Growth and development are normal processes that occur in children. Growth refers to the increase in size of the body and is measured through anthropometry like weight, height, head circumference etc. and plotted on growth charts. Development refers to gains in skills and abilities and occurs through various domains like gross motor, fine motor, language etc. It is important to monitor growth and look for developmental milestones as well as red flags. Early identification of issues through developmental screening and assessments can help provide early intervention services for conditions like autism.
Right nutrition in early days of life is very important. Nutritional requirements are different for kids and adults in the family. They are in their growing age, they need balanced nutrition but not only high calorie foods, In growing years different age groups have different requirements. Discussion with experts helps in dealing with the situation.
Right nutrition in early days of life is very important. Nutritional requirements are different for kids and adults in the family. They are in their growing age, they need balanced nutrition but not only high calorie foods, In growing years different age groups have different requirements. Discussion with experts helps in dealing with the situation.
Growth and development is a very important aspect of childcare. understanding growth and development enhances the ability of the child healthcare provider to properly attend to the needs of the children under his/her care. The concept of growth and development helps with early detection of both medical, social and psychological problems in a child. it makes for early intervention in child healthcare.
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Outline
• GROWTH
– Introduction
– Assesement of growth
– Growth charts
– Management
• DEVELOPMENT
– Principles of development
– Domains of development
– Early childhood development
– Milestones and red flags
– Developmental screening
– Autism
3. INTRODUCTION
• Increase in size of the body or quantitative growth
• Regular and continuous growth is the essence of health
• Optimal child growth occurs only with adequate food, a
caring, nurturing, social environment and absence of illness.
4. GROWTH
• An infant grows rapidly, doubling its birth weight by 5 months
and tripling it by 1 year of age.
• It is measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, Etc.
6. ANTHROPOMETRY
AGE DEPENDENT
• Weight
• Length/height
• Head circumference
• Chest circumference
• Upper segment Lower
segment
AGE INDEPENDENT
• Weight for height
• Body Mass Index
• Bangle test
• Mid arm circumference
• Kanawati index
• Duglade index
• Skin fold thickness
• Ponderal index
• Arm span
7. WEIGHT
• Spring balance- Salter type
scale
• Beam scale- gold standard
• Electronic
Accuracy to the nearest
500 gm in older children
100 gm in smaller children
20- 50 gm in newborn
12. Head circumferance
• Maximum occipitofrontal
circumferance
• Flexible non stretchable tape
• Anteriorly supra orbital region
• Posterior- maximum occipital
protuberance
13. CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
• Measured at nipple
• HC:CC > 1 in after 9 months --> PEM
CC
AT BIRTH HC> CC
9 MON – 1 YR HC = CC
> 1 YR CC> HC
19. GROWTH CHART
• Growth chart is a tool for assessing and monitoring the
growth of a child.
• It is used for recording the weight of children as per their age
up to 5 years.
• Based on new WHO Child Growth Standards.
• There are separate growth charts for girls and boys.
21. GROWTH CHART
• The 1st top curve line on the growth chart is the
median which is the average.
• Weight of all normal and healthy children fall above
2nd curve (green band)
• Weight of moderately underweight children fall in the
yellow band
• Weight of severely underweight children fall below the
3rd curve (orange band).
26. Growth monitoring
• Growth Monitoring is done to monitor or measure growth
regularly to see whether the childis growing properly.
• “A GROWING CHILD IS A HEALTHY CHILD”
• When growth slows or stops, we say growth “falters”. This is a
sign that something is wrong with the child and must be
discovered at the earliest and set right
27. Growth monitoring
• Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that
weight on a graph (called a growth chart)
• This enables one to see changes in weight
• It should be done once every month, up to age of 3 years and
at least once in 3 months thereafter.
28. Growth curve
• Each time a child is weighed, the weight is recorded by
marking a point on the chart.
• These points are joined by a line. This line is called a growth
curve
29. Steps of growth monitoring
• Step 1: Determining correct age of the child
• Step 2: Accurate weighing of the child
• Step 3: Plotting the weight accurately on a growth chart of
appropriate gender
• Step 4: Interpreting the direction of the growth curve and
recognising if the child is growing properly
• Step 5: Discussing the child’s growth and follow-up action
needed, with the mother
34. Why this topic?
• According to the 2022 GHI
scores 9 countries have
alarming levels of hunger
and 35 have serious levels
of hunger
35. India’s performance in Global Hunger index
2022
• India ranks 107th out of 121
countries in the GHI 2022
• India has the highest child
wasting rate of all countries
covered in the GHI.
• India is ranked behind most
of its neighbouring countries.
• Pakistan – 99
• Sri Lanka – 64
• Nepal – 81
• Bangladesh – 84
38. What to do if there is growth faltering?
• FIRST STEP in giving specific advice to mothers is to observe
the growth curve of the child and determine the growth
trend.
