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- 2. Similarities Differences Bold titles and pictures- drawing in attention Admission prices shown Layout of the attraction leaflets Purpose of the leaflet/ item selling the attraction Where they would be displayed e.g. in a newspaper Graphology e.g. colour and printed Quotes/reviews within the text Amount of text Language/ types of attractions Admission prices- type of money
- 3. Which resources did you use, why, and how did you find them? Internet If online, what search terms produced the best results? “Travel and Tourism ads of 19...” and “family attraction leaflets” Which resources seemed to be the most profitable and why? Which resources were least profitable and why? Travel and family attractions = most internet sites with resources within. least amount of resources = vague language e.g. flyers for attractions What other texts did you gather? 1920s to the current time What were the reasons you selected the text you did? Same attraction as our original text whilst also being from the time of today Why is your selected text a valid comparative text with your starter text ? Same attraction = the same audience, purpose and genre of the text What advice would you give if someone was planning to do this topic for their own A2 investigation? What was easy; what was difficult in finding data? The data was very easy to get hold of for the current time but for the earlier years this was harder to get hold of because the leaflets were mainly designed for America or not England
- 4. What does detailed analysis of these two texts show about how language has changed over time? (A01 + A03)
- 5. Old Text New Text We carried out a concordance test on this text and found that “aquarium (4)” “illusion (7)” and “mermaid (8)” were the most common words used (excluding “the (42)” and “and (17)”). 21.9% of the lexis is polysyllabic. For the new text, even though “aquarium (4)” is used in the same amount as the old text, the other most popular words are - “centre (4)”, “parties (4)” “ sea (4)” and “marine (6)” (excluding “the (22)” and “and (24)”). 15.47% of the lexis is polysyllabic.
- 7. 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Words per Sentence Number of Sentences Characters Per Word Reading Age READABILITY TEST Old Text New Text We carried out a readability test on our two texts and these are our results:
- 8. Old Text New Text This text contains 9 subordinate clauses e.g. “There is no mistake this time, and we absolutely decline to credit the exhibitor, who is himself a Tyrolean and character vocalist and ventriloquist, when he tells us that it is an illusion.” This text contains 14 Subordinate clauses e.g. “Walk around the historic Barbican and harbour and see the fishing boats unload at the market.” Subordinate Clauses
- 9. Old Text New Text The structure of this text is more clumped together in one part of the flyer Reviews under the title of “Press Notices”. The structure of this text is organised by using many headings and sub-headings as well as short paragraphs which are scattered throughout the pages of the flyer.
- 10. Old Text New Text Uses little graphology: Bold Headings and Sub-headings Picture of a mermaid Underlining of certain headings Quotations are used with italics Uses a lot of graphology: Uses pictures and a blue colour scheme throughout Had different font styles, and heading designs to separate different paragraphs Uses Logos and child like drawings as well as child like writing font
- 11. 6 pence = 1 sixpence (a 'tanner') (6d) 1 shilling = 12 pennies £1 (also shown as 1l.) was 20 shillings. 1 shilling (1s.), was 12 pence. Also often known as a 'bob’
