Here are the key points to discuss regarding the importance of feeding history in assessing failure to thrive:
- Feeding history provides important information about quantity and quality of milk intake, which is crucial to evaluate nutritional status and growth. Insufficient intake can lead to failure to thrive.
- It identifies issues like improper formula preparation which can cause electrolyte imbalances and affect growth. Common issues are over-dilution reducing nutrients or concentration causing dehydration.
- For breastfed infants, history on breastfeeding patterns reveals issues like poor latch or milk production which impact nutrition. It evaluates if exclusive or mixed feeding and assesses breastmilk intake.
- Changes in feeding amounts and methods over time help identify when growth faltering
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FAILURE TO THRIVE IN CHILDRENOyololaAdeola
Failure to thrive (FTT) is a common paediatric problem that often warrants referral to the outpatient clinic and sometimes the acute admission unit. (2)
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FAILURE TO THRIVE IN CHILDRENOyololaAdeola
Failure to thrive (FTT) is a common paediatric problem that often warrants referral to the outpatient clinic and sometimes the acute admission unit. (2)
A Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effect of Prefeeding Oral Stimulat...ijtsrd
BackgroundPremature infants are defined as neonates born before 37 weeks gestational age a newborn infant, or neonate, is a baby under 28 days of age. During these first 28 days of life, the baby is at highest risk of dying. It is thus crucial that appropriate feeding and care are provided during this period, both to improve the infant’s chances of survival and to lay the foundations for a healthy life.Objective To evaluate the effect of prefeeding oral stimulation program on oral feeding skills among preterm infants.Material and Methods A quasi experimental approach and pretest posttest control group design was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 preterm infants i.e. 20 in each experimental and control group. In experimental group, intra and peri oral stimulation was given for 3 minutes and 2 minutes on pacifier, 2 times a day at 2 hours intervals for the duration of 4 days and in control group routine care was done. Data collection was done using oral feeding skills assessment scale. The collected data were analyzed by calculating frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi square, and -‘t’ test.Findings The results revealed that in pre test, there was no statistically significant p 0.05 difference in all levels of feeding skills among preterm infants between experimental and control group but in post test there was statistically significant p 0.05 difference found in mean score of all levels of feeding skills among preterm infants in experimental and control group. The difference between the pre test and post test mean scores of all levels of feeding skills among preterm infants in experimental group was statistically more significant in comparison with control group after provision of 4 days of prefeeding oral stimulation programme. Hence prefeeding oral stimulation programme was found to be effective in improving the oral feeding skills among preterm infants.Conclusion The effect of prefeeding oral stimulation program on oral feeding skills among preterm infants is effective and it helped in the improvement of preterm infants feeding skills. Priya Guleria | Mrs. Poonam Toor | Mrs. Davinder Kaur "A Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effect of Prefeeding Oral Stimulation Program on Oral Feeding Skills among Preterm Infants in Selected Hospitals, Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51975.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/51975/a-quasi-experimental-study-to-evaluate-the-effect-of-prefeeding-oral-stimulation-program-on-oral-feeding-skills-among-preterm-infants-in-selected-hospitals-punjab/priya-guleria
This presentation is all about how to run a high risk follow up clinic for newborns discharged from a level II/III newborn care unit. It has been prepared mainly based on NNF protocol & AIIMS protocol.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
A Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effect of Prefeeding Oral Stimulat...ijtsrd
BackgroundPremature infants are defined as neonates born before 37 weeks gestational age a newborn infant, or neonate, is a baby under 28 days of age. During these first 28 days of life, the baby is at highest risk of dying. It is thus crucial that appropriate feeding and care are provided during this period, both to improve the infant’s chances of survival and to lay the foundations for a healthy life.Objective To evaluate the effect of prefeeding oral stimulation program on oral feeding skills among preterm infants.Material and Methods A quasi experimental approach and pretest posttest control group design was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 preterm infants i.e. 20 in each experimental and control group. In experimental group, intra and peri oral stimulation was given for 3 minutes and 2 minutes on pacifier, 2 times a day at 2 hours intervals for the duration of 4 days and in control group routine care was done. Data collection was done using oral feeding skills assessment scale. The collected data were analyzed by calculating frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi square, and -‘t’ test.Findings The results revealed that in pre test, there was no statistically significant p 0.05 difference in all levels of feeding skills among preterm infants between experimental and control group but in post test there was statistically significant p 0.05 difference found in mean score of all levels of feeding skills among preterm infants in experimental and control group. The difference between the pre test and post test mean scores of all levels of feeding skills among preterm infants in experimental group was statistically more significant in comparison with control group after provision of 4 days of prefeeding oral stimulation programme. Hence prefeeding oral stimulation programme was found to be effective in improving the oral feeding skills among preterm infants.Conclusion The effect of prefeeding oral stimulation program on oral feeding skills among preterm infants is effective and it helped in the improvement of preterm infants feeding skills. Priya Guleria | Mrs. Poonam Toor | Mrs. Davinder Kaur "A Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effect of Prefeeding Oral Stimulation Program on Oral Feeding Skills among Preterm Infants in Selected Hospitals, Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51975.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/51975/a-quasi-experimental-study-to-evaluate-the-effect-of-prefeeding-oral-stimulation-program-on-oral-feeding-skills-among-preterm-infants-in-selected-hospitals-punjab/priya-guleria
This presentation is all about how to run a high risk follow up clinic for newborns discharged from a level II/III newborn care unit. It has been prepared mainly based on NNF protocol & AIIMS protocol.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Identify normal growth pattern in a child.