• SECOND STEP is to ask the mother what has been happening
to the child during the last month to make her child’s growth
pattern happen that way- LISTEN carefully to mother
• THIRD STEP is to discuss with the mother specific action(s)
she can take to promote her child’s growth
39. Specific actions
i) Episodes of illness, such as fever, cough, cold, measles,
malaria, diarrhoea etc;
ii) Child’s unwillingness to eat anything;
iii) Inability to introduce complementary food due to lack of
understanding of the child’s nutritional requirements, customs
and, beliefs or refusal of food by the child; and
iv) Abrupt discontinuation of breast milk without introduction
of complementary food due to second pregnancy.
40. Specific actions
• Show the child to the doctor to take care of infections and any
chronic disease which the child may have.
• AWC for supplementary feeding
• 1-2 teaspoon of extra oil/ghee, be added to the child’s food at
each meal
• Demonstrate the preparation of Micronutrient-fortified food
and/or Energy-dense food
41. Specific actions
• Advise mother to take quick action in case the child has any
illness. Give oral rehydration solution and other fluids in case
the child has diarrhoea. Mother should continue to feed the
child during illness
• Vaccination
• Food safety and hygiene
42. Feeding
• Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months; do not give any
other food or drinks and not even water
• Continue breast feeding after 6 months till 2 years of
age
51. DEVELOPMENT
• Development refers to a progressive increase in skill and
maturation of function.
• It is a qualitative change in the child’s functioning.
• It can be measured through observation.
52. Principles of growth and development
• It is a continuous process
• It is related to the maturation on Central nervous system
• The sequence of development is identical in ALL children but
the rate of development varies from child to child.
• It progresses in cephalocaudal direction.
• Primitive reflexes have to be lost
• Initial disorganised mass activity is replaced by specific and
useful actions
53. DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
• GROSS MOTOR
• FINE MOTOR
• PERSONAL AND SOCIAL
• LANGUAGE
• VISION
• HEARING
54. Early Childhood Development
• ECD encompasses physical, linguistic, cognitive, sensorial,
social and emotional development of a girl or a boy, beginning
from birth up to eight years of age.
• Over 80% of a child’s brain is formed by the age of three years
(critical period of growth).
• Yet, too many children are still missing out on the ‘eat, play,
love’ that their brains need to develop optimally.
• Family members have the power to help their babies grow
and thrive, by feeding, playing, talking, reading, hugging and
singing with them
55. Why is early childhood important?
• Quality of child care and relationships in early years has a
direct effect on a child’s brain development which affects the
way they think and manage their lives in their adulthood.
56. What is needed to build a healthy
brain?
• Nutritious food, as more than half of what is eaten in each
meal goes to build a child’s brain.
• Play and interaction time with a lot of talking, singing, telling
stories and playing.
• Trusting relationships with caring adults who show love and
affection. Hug, kiss, smile and laugh with their child.
• Safe, secure and happy environment to live and grow
well.
57. Nutrition and feeding practices
• Birth to Six months: Early and Exclusive Breastfeeding
• Six months to two years: Complementary Feeding along with
breastfeeding
• Dietary Diversity- Four out of seven food groups:
70. RED FLAGS- 3 months
• Rolling prior to 3 months- Hypertonia
• Persistent fisting for 3 months - NEUROMOTOR DYSFUNCTION
• Failure to alert to environmental stimuli- Vision/ Hearing
72. RED FLAGS- 6 months
• Poor head control-Hypotonia
• Failure to reach for objects for 5 months- MOTOR,VISUAL OR
COGNITIVE DEFECTS
• Absent smile-Vision, attachment problems
85. Who needs to be screened?
• Children with perinatal risk factors
– Follow up of HIGH RISK NEONATES for early detection of cerebral
palsy
– Child with developmental, chromosomal or neurological disorders
• Children with red flag signs
90. Definitive test
• If screening tests or clinical assessment are abnormal
Some common scales
• Bayley scale for infant development II
• Wechsler intelligence scale for children IV
• Stanford-Binet intelligence scales , 5th editn.
• Developmental Activities Screening Inventory
91. Autism
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability.
• Children with ASD have problems with social, communication
and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or
interests.
• Some signs:
– Delay in verbal language
– Repetitive use of language and/or motor mannerisms
– Little or no eye contact
– Lack of interest in peer relationships
– Lack of spontaneous or make-believe play
– Persistent fixation on parts of objects
• There are no medical tests for diagnosing autism
92.
93. Why should you look for it?
• Autism can be diagnosed at the early age; early diagnosis and
early intervention can help child to progress.
• Children do not “outgrow” autism, but studies show that early
diagnosis and intervention lead to significantly improved
outcomes
94.
95. Do you have any questions?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION