemical defenses against herbivores.
Conium maculatum is a highly toxic weed found in
waste places throughout much of the world.

15. CULTIVATION AND collection
 Hemlock is occasionally deliberately
grown as a medicinal herb in the past,
even though it is highly poisonous.
 I t is generally considered a
weed of gardens these days.
 T h e Poisonous Hemlock does not
require any maintenance to grow and
should be eradicated upon sight

16. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
T h e special and characteristic medicinal
substance contained in hemlock is a
peculiar alkaloid,called coniine, N-methyl
coniine, conhydrine, lambda-coniceine,
and pseudoconhydrine.
Of the total alkaloids of hemlock isolated
by the method of Chemnitius and
fractionally distilled,the portion boiling up
to 190°C contains most of the coniine, γ-
coniceine andN-methylconiine,while
conhydrine and ψ- conhydrine remain in
the higher boiling residues.

17. MACROSCOPIC
CHARACTER
Colour: darkgreen
Odour: unpleasant
Taste: exteremly poisonous.
Size : 5-8 ft
Shape: leaves are mostlytriangular.
Flowers: clustered umbels up to 10-15cm

18. MEDICINAL ACTION AND uses
 Conium is sedative and antispasmodic, and in
sufficient doses acts as a paralyzer to the centers
of motion.
 Hemlock juice is prescribed as a remedy in
cases of undue nervous motor excitability, such
as teething in children, epilepsy from dentition.
cramp, in the early stages of paralysis , in
spasms of the larynx , in acute mania.
 T h e drug has to be administered with care, as
nicotinic poisoning may result from internal
use, and overdoses produce paralysis.

19. Medicinal uses
 Hemlock was formerly believed to exercise analterative
effect in scrofulous disorders.
 Both the Greek and Arabian physicians were in the practice of using it
for the cure of indolent tumours, swellings and pains of the joints,Baron
Storch was the first to call the attention of medical men to its use, both
externally and internally,for the cure of cancerous and other ulcers, and
in the form of a poultice or ointment it has been found a very valuable
application to relieve pain in these cases.
 I n the case of poisoning by Hemlock, the antidotesare tannic acid,
stimulants and coffee, emetics of zinc, or mustard and castor oil, and, if
necessary, artificial respiration.
 It is essential to keep up the temperature of the body

20. TOXICITY:
 I t has been shown that the predominant
alkaloid in the plant changes with stage of
development, and even from hour to hour, that
the total amount of alkaloid varies with the
stage of growth and part of plant and with
geographic area the plants from southern
latitudes being held more poisonous on the
average than northern-grown ones.
 Variability in toxicity of this kind may
explain the fact that in experimental
feedings of a cow in Texas

21. Toxicity
 Conium was found to produce symptoms but
notdeath at about two percent of the animals
weight and did not produce death even at almost
4 percent.
 Coniine is volatile and is lost slowly from Conium
while drying.
 T h e hemlock alkaloids are present in leastamount
in the root. As the plant grows, they accumulate in
the stem, leaves, and fruits, being greater in
amount in these organs in the order listed and in
each reaching a maximum just prior to maturation
of the seeds. Concentrations of total alkaloids as
high as 1.6 percent have been measured in the
green seed" (Kingsbury 1964).

22. Conium Case study
• A 59 year-old male farmer was referred from a local state
hospital to our Emergency Department for loss of
consciousness and respiratory distress after self taking some
parsley-like plants. The patient arrived at our hospital 3 hours
after ingestion.. On physical examination, he had spontaneous
extremity movements but with muscle spasms. After watching
a TV show about herbal medicine, and took them for treating
his sorethroat. He complained of headache, generalised
weakness starting from his legs and developed shortness of
breath 30 minutes after the exposure. He was then found to
be unconscious. His relatives brought the plant to our hospital
and the plant was subsequently identified to be poison
hemlock.

25. • Conium maculatum is a member of apiaceae family which is one of
the most poisonous plants.
• It contains some piperidine alkaloids (coniine, N-methyl-coniine,
conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine, γ-coniceine).
• Poison hemlock is a tall, glabrous umbelliferous plant with hollow
purplish-spotted stems and much divided leaves.
• Active alkaloids coniine, γ-coniceine and Nmethylconiine reveal
their toxic effects by blocking the spinal reflexes through their action
on the medulla.
• They produce an initial stimulus followed by the depression of the
autonomic ganglion.
• These toxins in high dose produce a stimulus of the skeletal muscles
and a subsequent neuromuscular blockage through the action on
nicotinic receptors. When respiratory muscles become paralysed
due to phrenic nerve paralysis, death occurs.
• Nausea, vomiting, salivation, bronchorrhoea, hypertension,
tachycardia, agitation, ataxia, confusion and muscle fasciculations
which are called early nicotinic effects may be seen in the first 15-60
minutes after ingestion

26. • Delayed symptoms such as diarrhoea, aponea, bradycardia,
hypotension, weakness, muscle paralysis, and lethargy may
occur in large ingestions
• Asymptomatic patients with hemlock poisoning may be
discharged after administration of activated charcoal and
observation for 4 hours.
• The dose of activated charcoal is 50 to 100 g for adults and 1
gm/kg for children.
• Activated charcoal should not be given to a comatose patient
until the patient's airway is protected.
• Coniine, the most important alkaloid of Conium maculatum,
can be lethal in a dose of 150 mg, but in smaller doses it
produces neurotoxic effects, acute rhabdomyolysis, and acute
renal failure.

27. Managment
• There is no antidote for hemlock poisoning. Treatment
depends on the severity of your condition and your
symptoms.The mainstay of management of poison hemlock
poisoning is supportive care including airway protection and
ventilator support. Fluid replacement is often required for the
loss due to vomiting and diarrhea. Measurement of creatine
phosphokinase should be done to rule out rhabdomyolysis.
Treatments of rhabdomyolysis include maintaining adequate
urine output and urine alkalinization.

28. Case report
• Adults who had eaten poison hemlock by misidentification
with sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Both of the patients
developed nausea, dizziness and leg cramps.

29. DRUG NO. 02
CARUM

32. COLLECTION
• T h e plant produces lots ofthem.
• A l l the gardener needs to do is collect
the seeds in July.
 They can also be found in the spice section
of almost any grocery store.
• T h e seeds are rich in both medicinal
and aromatic substances.
 If crush a handful of seed it have
particular aroma.

33. ORGANOLEPTIC
EVALUATION:
 Texture: Rough
 Fracture: Weak
 External Markings:
longitudinal markings,
noch is present at one
side, stalk is present at
one side
 Internal
markings: fibrous
 Apex and Base:
pointed

34. Seeds
Florescence
stalk

35. ORGANOLEPTIC
EVALUATION:
• Shape: elongatedand
tapering on both ends
• Size: 4-6mm in
length,2mm thick
• Odor and Taste:
Characteristic and
aromatic
• External colours:Brown,
ridges are light in color
• Internal colour:Brown

50. • Potassium-channel openers are drugs that activate (open)
ATP-sensitive K+-channels in vascular smooth muscle. Opening
these channels hyperpolarizes the smooth muscle, which
closes voltage-gated calcium channels and decreases
intracellular calcium. With less calcium available to combine
with calmodulin, there is less activation of myosin light chain
kinase and phosphorylation of myosin light chains . This leads
to relaxation and vasodilation.

53. Contraindication
• Fennel should be used with caution in pregnancy
• Fennel cause allergic reaction to person who are
hypersensitive.
• Fennel might slow blood clotting so it can increase risk of
bleeding in people with bleeding diorders

55. s

61. DRUG NO. 04
CORRIANDER

77. Ferula asafoetida
• Description:
• “Asa” Arabic word meaning “Heal” , “foetida” Latin word
meaning “Ill smelling”
• Offensive odor
• Devil’s dung
• Feces like smell
• Habitat:
• Indigenous to Eastern Iran and Afghanistan
• Characters
• Soft mass, irregular in shape, ovoid tears 1-4cm in diameter,
fresh in yellowish white and transparent and then change to
pink and finally dark brown or reddish brown, hard and brittle,
garlic like taste.