2. Define and discuss the causes of failure to thrive in a child.
3. Demonstrate the importance of feeding history.
4. Explain the principles of nutrition in a child.
5. Plot and interpret growth parameters on a growth chart.
6. Describe the nutritional requirements of normal growth.
7. Formulate the approach to management of a child with failure to thrive.
3. CASE PRESENTATION
A 1 year 9 month old boy with history of prematurity at 31
weeks of gestation was diagnosed with spastic diaplegia
cerebral palsy at age of 1 year old and was admitted in
Cheras Rehabilitation Hospital for physiotherapy.
4. History of presenting illness
●Admitted to CRH for physiotherapy.
●Initial presentation with delayed in standing at one year old, was unable to
pulls to stand at that age.
●Upon stepping with support, mother noticed tip toeing of left foot.
●It is associated with stiffness of the left foot.
●However, no history of seizures, fever, vomiting, feeding difficulty or head
trauma.
6. Antenatal history
●At 28 weeks of gestation,
○ diagnosed with pre-eclampsia
○ admitted for blood pressure monitoring, bed rest and diet control.
○ Not initiated on anti-hypertensive drug
○ Discharged after 4 days of admission.
●At 31 weeks of gestation,
○ Noticed to have intrauterine growth restriction and reduced in liquor volume
○ CTG: showing fetal in distress.
○ emergency lower segment caesarean section.
7. Birth history
●born premature at 31 weeks of gestation via emergency lower segment
caesarean section.
●Birth weight was 1.146 kg with Apgar score 2 in 1 minutes, 6 in 5 minutes
and 8 in 10 minutes.
●Patient was admitted to NICU after delivery.
8. Postnatal history
●In NICU, patient was intubated for 5 days.
●He was in incubator for 33 days in NICU.
●MRI of brain was done, showed right intraventricular hemorrhage stage IV,
was on conservative management.
●He was on Ryle’s tube for feeding. No history of poor feeding or
regurgitation of milk.
●Gain weight approximately 37 g per day and was discharge after 51 days in
hospital with birth weight of 1.9 kg.
10. Diet history
●Exclusively breastfed until 6 month old.
●Started formula milk at 6 month old, mixed with breastfeeding for 3 month,
then stopped and changed back to breast milk due to refusal from the child
to formula milk.
●Complementary diet started at 6 month, with porridge 3 times a day.
●Porridge was prepared one small bowl of rice with vegetables and chicken
or beef that was minched into small pieces.
●Had biscuit and fruits in between meals.
●He was also breastfed on demand until now with 8 ounces of milk
approximately 3 times per day.
11. Developmental history
●Gross motor
○ Can turn over body from supine to prone around 5 month old and from prone to supine at 6
month old
○ Sit without support at age 10 month
○ Able to pulls to stand at 15 month
○ Crawling up stairs and comes down backwards at 18 month old
●Fine motor and vision
○ Able to grasp object at 5 month old
○ Transferring objects from hand to hand 10 month
○ Mouthing at 10 month old
○ Attentive to objects and people in environment
12. ●Hearing and speech
○ Turned to sound at 10 month old
○ Turns to mother’s voice across the room at 10 month old
○ Able to say word, abah at 12 month old
○ Understand no and bye-bye at 15 month old
●Social behaviour
○ Able to reaches out for objects, manipulates it, mouths and transfers at 18 month
○ Able to holds, bites and chew biscuit at 10 month old
13. Family history
● Parents are healthy
● No history of consanguinity
● This is their first child
● No other family members with same problem
Social history
● Mother (29 y/o) previously working as software tester but resigned in
February this year to take care of the child.
● Father is an engineer and often work abroad.
● Financially stable.
● Lives in Segambut with her Grandparent.
14. Physical examination
●General examination
○ Pink, alert and conscious
○ Small built and not appropriate to age
○ No dysmorphism
○ Not in respiratory distress or obvious pain
●Vital signs
○ Respiratory rate : 28 bpm
○ Pulse rate : 110 bpm
●Growth parametes
○ Length : 77 cm
○ Weight : 8.3 kg
○ Head circumference: 44 cm
15.
16. ●Hands and facies
○ Capillary refill time <2 seconds
○ Warm peripheries
○ No conjuctival pallor and scleral jaundice
○ Strabismus of the right eye
○ No central cyanosis or dental caries
●Lower limb examination
○ No scar, deformity or muscle wasting
○ Normal tone for both lower limb
○ Hyperreflexia for both lower limb
○ Upon standing with support, tip toeing noted on the left foot
17. SUMMARY
●A 1 year 9 month old boy with history of prematurity at 31 weeks of
gestation complicated with right intraventricular hemorrhage stage IV
diagnosed with spastic diaplegia cerebral palsy at 1 year old with global
developmental delay. Clinical examination showed hyperreflexia of both
lower limb and tip toeing ever the left foot.
19. Normal growth pattern
• 4 phases of normal human growth.
• Male and female height velocity chart showing the
determinant of childhood growth.
• The fetal and infantile phase are mainly dependent on
adequate nutrition whereas childhood and pubertal phases are
dependent on general health, and other growth hormones.
20. ● Normal growth is the progression of changes in
height/length, weight and head circumference that are
compatible with the established standard of given
population.
● Serial measurements are much more useful than a single
measurement to detect standard deviation from a
particular growth pattern, even if the value remains within
statistically defined normal limits (percentile).
● Growth is assessed by plotting accurate measurement in
growth charts and comparing each set of measurement
from the previous measurements obtained.
● When caloric intake is inadequate, the weight percentile
falls first, then the height, followed by head circumference
as the last.
23. ●Height / length
❖Height : children able to stand upright (more than 2 Y/O)
❖Length : measured lying down (less than 2 Y/O)
24.
25. ●Head circumference
❖Use measuring tape that is soft and non- stretchable.
❖occipitofrontal circumference is measured from above
eyebrow – above ear – occipital region. 3 measurements
have to be taken and the mean is calculated for the more
accurate reading.
28. ●Failure to thrive- is a term given to malnourished infants and young
children who fail to meet expected standards of growth.
●Diagnosed by weight that falls or remains below the 3rd
percentile for
age; that decreases, crossing two major percentile lines on the growth
chart over time or less than 80% of the median weight for the height of
the child.
29.
30.
31. Learning issue 3:
Demonstrate the importance of feeding
history.
References:
1. Nelson’s Essential of Paediatrics 7th
Edition
2. https://enea-sea.med.lmu.de/
(Early Nutrition eAcademy Southeast Asia
eLearning)
32. Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks for
Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals.
FIGURE 1: Major causes of death in neonates and children under five in the world, 2004
Sources: World Health organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update.
33. History taking in failure to thrive
What to ask ?
● global developmental delay (gross & fine motor skills,
hearing, speech & language and social skills)
● delayed secondary sexual maturation (adolescent stage)
● constipation (poor feeding)
● excessive sleepiness (lethargy )
● irritability
34. Birth history - intrauterine insults (IUGR), prematurity, birth weight,
infective screening, exposure to harmful agents (smoking, alcohol).
Past medical history - frequency of acute or chronic illness, past
hospitalisations, previous medical conditions
Feeding history - quantity of milk consumed, feed preparation, weaning
(when, what & quantity), dietary recall and diary.
Family history - maternal & paternal height, growth of other family
members & any illness in family (familial short stature)
Detailed social history - parental (depression, marital disharmony,
substance abuse, unemployment, poverty) , food insecurity/ shortage,
living condition, psychosocial problem, abuse, neglect
35. Consequences of malnutrition
● Malnutrition during the first 2 years of life will cause stunting
● Immunity will be impaired and wound healing will be delayed
● Worsen the outcome of illness
● Can cause delay in intellectual development
● They become less active
36. Breastfeeding history
o Onset of breastfeeding
o Frequency of breastfeeding (How many times per day ? How many hours?)
o Exclusive breastfeed or mixed breastfeeding? Reasons?
o Duration of each feed?
o Changes over a period of time?
o Quality of breastfeeding? –does baby show cues of hunger etc crying,
looking for breastmilk, mouthing/ sleeping?
o Storage of breastmilk. Causes of growth failure early in infancy:
1. Lactation problems in breastfed infants
2. Improper formula preparation-water it
down or make it too concentated, it
disturbs the electrolyte balance.
37.
38. Formula Feeding history
o Onset of formula feeding?
o What kind of infant formula?
o Amount (how many ounces and scoops for each feed)
o Frequency of formula feeding (how many times a day ? How many hours?)
o Change in amount & frequency? (over a period of time)
o Preparation of feeds? – does parents follow the proper instructions/add too
little/too much water?
39. Breast Milk Substitutes (BMS)
o formula is over-diluted,
🡪insufficient intake of energy
and nutrients
o formula too
concentrated🡪dehydration,
diarrhea & excessive intake of
energy 🡪overweight or obesity
Breast milk of mother: 67 kcal/ 100mls
P22: 22kcal/fl oz
P24: 24kcal/fl oz
40. Powdered Infant Formula
●majority of BMS-fed infants receive PIF.
●PIF is not a sterile product and can be intrinsically contaminated with
harmful bacteria, for example:
●Cronobacter sakazakii (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii)
●Spread via:
●contaminated spoons or blenders
●extended storage of bottled formula in bottle warmers, which allows
bacteria to proliferate for extended periods at an ideal temperature
(Agostoni et al. 2004)
●Salmonella enterica
(Carletti & Cattaneo 2008; Cahill et al. 2008)
41. Bottle hygiene history
o Ensure bottled milk is prepared in a clean environment using clean
bottle, nipple, ring and cap.
o Cleaning of bottles used for feeding including nipples, rings, and caps.
● Wash hands well with soap and water.
● Separate all bottle parts.
● Rinse under running water, wash using soap and scrub using a clean
brush.
● Allow to air dry.
● Sanitize feeding items atleast once daily, by placing disassembled
feeding items into a pot and cover with water, ensure all items are
fully submerged, bring the water to a boil, boil for 5 minutes and
remove items with a clean tongs.
● Allow to dry and store properly for next use.
42. Complementary Feeding history
●Onset?
●Types of foods introduced- cereal, fruits, vegetables, eggs, home
cooked food- new food should be offered once a day in a small
amount (1-2 tablespoons).
●Frequency?
●Ask in detail: Breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks in-between
●Food recall- proper balanced diet includes all food groups
●Food allergies?
●Picky eater?
43. Older infants and children
●Range and type of foods now taken
●Mealtime routine
●Eating and feeding behaviours
●Dietary recall and diary
Causes of growth failure early in older infants and
children:
1. Inappropriate restricted diets due to parental
dietary beliefs (vegetarian, vegan)
2. Distractions that interfere with completing meals
45. A. Exclusive breastfeeding
(birth → 6 month old)
●Act of feeding infants solely with breast milk, includes feeding of expressed
breast milk.
●Soon after birth unless medical conditions preclude them.
●An exclusively breastfed infant should not be given any other fluid including
plain water.
46. ●In the 2-5 days postpartum,
●Thin, yellowish substance called colostrum
●Electrolyte-, macrophage-, and nutrient-rich substance
with a premilk composition.
●Volume of colostrum produced varies for every mother.
47.
48. Adequacy of milk intake
● Voiding and stooling patterns of the infant
○ Voids five to six times a day
○ Soak, not merely moisten a diaper
○ Pale colored urine
●Rate of weight gain provides the most objective indicator of adequate
milk intake
○ Total weight loss after birth should not exceed 7%
○ Birth weight should be regained by 10 days
○ Usually with adequate amount of milk, they gain 20g/day
●They will also feel contented about 1 hour after every feed.