- 12. LAUNDRY WORK "four or five days a week, from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m., with three-quarters of an hour for dinner and half an hour for tea." Washers, 2s. 6d. to 2s. 8d. per day Ironers, 3s. 6d to 4s. per day, piece-work ; Collar-ironers, 3s. 6d. to 5s. per day, piece-work SOURCE Toilers in London, 1889 MANUAL LABOUR Coal-whipper (ie. specialised labourer, dealing only in shifting coal from ships) £39 6s. 6d (if in continuous employment) (a) Sewer-flusher £1 4s. per week 'regular' (a) see also "A Pound a Week" by James Greenwood SOURCE a) Letter to the Morning Chronicle by Henry Mayhew, 1849 MANUFACTURE women matchbox-makers at home, 1s. 6d per day, 1s. 3d after deductions for materials (b) women upholsters, 9s. to 11s. per week (a) 'workshop' apprentice (male) 8-10s. per week; 'workshop' worker (male) 30s.+ per week SOURCE a) Letter to the Morning Chronicle by Henry Mayhew, 1849 b) Toilers in London, 1889 c) Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, 1867, by Thomas Wright ODD JOBS Sandwich-board men (ie. men walking round with advertising boards on their backs) 1s to 1s. 8d. per day (= c.£12-£20 per year, if employed full-time, 5 days a week - which is very unlikely!) SOURCE Down East and Up West by Montague Williams, 1894 SERVANTS Butlers, £40 to £100 (a) Footmen, £20 to £40 (a) Pages, £8 to £15 (a) Cooks, £18 to £50 (a) House-maids, £10 to £25 (a) Nursery Governess £20 to £40 (b) Parlour-maids, £12 to £30 (a) Maids of all Work, £6 to £15. (a) SOURCE a) Dickens's Dictionary of London, 1879 b) Cassell's Household Guide, c. 1880s SHOP ASSISTANTS Female, £20 to £50 (a) Grocer's Assistant, 12s. per week (c. £30 per year) (b) shop worker £25 a year, after apprenticeship, rising £10 annually, to £120; (nb. "first man" or "buyer" £300 up to £1,000p.a.) (c) SOURCE a) Choice of a Business for Girls by Emily Faithfull, 1864 b) Letter to the Morning Chronicle by Henry Mayhew, 1849 c) Tempted London, 1889 SHOPS AND STALLS Workers
- 13. £ s d Rent 105 0 0 Rates and taxes (including gas) 38 18 10 Coals 12 8 6 Wages 48 2 1 Food: Butcher 46 9 11 Food: Baker 9 8 8 Food: Dairyman 35 4 8 Food: Grocer 38 8 10 Food: Greengrocer 10 6 0 Food: Poulterer 10 3 7 Dress: Wife 35 8 4 Dress: Husband 29 17 3 Washing 34 14 9 Doctor and chemist 33 1 0 Travelling and tips 43 7 5 Local travelling 19 17 9 Stamps 7 16 7 Stationary 8 1 3 Pleasures, presents, smoking 35 18 2 Wine 15 0 8 House repairs &c. 26 12 10 Garden 4 13 9 Balance 50 19 2 700 0 0
- 14. Who wrote it? Mr. Harry Phillips Who was the intended audience? The Living Mythological Mermaid was intended for adults of the upper class sector How would it have been accessed by readers? This type of flyer would have been advertised on certain street signs, in churches, village notice boards and in other family locations like the beach that were highly popular of the time. What was happening at the time? This attraction addressed the new entertainment of that time e.g. “freak show”, “female performer” through the “royal aquarium” which was becoming very popular due to its ‘out-of-this-world’/magical feel. How might any of this be reflected in the text? The out-dated lexis that in within the text e.g. “recumbent” and “drapery” which are not commonly used in the times of today. How can you tell that this text was written in a very different era from our own? Graphology is a major clue as to when this poster was produced.
- 15. Who wrote it? The National Marine Aquarium Who was the intended audience? Families and their parents. How would it have been accessed by readers? Internet, schools, papers and magazines. What was happening at the time? Summer Holidays How might any of this be reflected in the text? Through simple language and Alliteration.
- 16. What have we found out during this investigation? Time Frame- upper class differences from now and then; who could afford what compared to who could afford it now. How technology has changed which adapts layout e.g. printed, colour and pictures Certain words are no longer in common use e.g. Drapery Today our sentence structure and language is more complicated than the 18th century meaning our texts have a higher reading age
- 17. SHOULD YOU DO THIS? We would say that this topic is very interesting and is quite simple to research due to the amount of resources available, however; a lot of the 19th century posters that are available are of American attractions and this may hinder the language, so in turn effecting your results.
- 18. http://www.tourismleafletsonline.com – tourism leaflets by Xtreme Multimedia, Yorkshire , 2008 http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/travel-ads - Vintage ad browser, Germany, released in 2010 by Phillip Lenssen http://folk.uib.no/nfylk/concordle/ - Concordle, June 14th 2013, Ladislav Kocbach http://www.online- utlity.org/english/readability_test_and_improve.jsp - Readability test, April 2006, Mladen Adamovic http://www.bl.uk/ - British Library, June 1998 http://www.oed.com , Oxford English Dictionary Online,Oxford University Press. http://www.victorianlondon.org/finance/money.htm
Editor's Notes
- Which resources did you use, why, and how did you find them? We used the internet to find our resources and we chose them due to their modern take on family attraction advertising. If online, what search terms produced the best results? We gathered most of our resources by typing in “Travel and Tourism ads of 19...” and “family attraction leaflets” Which resources seemed to be the most profitable and why? Which resources were least profitable and why? When typing in travel and family attractions we found the most internet sites with resources within. On the other hand, we found the least amount of resources when typing in vague language e.g. flyers for attractions What other texts did you gather? We gathered texts ranging from the 1920s to the current time, so that we could look from a time scale perspective, so we could see the development of changes over time. What were the reasons you selected the text you did? We chose this text because it addresses the same attraction as our original text whilst also being from the time of today, but has obvious significant differences in language, technology and graphology. Why is your selected text a valid comparative text with your starter text ? It is for the same attraction, which means that the audience, purpose and genre of the text would also be the same, so giving us two text of similar reasoning. This means that the change can be compared with more meaning as they are designed for the same thing. What advice would you give if someone was planning to do this topic for their own A2 investigation? What was easy; what was difficult in finding data? The data was very easy to get hold of for the current time as there are many attractions available to use leaflet for because of the internet, but for the older leaflets this was harder to get hold of because the leaflets were mainly designed for America or not England, meaning that they use different language not only because of time but also because of culture.
- Concordance text: Old Text is using more polysyllabic lexis. BUT, in the new text, the lexis is more simplistic in comparison to the older text. We have proved this by carrying out further quantitative research through calculating the percentage of polysyllabic words in the old text and then compared this result to the new texts. From these results, we found that for the old text, this contained over 5% more polysyllabic lexis being 21.9% when compared to the new texts smaller percentage of only 15.47% . When trying to decipher why this was, we looked into the type of language that was being used in the 1800’s time frame and we found that the language was more Latinate and formal which is different from the new text as the language has been modified around Anglo Saxon. This would explain why there was the use of polysyllabic lexis in this attraction poster.
- There were two words that stuck out for us in our old text that we thought may not be used as much in modern day language. These words were- Recumbent (adj): leaning, reclining or lying down which originates from the Latin recumbere meaning ‘to lie back’, first used in the mid 17th Century and Drapery (n): cloth or textile fabrics collectively which originates from the Old French ‘draperie’, first used around 1300. As you can see, both of these words have decreased over-time in their use but more rapidly from the 1900’s. This could show why Latinate lexis is used in the old text and not so much in the new text due to a shift in use of language from the 18th Century to the 19th/20th Century.
- We can see that the older text can be better understood then the new one due to the over-complicated grammar that is used in the new text.
- We then went on to look into the sentence structures to see if this explained why the older text was of a lower reading age than the new text. For the older text we found out that this contains 9 subordinate clauses and compared this to the 14 subordinate clauses in the new text. We believe that the reason for the older text being easier to read is that the sentences contain a lower amount of subordinate clauses so are more simplistic sentences, making it easier to understand and read. However, you do need to take into consideration the length of the texts as the newer text is longer than the old text and this could also have an impact on either how easy it is to read as there is less information or explain why there is more subordinate clauses in the new text when compared to the older one.
- The structure of this text is more clumped together in one part of the flyer when compared to the New Text. Other than the headings of the text, the paragraphing is grouped into different reviews under the title of “Press Notices”. This makes it harder to be read as there is not much differentiation between each paragraph and the different things they are addressing. The structure of this text however is organised by using many headings and sub-headings as well as short paragraphs which are scattered throughout the pages of the flyer. This makes it easier to be read as you know what part you want to read and can skip to the part in the knowledge you will find out what you need to know.
- We also wanted to look into printed “6d” on the old text to put into context who the implied reader was e.g. upper class, middle class? We hypotheses that this attraction was aimed at upper class adults who could afford to pay for this type of leisure activity. To prove this we researched into how much 6d would be in todays times as well as how much that amount of money would have meant to the people in the 18th Century. We looked into types of jobs and other factors like family budgets to see who would be the old texts target audience.
- Here are some rates of money that certain professionals would have been paid and were we sourced these statistics from. As you can see the lower class jobs e.g. Laundry worker and Manual Labours would have been paid at lot less than the Manufactures and Servants. This means that these type of people would not have been able to afford to take themselves or their families to go and see the new attraction at the aquarium all of which backing up our claim that this attraction was for upper class adults and not working class families.
- All of these rent scales are for different professions, for families that would be renting a "house is situated close to Kensington Gardens, in a cheerful terrace upon sandy soil, in a thoroughly respectable, if not fashionable, neighbourhood. It has a small garden in the rear, and stands back about ten yards from the roadway. It comprises kitchen, scullery, and servants' hall, with separate entrance in the basement; dining-room and drawing-room on the ground floor, four large bedrooms, two small, a dressing-room, and a bath-room, as well as an ample supply of offices. The household, besides Monsieur et Madame, consists of one child and three servants - nurse, cook, and house-parlourmaid - “ For an average family as lot of their money would have gone on Coals, Washing, Taxes and Food and only a limited amount would of gone on things like wine and pleasures. This is showing that the majority of people who would have been able to go and see the wonderful new attraction would have had to of been from a well paid profession, making them of upper class adults in stead of lower class families trying to look for a cheap day out.
- Who wrote it? Mr. Harry Phillips wrote this where it was sourced from the National Fairground Archive at the University of Sheffield. Who was the intended audience? The Living Mythological Mermaid was intended for adults from the upper class to enjoy as a new attraction at the Brighton Aquarium. Due to its mythological feel the flyer would have been intended for parents and older children/ young adults of the family to read which can be seen through its 10 year old readability age and the formulaic structure and polysyllabic lexis that is used. How would it have been accessed by readers? This type of flyer would have been advertised on certain street signs, in churches, village notice boards and in other family locations like the beach that were highly popular of the time. However; there would not have been many of these posters due to how expensive they were to produce in that time. This means that this extract in particular would only have been placed up in and around Brighton as that was the area of this attraction. What was happening at the time? In this area there was a lot of mythological attractions that were going around. This attraction addressed the new entertainment of that time e.g. “freak show”, “female performer” through the “royal aquarium” which was becoming very popular due to its ‘out-of-this-world’/magical feel. This is backed up by the reviews who explain how it “conjures” and is “bewitching” to any person who sees it and says that “All should see the real live Mermaid”. How might any of this be reflected in the text? This is all shown through how the over-use of the word “mermaid” and through the reviews that were all basing there opinions of wonder and illusions. Another thing is the out-dated lexis that in within the text e.g. “recumbent” and “drapery” which are not commonly used in the times of today. This all gives indications of an older age. How can you tell that this text was written in a very different era from our own? First of all the graphology is a major clue as to when this poster was produced. You can see that the use of pictures and graphology are not computer based and the murky paper represents a text of an older age. Another thing is that this attraction poster is a lot more formal than the current (new) flyer which can been seen through its use of “Press Notices” to advertise the attraction and how it contains its writing in one big chunk in stead split up in headings and sub-headings
- Who wrote it? The National Marine Aquarium Who was the intended audience? Similar to the older text, we think that this would also be aimed at families however; due to the readability age being higher than the older text, it would mean that this text would be being aimed at the parents of the children and not the children themselves. However; to draw in the attention of the flyer, the graphology is being aimed at the children so that they are more likely to notice it and ask/ bug their parents into going- this could also be being used to make the parents think that this would be a fun place to take their children through the happy child pictures that is used throughout. How would it have been accessed by readers? In this day and age this could have been accessed by anyone through many ways, more likely things would be through the internet, in shops and supermarkets, in other family attraction places, in the newspaper and magazines as well as in schools and other child friendly places. What was happening at the time? As this leaflet has only just been released we know that summer holidays for children is now coming up, so by advertising new attractions in this month the Aquarium is able to bring in families because of the ease of something to do within 6 weeks of holidays. There is also a lot of concern on children's safety, so an aquarium is a known safe place for a child to go to without much risk of harm or upset due to its child friendly and secure environment. How might any of this be reflected in the text? This is reflected in the text by how the lexis is mainly orientated around children and their needs and enjoyment. This can be seen through the abbreviations used “Oct” to simplify the text, and also the over-familiar use of alliteration e.g. “daily dive” to make the text seem more exciting to not only children but their parents as well.