49. ●Loose yellow stools
○ at least 3 - 8x a day
●Stool frequencies vary; during the first 4 to 6 weeks, breastfed
infants tend to produce stool more frequently than formula-fed
infants.
●After 6 to 8 weeks, breastfed infants may go several days
without passing a stool.
50.
51. Inadequate Milk Intake
Insufficient milk intake, dehydration, and jaundice in the infant can
surface after the first 48 hr of life. The infant might cry or be
lethargic and have delayed stooling, decreased urine output,
weight loss >7% of birth weight, hypernatremic dehydration, and
increased hunger.
Insufficient milk intake may be due to
○ insufficient milk production or failure of established
breast-feeding
○ health conditions in the infant that prevent proper breast
stimulation.
Parents should be counselled that breast-fed neonates must feed a
minimum of 8 times per day.
52.
53.
54.
55. B. Formula feeding
● The caloric density of formulas are 20 kcal/oz (0.67 kcal/ml) which is
similar to human milk
● Various types of formula milk available in the market
● Most milk-based formulas have added iron and parents should only
use iron fortified formula unless advised otherwise
● Soy- based formulas may be used for infant who are allergic to cow’s
milk
However, there are certain of them who are also allergic to the protein
in soy based milk
Thus, hypoallergenic formulas are given
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. C. Complementary feeding
●Process starting when breast milk or infant formula alone is no
longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants,
and therefore
○ other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast milk or
a breast-milk substitute (WHO 2013).
●Target age : 6 months of age
●Aim: to prevent malnutrition, as well as to promote optimal
growth and development.
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63. Gaps to be filled by complementary foods for a breastfed
child 12-23 months.
Source: WHO 2009.
Energy required by age and the amount provided for by
breastfeeding.
Source: WHO 2009.
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64. Appropriate complementary feeding principles can be summarised with the acronym
“ATAS” below.
● Adequate :Foods should provide sufficient energy, protein, and micronutrients to meet a
growing child’s nutritional needs
● Timely :Foods should be introduced in a timely manner based on the infant's need for
energy and nutrients. Delay in initiating CF will result in inadequate nutrition while
initiating CF too early will lead to problems such as excessive weight gain.
● Appropriate :Foods should be given responsively- consistent with a child's signals of
appetite and satiety-, and that meal frequency and feeding method - actively encouraging
the child to consume sufficient food using fingers, spoon or self-feeding- are suitable for
age.
● Safe :Foods should be hygienically stored and prepared, and fed with clean hands using
clean utensils and not bottles and teats.
General feeding principles in Infant
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65. Feeding Principles in Infant and Younger Children
1. Practise exclusive breastfeeding from birth to six months of age.
Complementary foods must be given at six months of age while
continuing to breastfeed until two years of age.
2. Introduce complementary foods to breastfed and non-breastfed infants
beginning at six months of age. Breastfeeding on demand must be
continued until the baby is two years of age.
3. Give adequate food to meet the energy needs. Increase the amount of
food according to age.
○ Give energy dense foods including cereals, such as rice, wheat and tubers (potatoes
and sweet potatoes) to infants and young children.
○ Start with a small amount of food and as the child adapts, gradually increase the
quantity of food according to age.
○ As a guide, infants aged 6 - 8 months should be given ½ cup of thick rice porridge
at each meal. This should be increased to 1 cup between the ages of 9 - 11 months.
Children 1 - 3 years should be given ½ cup of rice at main meals. In addition, 1 - 2
teaspoons of oil should be added in a day meals for all age groups.
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Guidelines for the Feeding of Infants and Young Children by Nutrition Division Ministry of Health Malaysia 2008
66. 4. Give a variety of foods to ensure that all nutrient needs are met. Meat, poultry,
fish, eggs, milk and dairy products should be given frequently.
○ The type and quantity of food given must meet the daily nutrient requirements particularly those of
protein, fat, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C.
5. Gradually change food texture and preparation methods as the infant gets
older, adapting to the infant’s development and abilities.
○ Infants aged 6 to 8 months must be given pureed, mashed and semi-solid foods. At 9 to 11 months,
infants should be fed on chopped foods. Finger foods such as soft biscuits and fruits can also be
given. At 12 months, infants can eat family foods.
○ Give foods of appropriate texture to avoid choking. Children should be supervised during mealtimes
and potential choking hazards kept out of reach.Caregivers should be equipped with basic knowledge
on choking rescue procedures.
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Guidelines for the Feeding of Infants and Young Children by Nutrition Division Ministry of Health Malaysia 2008
67. 6. Increase the feeding frequency according to age.
○ Complementary foods should be given at the following frequencies according to age:
i. 6 – 8 months : 2 - 3 times/day with 1 - 2 nutritious snacks
ii. 9 – 11 months : 3 - 4 times/day with 1 - 2 nutritious snacks
iii. 1 – 3 years : 4 - 5 times/day with 1 - 2 nutritious snacks
○ Increase the frequency of meals if the amount of food consumed is less or the food is diluted
(less energy-dense).
7. Practise responsive feeding, applying the principles of psycho-social care.
○ Feed infants directly and assist young children when they feed themselves.
○ Feed infants and young children slowly and patiently. They should be encouraged to eat and
not forced.
○ Be sensitive to the hunger and satiety cues of infants and young children.
○ Build a positive and loving relationship with infants and young children in a conducive and
comfortable environment. Interact with them during meal times.
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Guidelines for the Feeding of Infants and Young Children by Nutrition Division Ministry of Health Malaysia 2008
68. 8. Practise safe preparation, handling and storage of food.
○ Personal hygiene, cleanliness of cooking utensils and food must be ensured at all stages of food
preparation and feeding of infants and young children.
○ Wash hands properly before preparing foods and after using the washroom.
○ Infants’ and young children’s hands should also be washed thoroughly before eating.
○ Cooked food must not be left at room temperature for more than 2 hours.
○ However, freshly cooked foods can be stored for up to 24 hours in the refrigerator (3°C or lower) or one
month in the freezer (0°C or lower).
9. During illness, give infants and young children more water and other fluids. Offer
small but frequent meals.
○ Continue and practise frequent breastfeeding.
○ Offer the child his favourite foods.
○ Encourage the child to eat soft, varied and appetising foods.
○ After illness and during recovery, give extra food more often than usual and encourage the child to eat
more.
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Guidelines for the Feeding of Infants and Young Children by Nutrition Division Ministry of Health Malaysia 2008
69. Source: ENeA-SEA own, adapted from National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition 2017.
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70. Practical guidance on the quality, frequency and amount of food to offer children 6-23 months of age who are
breastfed on demand.
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71. Dietary diversity is also an important
factor to consider with regards to
complementary feeding. Minimum
dietary diversity should include at least
four of the following 7 food groups:
●Grains, roots and tubers.
●Legumes and nuts.
●Dairy products (milk, yoghurt,
cheese).
●Flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry,
liver/organ meats).
●Eggs.
●Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables.
●Other fruits and vegetables.
Figure 5: Examples of food groups and their relative
proportions for complementary feeding.
Source: ENeA-SEA own
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73. ● The curves
○ Selected percentiles of the reference population
○ Identify the child’s rank relative to other children of
the same sex and similar age
○ E.g. : 90th percentile for weight-for-age, it means that
only 10 of 100 children (10%) of the same age and sex
in the reference population have a higher
weight-for-age.
74. ● Normally, serial height and weight measurements follows a ‘channel’ /
between the same percentile(s).
● Usually moving toward the 50th percentile line.
● Two or more percentile lines downwards is considered to be reflective
of failure to thrive or growth failure.
● Single plotted measurements - cut-off values and corresponding
nutrition indicators.
75.
76. Interpretation
He has failure to thrive and small for his age.
This can be seen through his serial height, weight and head circumference
measurements.
They were all progressively increasing but on the lowest percentiles (0.4th
and below)
More than 0.4% or approximately 99.6% children of the same age and gender
has higher growth than the boy.
His height, head circumference and weight at 21 month old are 78 cm, 44 cm
and 8.5 kg respectively.
78. Types of nutrients needed
●Divided into macronutrients and micronutrients
●Macronutrients
Comprised of carbohydrates, protein and fat
●Micronutrients
Comprised of minerals and vitamins
79. Nutrients Function Effect of deficiency Food source
Carbohydrates ● Energy for growth
● Maintain health body
weight
● Healthy brain development
• Growth retardation
• Weakness
Starches, sugar
Fats ● Support muscle movement
● Fuels child with energy
● Brain development and
membrane structure
● Facilitate absorption fat
soluble vitamin
• Fatigue and weakness
• Mental retardation
• Growth deficit
Infant: Human milk, infant
formula
Children: butter, margarine,
vege oils,fish,seeds,nuts
Proteins ● Build and repair new tissues
● Produce enzymes,
hormones and
antibodies
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
Animals-Meat , poultry, fish,
egg, milk
Plant-Legumes, nuts, seeds,
Macronutrient
81. Nutrients Function Effect of deficiency Source
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) ● Energy metabolism
● Muscle contraction
-conduction of nerve
signals
• Beri-beri Whole grain product,
bread, cereals
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) ● Helps body break down
carbohydrates, protein
and fats to provide
energy
Ariboflavinosis
• Glossitis
• Cheilosis
• Anaemia
Organ meats, milk,
bread, fortified cereals
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) ● Energy metabolism • Pellagra Meat fish poultry,
whole-grain breads
Micronutrients
82. Nutrients Function Effect of deficiency Source
Vitamin B6 ● Coenzyme in
metabolism of amino
acid, glycogen and
sphingoid bases
• Neurological
disorder including
convulsion and
epileptic
encephalopathy
Cereals, organ meat
Vitamin B5(Pantothenic
acid)
● Coenzyme in fatty
acid metabolim
• None reported Chicken beef potato
oats cereal tomato egg
yolk, broccoli
Vitamin B7 (biotin) ● Coenzyme in
synthesis of fat,amino
acid, glycogen
• Alopecia
• Dermatitis
• Hypotonia
Liver, fruits and meats
84. Nutrients Function Effect of deficiency Source
Vitamin A ● Normal vision
● Immune system
• Immune-compromised Liver, dairy product, fish,
dark-coloured fruits, leafy
vegetables
Vitamin D ● Calcium and bone
metabolism
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
Sunlight exposure,cow milk
product
Vitamin E ● Antioxidant • Poor nerve impulse
transmission
• Muscle weakness
Vegetable oil, grains, nuts
Vitamin K ● Blood clotting
● Bone metabolism
• Blood coagulation defect Green vegetables, spinach,
broccoli
85. Nutrients Function Effect of deficiency Source
Calcium ● Strong bone formation
● Nerve conduction and
muscle stimulation
• Muscle weakness
• Osteomalacia
• Stunted growth
Dairy products,
anchovies
Iron ● Transport oxygen
throughout whole body
• Iron deficiency
anaemia
• Neurocognitive
deficit
Liver, red meats, milk,
86. Water maintains homeostasis in the body, allow transport of nutrient to cells, removal of waste product of metabolism
Water
89. Non-organic Organic
Direct practical
advice following
observation
Home visit by
health visitor
- Assess eating
behaviour and
provide support
Speech and
language therapist
- Feeding disorder
therapy
Nursery
placement
Paediatric dietician
- Assess quantity &
composition of food intake
- Recommend strategies to
increase energy intake
Clinical
psychologist &
social services
Specific treatment of the underlying diseases
➔ Medical treatment
➔ Surgical treatment
Sufficient nutrition
➔ Caloric supplementation
➔ Depend on severity and underlying
medical problems
Long term
monitoring and
follow up
Long term
social support
90. Strategies for Increasing Energy Intake
Dietary
- 3 meals and 2 snacks each day
- Increase number and variety of
foods offered
- Increased energy density of
usual foods (eg. Add cheese,
margarine, cream)
- Decreased fluid intake,
particularly squash
Behavioural
- Have meals at regular times,
eaten with other family
Members
- Praise when food is eaten
- Gently encourage child to eat,
but avoid conflict
- Never force-feed
91. Indications for hospitalizations
Severe malnutrition
Signs of child abuse, neglect, poor
parental understanding or psychosocial
concerns
Failure of outpatient management
The child must be re-fed carefully with an incremental increase
in calories to avoid re-feeding syndrome.
1. Caloric supplementation
- Based on severity of FTT & underlying conditions
2. Multivitamin supplementation
- To meet the recommended dietary allowance
- because these children commonly have iron, zinc, and vitamin
D deficiencies, as well as increased micronutrient demands
with catch-up growth